By the Court,
Dixon, C. J.
The objections to the act of April 2, 1860, are too technical and evasive. Legislative enactments are not to be defeated on account of mistakes, errors or omissions, any more than other writings, provided the intention of the legislature can be collected from the 'whole statute. If the mistake renders the intention doubt[299]*299ful, we may look to the title and preamble, as well as the body or purview of the act, for assistance, in arriving at and not until all these fail can the act be held inoperative. The ac|¡ before us is private in its nature; and hence the title becomes an important 'source of information in case of ambiguity. The constitution (sec. 1.8, Art. IY) declares that “ no private or local bill which may be passed by the legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and- that shall be expressed in the title.” It must be presumed that due regard is paid to this provision' by the legislature, and therefore that the subject of the bill is truly expressed in the title. The title is consistent with the body of the act, and correctly recites the title of the previous act — which it professes to amend, and in which the name of the company is correctly stated. This alone is sufficient to remove all difficulty in determining what insurance eompañy the legislature referred to. But more than this, the titles of both the former amend-atory acts, with the dates of their approval, are correctly stated in the body of the bill; and its subject matter clearly indicates that no others could have been intended. Under these circumstances there can be. no doubt that the use of the word “Milwaukee,” in describing the company, should be disregarded as a mere clerical mistake.
It seems to be conceded on both sides, that it was competent for the legislature, both by virtue of the power reserved in the organic act of the company, and of section 1 of Article XI of the constitution, to pass the amendatory acts of April 15, 1858, and January 31st, 1860, by which the trustees were authorized to change the plan and organization of the company from the mutual to the joint stock system. Indeed, with a single exception, none of their provisions appear liable to any constitutional objection whatever. The first section of the first named act declares that the trustees may adopt the mode of insuring practiced by insurance companies ; and may open books for the subscription of stock, at such time and place and under puch restrictions as they may deem proper. This is a grant to the trustees of new and distinct powers, such as they could not before have exercised, either as a matter of corporate authority or of legal [300]*300or constitutional right, as between themselves or the corporation and the shareholders. The latter might have objected †0 ft as a violation of the contract under which they became members of the company. But for'the reserved power of the legislature to alter or repeal the charter, this objection would be still open to them. If the act had declared that the members might adopt a new mode of insurance, and open books for the subscription of stock, no exception could have been taken to it. It would then have required the assent of all the members to have accomplished the proposed change. Eor it is to be observed that the act is permissive merely and not compulsory. It is in the nature of a license to the trustees, and not an exercise of the reserved coercive power of the legislature to change or modify the organic laws of corporations. If, therefore, it had been given to the members to determine whether the change should be made, no objection could have existed. It is in conferring this power upon the trustees that the rights of the former are infringed, if at all.
And this permissive feature of the acts has, in my judgment, a very important influence upon the questions we are considering. It shows that they were not enacted through motives of public policy or necessity, nor at the suggestion of the legislature-itself; but that they were solicited and procured by some interested private parties. The plain inference is, that the legislature was set in motion by the trustees and such other members of the company as were desirous of effecting the change, and that the acts were passed at their request. Regarded in this light, the remedy afforded by the act of April 2d, instead of being the harsh and oppressive proceeding described by the appellant’s counsel, appears very equitable and just. The trustees and assenting members, or what is the same, the company under its new organization, being themselves the movers, and having set on foot measures by which the dissenting members have been deprived of the chartered rights and privileges on the faith of which they invested their money, ought not to object to any fair proceeding by which they seek a return of it. Their claims are most equitable, and every principle of nat[301]*301ural justice would seem to require that they should be protected. The amendatory acts were, in effect, a grant of thority to the trustees to organize a new company for the same general purpose but upon entirely different principles, with the privilege to such members of the old company as wished, to convert their premium .certificates into the stock of the new. The new company was to take the place of tije old, which was to cease, and such holders of premium certificates as refused to convert them into stock, were to have no voice in the management of its affairs. . The result is that the new organization has, without their consent, become possessed of so much of the funds of these dissenting certificate holders, which it is against conscience for it to retain. The act, therefore, is nothing more than a special remedy to enforce the performance of a duty which courts of chancery, upon principles of natural equity, would have enforced without it. We see no substantial objection to the form of proceeding prescribed by it. The appraisers to examine the affairs and determine tile value of the assets of the company, are but substitutes for the commissioner to whom the court might have referred the same questions if a suit in equity had been instituted. The proceeding is in this respect analogous to that in partition of lands, where three disinterested freeholders are appointed to make division according to the rights and interests of the parties.
Nor is it liable to the objection that it transfers the property of one person to another without right; nor that it compels one joint owner of property to buy the interest of another, on pain of having a judgment rendered against him, and the joint property sold to satisfy it. It is a proceeding on the part of the dissenting members to get their own. The trustees, by their conduct, have made a distribution necessary and proper. They have appropriated the property without the consent of the owners. It is like the sale of lands where a division' is impracticable.
Neither can it be objected to the proceeding, that it provides for the rendition of a judgment without the intervention of a court, and without a hearing on the part of the company. If this were so — if if took a judicial question [302]*302°u1i ^an<^s com’*:s) an<3- committed it finally to the decision of three private individnals — or if it provided that the company should not be heard, it would be clearly invalid. But it does not. It provides that a copy of the petition, with notice of the time and place of application for the appointment of appraisers, shall be served on the company in the manner prescribed by law for the service of summons on domestic corporations.
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By the Court,
Dixon, C. J.
The objections to the act of April 2, 1860, are too technical and evasive. Legislative enactments are not to be defeated on account of mistakes, errors or omissions, any more than other writings, provided the intention of the legislature can be collected from the 'whole statute. If the mistake renders the intention doubt[299]*299ful, we may look to the title and preamble, as well as the body or purview of the act, for assistance, in arriving at and not until all these fail can the act be held inoperative. The ac|¡ before us is private in its nature; and hence the title becomes an important 'source of information in case of ambiguity. The constitution (sec. 1.8, Art. IY) declares that “ no private or local bill which may be passed by the legislature, shall embrace more than one subject, and- that shall be expressed in the title.” It must be presumed that due regard is paid to this provision' by the legislature, and therefore that the subject of the bill is truly expressed in the title. The title is consistent with the body of the act, and correctly recites the title of the previous act — which it professes to amend, and in which the name of the company is correctly stated. This alone is sufficient to remove all difficulty in determining what insurance eompañy the legislature referred to. But more than this, the titles of both the former amend-atory acts, with the dates of their approval, are correctly stated in the body of the bill; and its subject matter clearly indicates that no others could have been intended. Under these circumstances there can be. no doubt that the use of the word “Milwaukee,” in describing the company, should be disregarded as a mere clerical mistake.
It seems to be conceded on both sides, that it was competent for the legislature, both by virtue of the power reserved in the organic act of the company, and of section 1 of Article XI of the constitution, to pass the amendatory acts of April 15, 1858, and January 31st, 1860, by which the trustees were authorized to change the plan and organization of the company from the mutual to the joint stock system. Indeed, with a single exception, none of their provisions appear liable to any constitutional objection whatever. The first section of the first named act declares that the trustees may adopt the mode of insuring practiced by insurance companies ; and may open books for the subscription of stock, at such time and place and under puch restrictions as they may deem proper. This is a grant to the trustees of new and distinct powers, such as they could not before have exercised, either as a matter of corporate authority or of legal [300]*300or constitutional right, as between themselves or the corporation and the shareholders. The latter might have objected †0 ft as a violation of the contract under which they became members of the company. But for'the reserved power of the legislature to alter or repeal the charter, this objection would be still open to them. If the act had declared that the members might adopt a new mode of insurance, and open books for the subscription of stock, no exception could have been taken to it. It would then have required the assent of all the members to have accomplished the proposed change. Eor it is to be observed that the act is permissive merely and not compulsory. It is in the nature of a license to the trustees, and not an exercise of the reserved coercive power of the legislature to change or modify the organic laws of corporations. If, therefore, it had been given to the members to determine whether the change should be made, no objection could have existed. It is in conferring this power upon the trustees that the rights of the former are infringed, if at all.
And this permissive feature of the acts has, in my judgment, a very important influence upon the questions we are considering. It shows that they were not enacted through motives of public policy or necessity, nor at the suggestion of the legislature-itself; but that they were solicited and procured by some interested private parties. The plain inference is, that the legislature was set in motion by the trustees and such other members of the company as were desirous of effecting the change, and that the acts were passed at their request. Regarded in this light, the remedy afforded by the act of April 2d, instead of being the harsh and oppressive proceeding described by the appellant’s counsel, appears very equitable and just. The trustees and assenting members, or what is the same, the company under its new organization, being themselves the movers, and having set on foot measures by which the dissenting members have been deprived of the chartered rights and privileges on the faith of which they invested their money, ought not to object to any fair proceeding by which they seek a return of it. Their claims are most equitable, and every principle of nat[301]*301ural justice would seem to require that they should be protected. The amendatory acts were, in effect, a grant of thority to the trustees to organize a new company for the same general purpose but upon entirely different principles, with the privilege to such members of the old company as wished, to convert their premium .certificates into the stock of the new. The new company was to take the place of tije old, which was to cease, and such holders of premium certificates as refused to convert them into stock, were to have no voice in the management of its affairs. . The result is that the new organization has, without their consent, become possessed of so much of the funds of these dissenting certificate holders, which it is against conscience for it to retain. The act, therefore, is nothing more than a special remedy to enforce the performance of a duty which courts of chancery, upon principles of natural equity, would have enforced without it. We see no substantial objection to the form of proceeding prescribed by it. The appraisers to examine the affairs and determine tile value of the assets of the company, are but substitutes for the commissioner to whom the court might have referred the same questions if a suit in equity had been instituted. The proceeding is in this respect analogous to that in partition of lands, where three disinterested freeholders are appointed to make division according to the rights and interests of the parties.
Nor is it liable to the objection that it transfers the property of one person to another without right; nor that it compels one joint owner of property to buy the interest of another, on pain of having a judgment rendered against him, and the joint property sold to satisfy it. It is a proceeding on the part of the dissenting members to get their own. The trustees, by their conduct, have made a distribution necessary and proper. They have appropriated the property without the consent of the owners. It is like the sale of lands where a division' is impracticable.
Neither can it be objected to the proceeding, that it provides for the rendition of a judgment without the intervention of a court, and without a hearing on the part of the company. If this were so — if if took a judicial question [302]*302°u1i ^an<^s com’*:s) an<3- committed it finally to the decision of three private individnals — or if it provided that the company should not be heard, it would be clearly invalid. But it does not. It provides that a copy of the petition, with notice of the time and place of application for the appointment of appraisers, shall be served on the company in the manner prescribed by law for the service of summons on domestic corporations. This implies that the company is to be heard — that it may be present and make such objections as it deems proper, and that they are to be passed upon by the court. The act is not very specific and accurate in details, but we have no doubt that the company may, in some suitable form, traverse the facts stated in the petition, or aver new matter, or take any other step necessary to an equitable and fair determination of the controversy; and that the court may decide the questions thus raised. The same is true of the application for judgment on the report of the appraisers. The company are to have notice of it; and why notice, if it cannot appear and object ? And why object, if the court has no power to decide upon the objections ? It is inconsistent with the language of the legislature, and cannot be supposed to have been the intention, that the court was to affirm the report and enter judgment, right or wrong. On the contrary, the reasonable intendment is that the court is to exercise its general discretionary powers as in other cases, and affirm, reject or modify the report, or recommit the case to the appraisers, and render such final judgment as justice requires. See Dawson vs. Shaver, 1 Blackf., 204.
The objection that the act violates the constitution, by providing for a trial and judgment without the intervention of a jury, is not insisted upon by the appellant’s counsel. If it were, it has already been answered. The record shows a substantial claim for equitable relief, as it was administered in courts of chancery before the constitution was adopted. The capital stock of incorporated companies is a trust fund, the proper application, of which courts of equity will enforce by virtue of their inherent jurisdiction over trusts and frauds. Willard’s Eq., 739-40.
Order affirmed.