Natural Resources Defense Council v. National Highway Traffic Safety

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Second Circuit
DecidedJune 29, 2018
Docket17-2780 (L)
StatusPublished

This text of Natural Resources Defense Council v. National Highway Traffic Safety (Natural Resources Defense Council v. National Highway Traffic Safety) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Natural Resources Defense Council v. National Highway Traffic Safety, (2d Cir. 2018).

Opinion

17‐2780 (L) Natural Resources Defense Council v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 ____________________ 4 5 August Term, 2017 6 7 (Argued: April 12, 2018 Decided: June 29, 2018) 8 9 Docket Nos. 17‐2780 (L), 17‐2806 (con) 10 ____________________ 11 12 NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL, SIERRA CLUB, 13 CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, STATE OF CALIFORNIA, 14 STATE OF MARYLAND, STATE OF NEW YORK, STATE OF 15 PENNSYLVANIA, STATE OF VERMONT, 16 17 Petitioners, 18 19 v. 20 21 NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, 22 JACK DANIELSON, in his capacity as Acting Deputy Administrator 23 of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, UNITED 24 STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, ELAINE CHAO, 25 in her capacity as Secretary of the United States Department of 26 Transportation, 27 28 Respondents, 29 30 ASSOCIATION OF GLOBAL AUTOMAKERS, ALLIANCE OF 31 AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS, INC., 32 33 Intervenors. 34 ____________________ 1 Before: WINTER, POOLER, and PARKER, Circuit Judges. 2 3 We review these consolidated petitions for review of a final rule published

4 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration indefinitely delaying a

5 previously published rule increasing civil penalties for noncompliance with

6 Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. Because we find that the agency

7 lacked statutory authority to indefinitely delay the effective date of the rule, and

8 because we find that the agency, in promulgating the rule, failed to comply with

9 the requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act, on April 23, 2018, we

10 GRANTED the petition for review and VACATED the rule. We indicated that an

11 opinion would follow in due course.

12 Granted and Vacated.

13 ____________________

14 IAN FEIN (Irene Gutierrez, Michael E. Wall, on the 15 brief), Natural Resources Defense Council, San 16 Francisco, CA, for Environmental Petitioners Natural 17 Resources Defense Council, Sierra Club, and Center for 18 Biological Diversity. 19 20 STEVEN C. WU, Deputy Solicitor General (David S. 21 Frankel, Barbara D. Underwood, Monica Wagner, on the 22 brief), for Barbara D. Underwood, Attorney General, 23 State of New York, New York, N.Y., for State Petitioner 24 State of New York. 2 1 2 David Zaft, Deputy Attorney General (David A. 3 Zonana, on the brief), for Xavier Becerra, Attorney 4 General, State of California, Los Angeles, CA, for State 5 Petitioner State of California. 6 7 Kyle H. Landis‐Marinello, Assistant Attorney General, 8 for Thomas J. Donovan, Jr., Attorney General, State of 9 Vermont, Montpelier, VT, for State Petitioner State of 10 Vermont. 11 12 Jonathan Scott Goldman, Executive Deputy Attorney 13 General, for Josh Shapiro, Attorney General, 14 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA, for 15 State Petitioner Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 16 17 Steven M. Sullivan, Solicitor General, for Brian E. Frosh, 18 Attorney General, State of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, for 19 State Petitioner State of Maryland. 20 21 H. THOMAS BYRON III (Chad A. Readler, Mark B. 22 Stern, Steven G. Bradbury, Paul M. Geier, Jonathan 23 Morrison, and Emily Su, on the brief), Washington, D.C. 24 for Respondents. 25 26 Erika Z. Jones (Matthew A. Waring, on the brief), Mayer 27 Brown LLP, Washington, D.C. for Intervenor Alliance of 28 Automobile Manufacturers, Inc. 29 30 Ashley C. Parrish (Justin A. Torres, Jacqueline 31 Glassman, on the brief), King & Spalding LLP, 32 Washington, D.C. for Intervenor The Association of Global 33 Automakers. 34

3 1 Richard L. Revesz (Bethany A. Davis Noll, Jason 2 Schwartz, on the brief), New York, N.Y. for The Institute 3 for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law as 4 Amicus Curiae in support of Petitioners. 5 6 POOLER and PARKER, Circuit Judges.

7 Congress frequently passes statutes that either permit or require agencies

8 to assess monetary penalties against parties who fail to comply with the law.

9 After the bill is passed, however, the initial dollar amount of the penalty often

10 remains unchanged. Due to inflation, this stasis in the law has the practical effect

11 of decreasing the value of the penalty over time.

12 In 2015, Congress passed a law requiring federal agencies to adjust their

13 civil penalties to account for inflation, so that those imposed by agencies today

14 have approximately the same value as they did at the time the penalties were

15 initially created by Congress. Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act

16 Improvement Act of 2015 (the “Improvements Act”), Bipartisan Budget Act of

17 2015, Pub. L. 114‐74, § 701, 129 Stat. 584, 599 (2015) (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2461

18 note). This Act applied to all executive agencies across the federal government.

19 The Act provided a clear method for agencies to use when calculating the new

4 1 dollar amounts and gave them approximately six months to issue interim final

2 rules announcing the new penalties.

3 We are now asked to determine whether the National Highway Traffic

4 Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) acted unlawfully when it published a rule

5 indefinitely delaying the effective date of the new civil penalty promulgated by

6 the agency several months prior. The delayed rule would have increased civil

7 penalties for violations of corporate average fuel economy (“CAFE”) standards.

8 Petitioners in this action (the “Petitioners”) claim NHTSA exceeded its statutory

9 authority in indefinitely delaying a rule implemented pursuant to the clear

10 Congressional directive in the Improvements Act. Petitioners also claim that the

11 agency violated the requirements of the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”).

12 We agree with Petitioners on both issues and conclude NHTSA’s actions

13 were unlawful. On April 23, 2018, we issued an Order vacating the rule and

14 granting the petition for review, and indicated an opinion would follow in due

15 course.

5 1 BACKGROUND

2 I. Energy Policy and Conservation Act

3 In 1975, Congress passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act

4 (“EPCA”). The Act was passed in the immediate wake of the 1973‐74 oil crisis

5 and its purpose was to reduce the likelihood of another severe energy crisis

6 through the creation of programs focused on energy regulation, energy

7 conservation, and, most relevant to this case, “improved energy efficiency of

8 motor vehicles, major appliances, and certain other consumer products.” 42

9 U.S.C. § 6201(5). The focus of EPCA’s effort to improve the energy efficiency of

10 cars was the implementation of the CAFE standards for vehicles, which

11 established fuel economy targets for different categories of vehicles, measured in

12 miles per gallon. EPCA directs the Secretary of Transportation to “prescribe [the

13 CAFE standards] by regulation” “[a]t least 18 months before the beginning of

14 each model year.” 49 U.S.C. § 32902(a). Further, “[e]ach standard shall be the

15 maximum feasible average fuel economy level that the Secretary decides the

16 manufacturers can achieve in that model year.” Id. The Secretary of

17 Transportation has delegated these responsibilities to the NHTSA Administrator.

18 49 CFR § 1.95(a).

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Related

Connecticut v. American Elec. Power Co., Inc.
582 F.3d 309 (Second Circuit, 2009)
Securities & Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corp.
318 U.S. 80 (Supreme Court, 1943)
Morton v. Ruiz
415 U.S. 199 (Supreme Court, 1974)
Warth v. Seldin
422 U.S. 490 (Supreme Court, 1975)
Adams Fruit Co. v. Barrett
494 U.S. 638 (Supreme Court, 1990)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
504 U.S. 555 (Supreme Court, 1992)
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
549 U.S. 497 (Supreme Court, 2007)
Jifry v. Federal Aviation Administration
370 F.3d 1174 (D.C. Circuit, 2004)
Henderson v. Shinseki
131 S. Ct. 1197 (Supreme Court, 2011)
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Abraham
355 F.3d 179 (Second Circuit, 2004)
Sebelius v. Auburn Regional Medical Center
133 S. Ct. 817 (Supreme Court, 2013)
City of Arlington v. Fed. Commc'ns Comm'n
133 S. Ct. 1863 (Supreme Court, 2013)
In re: Idaho Conservation League
811 F.3d 502 (D.C. Circuit, 2016)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
Natural Resources Defense Council v. National Highway Traffic Safety, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/natural-resources-defense-council-v-national-highway-traffic-safety-ca2-2018.