22-1447 Nationstar Mortg., LLC v. Hunte
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 16th day of January, two thousand twenty-four.
PRESENT: GERARD E. LYNCH, WILLIAM J. NARDINI, MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
Nationstar Mortgage, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. 22-1447
Esther Hunte,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________ FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE: Stephen J. Vargas, Gross Polowy, LLC, Westbury, NY.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Esther Hunte, pro se, Newburgh, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Kenneth M. Karas, District Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Esther Hunte (“Hunte”), proceeding pro se, appeals
from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Kenneth M. Karas, District Judge), entered on June 6, 2022. Plaintiff-
Appellee Nationstar Mortgage (“Nationstar”) brought a foreclosure action
against Hunte in the district court. The district court partially granted summary
judgment to Nationstar, reasoning that Nationstar had established ownership of
the mortgage note and that Hunte had defaulted on payments. The district
court denied summary judgment with respect to damages because there was a
dispute of fact over whether Hunte had entered into a loan modification
2 agreement and ordered the parties to file additional submissions on this issue.
After an evidentiary hearing, the district court concluded that the modification
agreement was void. Nationstar moved for damages on the original note and
the district court granted the motion and entered a judgment of foreclosure.
Hunte appealed. On appeal, Hunte moved to stay auction of the property, but
we denied the stay as moot because the property had already been sold at
auction. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the case.
I. Mootness
Nationstar argues that the appeal is now moot and should be dismissed.
We lack jurisdiction to review an appeal that is moot. Nat’l Org. for Marriage,
Inc. v. Walsh, 714 F.3d 682, 692 (2d Cir. 2013). “A case is moot when the issues
presented are no longer live or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the
outcome.” Tann v. Bennett, 807 F.3d 51, 52 (2d Cir. 2015). 1 An appeal should
be dismissed as moot “when, by virtue of an intervening event, a court of appeals
1 Unless otherwise indicated, case quotations omit all internal quotation marks, alteration marks, footnotes, and citations.
3 cannot grant any effectual relief whatever in favor of the appellant.” Calderon v.
Moore, 518 U.S. 149, 150 (1996).
Here, the issue is whether we can grant any effectual relief to Hunte. Id.
In New York, some appellate decisions have held that an appeal in a foreclosure
action can become moot upon the sale of the subject property when the parties
did not obtain a stay of the sale pending appeal. See, e.g., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
v. Stranahan, 174 N.Y.S.3d 178, 180 (3d Dep’t 2022); 405 44th St. Realty Co. v. 168
Fortune Realty, Inc., 788 N.Y.S.2d 404, 405 (2d Dep’t 2005). However, other
decisions have clarified that “the judicial sale of the subject property does not
render defendants’ appeal moot” when the appellate court’s “determination may
impact defendants’ right to restitution.” SEFCU v. Allegra Holdings, LLC, 48
N.Y.S.3d 811, 812 (3d Dep’t 2017); see also Hudson City Sav. Inst. v. Burton, 451
N.Y.S.2d 855, 856 (3d Dep’t 1982) (similar). Further, when the judgment awards
more than the sale of the subject property and includes attorneys’ fees or other
damages, the appeal is not rendered moot by the sale of the property. See 425
E. 26th St. Owners Corp. v. Beaton, 10 N.Y.S.3d 127, 130 (2d Dep’t 2015).
4 The property at issue in this case was sold in November 2022. Moreover,
the judgment at issue awarded a monetary amount of $602,964.05 and
unspecified attorneys’ fees to Nationstar. If successful on appeal, Hunte could
be entitled to effectual relief pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 5523. Accordingly, we
conclude that the appeal is not moot and reach the merits.
II. Merits
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, Garcia v. Hartford Police
Dep’t, 706 F.3d 120, 126 (2d Cir. 2013), “resolv[ing] all ambiguities and draw[ing]
all inferences against the moving party,” id. at 127. “Summary judgment is
proper only when, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-
movant, ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Doninger v. Niehoff, 642 F.3d 334, 344
(2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
In a foreclosure action under New York law, a plaintiff establishes its
prima facie entitlement to summary judgment by producing evidence of the
mortgage, the unpaid note, and the defendant’s default. Citibank, N.A. v.
Potente, 179 N.Y.S.3d 91, 93 (2d Dep’t 2022). Further, where the defendant raises
5 standing as a defense, the plaintiff bears “the additional burden of
demonstrating that, at the time the action was commenced, it was the holder or
assignee of the mortgage and the holder or assignee of the underlying note.”
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Walker, 35 N.Y.S.3d 591, 592–93 (3d Dep’t 2016).
Here, Nationstar offered evidence that Hunte took out a mortgage in 2005,
that the mortgage and promissory note were eventually assigned to Nationstar,
and that Hunte defaulted on payments as of March 1, 2016. Although Hunte
contends that she was not in default, Nationstar’s business records make clear
that Hunte failed to make any payments after March 1, 2016, and Hunte has
failed to raise any evidence that she made payments after that date.
Hunte further contends that Nationstar lacked standing to bring the
foreclosure action because it never produced evidence that it physically
possessed the original note. An affidavit from a representative of the lender or
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22-1447 Nationstar Mortg., LLC v. Hunte
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 16th day of January, two thousand twenty-four.
PRESENT: GERARD E. LYNCH, WILLIAM J. NARDINI, MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________
Nationstar Mortgage, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. 22-1447
Esther Hunte,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________________ FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE: Stephen J. Vargas, Gross Polowy, LLC, Westbury, NY.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: Esther Hunte, pro se, Newburgh, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Kenneth M. Karas, District Judge).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Esther Hunte (“Hunte”), proceeding pro se, appeals
from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Kenneth M. Karas, District Judge), entered on June 6, 2022. Plaintiff-
Appellee Nationstar Mortgage (“Nationstar”) brought a foreclosure action
against Hunte in the district court. The district court partially granted summary
judgment to Nationstar, reasoning that Nationstar had established ownership of
the mortgage note and that Hunte had defaulted on payments. The district
court denied summary judgment with respect to damages because there was a
dispute of fact over whether Hunte had entered into a loan modification
2 agreement and ordered the parties to file additional submissions on this issue.
After an evidentiary hearing, the district court concluded that the modification
agreement was void. Nationstar moved for damages on the original note and
the district court granted the motion and entered a judgment of foreclosure.
Hunte appealed. On appeal, Hunte moved to stay auction of the property, but
we denied the stay as moot because the property had already been sold at
auction. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the case.
I. Mootness
Nationstar argues that the appeal is now moot and should be dismissed.
We lack jurisdiction to review an appeal that is moot. Nat’l Org. for Marriage,
Inc. v. Walsh, 714 F.3d 682, 692 (2d Cir. 2013). “A case is moot when the issues
presented are no longer live or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the
outcome.” Tann v. Bennett, 807 F.3d 51, 52 (2d Cir. 2015). 1 An appeal should
be dismissed as moot “when, by virtue of an intervening event, a court of appeals
1 Unless otherwise indicated, case quotations omit all internal quotation marks, alteration marks, footnotes, and citations.
3 cannot grant any effectual relief whatever in favor of the appellant.” Calderon v.
Moore, 518 U.S. 149, 150 (1996).
Here, the issue is whether we can grant any effectual relief to Hunte. Id.
In New York, some appellate decisions have held that an appeal in a foreclosure
action can become moot upon the sale of the subject property when the parties
did not obtain a stay of the sale pending appeal. See, e.g., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
v. Stranahan, 174 N.Y.S.3d 178, 180 (3d Dep’t 2022); 405 44th St. Realty Co. v. 168
Fortune Realty, Inc., 788 N.Y.S.2d 404, 405 (2d Dep’t 2005). However, other
decisions have clarified that “the judicial sale of the subject property does not
render defendants’ appeal moot” when the appellate court’s “determination may
impact defendants’ right to restitution.” SEFCU v. Allegra Holdings, LLC, 48
N.Y.S.3d 811, 812 (3d Dep’t 2017); see also Hudson City Sav. Inst. v. Burton, 451
N.Y.S.2d 855, 856 (3d Dep’t 1982) (similar). Further, when the judgment awards
more than the sale of the subject property and includes attorneys’ fees or other
damages, the appeal is not rendered moot by the sale of the property. See 425
E. 26th St. Owners Corp. v. Beaton, 10 N.Y.S.3d 127, 130 (2d Dep’t 2015).
4 The property at issue in this case was sold in November 2022. Moreover,
the judgment at issue awarded a monetary amount of $602,964.05 and
unspecified attorneys’ fees to Nationstar. If successful on appeal, Hunte could
be entitled to effectual relief pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 5523. Accordingly, we
conclude that the appeal is not moot and reach the merits.
II. Merits
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, Garcia v. Hartford Police
Dep’t, 706 F.3d 120, 126 (2d Cir. 2013), “resolv[ing] all ambiguities and draw[ing]
all inferences against the moving party,” id. at 127. “Summary judgment is
proper only when, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-
movant, ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Doninger v. Niehoff, 642 F.3d 334, 344
(2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
In a foreclosure action under New York law, a plaintiff establishes its
prima facie entitlement to summary judgment by producing evidence of the
mortgage, the unpaid note, and the defendant’s default. Citibank, N.A. v.
Potente, 179 N.Y.S.3d 91, 93 (2d Dep’t 2022). Further, where the defendant raises
5 standing as a defense, the plaintiff bears “the additional burden of
demonstrating that, at the time the action was commenced, it was the holder or
assignee of the mortgage and the holder or assignee of the underlying note.”
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Walker, 35 N.Y.S.3d 591, 592–93 (3d Dep’t 2016).
Here, Nationstar offered evidence that Hunte took out a mortgage in 2005,
that the mortgage and promissory note were eventually assigned to Nationstar,
and that Hunte defaulted on payments as of March 1, 2016. Although Hunte
contends that she was not in default, Nationstar’s business records make clear
that Hunte failed to make any payments after March 1, 2016, and Hunte has
failed to raise any evidence that she made payments after that date.
Hunte further contends that Nationstar lacked standing to bring the
foreclosure action because it never produced evidence that it physically
possessed the original note. An affidavit from a representative of the lender or
servicer based on the representative’s review of the plaintiff’s business records
is sufficient to establish possession of the note. See OneWest Bank, N.A. v. Melina,
827 F.3d 214, 223 (2d Cir. 2016) (“New York courts have repeatedly held that
proof of physical possession—such as the affidavits of OneWest’s corporate
6 representative and counsel in this case—is sufficient on its own to prove a
plaintiff’s standing to foreclose on the mortgage associated with the note.”).
Nationstar provided an affidavit that stated that it possessed the promissory note
before it filed the foreclosure action in November 2016.
Hunte critiques the affidavit, arguing that it lacked sufficient detail to
establish that Nationstar actually possessed the promissory note. It is true that
an affidavit may fail to establish standing if it does not offer any factual detail
concerning the physical delivery of the note. See Homecomings Fin., LLC v. Guldi,
969 N.Y.S.2d 470, 474 (2d Dep’t 2013). However, an affidavit that provides the
date on which physical delivery of the note occurred is sufficient. See Aurora
Loan Servs., LLC v. Taylor, 980 N.Y.S.2d 475, 477 (2d Dep’t 2014), aff’d, 25 N.Y.3d
355 (2015). Here, the affidavit not only describes the chain of assignments that
led to Nationstar’s possession, but it also provides the exact delivery date of the
note in 2013, three years prior to the foreclosure in November 2016. As there is
no “‘checklist’ of required proof to establish standing” in a New York foreclosure
case, the affidavit satisfied Nationstar’s burden to demonstrate standing.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, Nat’l Ass’n v. Caliguri, 36 N.Y.3d 953, 954 (2020).
7 Hunte further contends that Nationstar failed to comply with New York
Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law (“RPAPL”) § 1304 because
Nationstar did not offer evidence showing that a § 1304 notice was properly
mailed. Section 1304(2) requires that notices be sent “by registered or certified
mail and also by first-class mail to the last known address of the borrower, and
to the residence that is the subject of the mortgage.”
There is no genuine dispute that Nationstar complied with the statute.
Nationstar provided a detailed affidavit in which a document-execution
specialist stated that (1) she reviewed Nationstar’s contemporaneously made
records and acquired knowledge of the loan and mailings, (2) Nationstar mailed
§ 1304 notices via first class and certified mail to the property address and
Hunte’s mailing address, and (3) Nationstar notified the superintendent of
financial services within three days of mailing the notice as required by RPAPL
§ 1306(2). The affidavit also attached copies of the § 1304 notices, two of which
contained a certified mail number, which were addressed to Hunte’s mailing
address and the subject property. These details are sufficient to establish
mailing. See HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Ozcan, 64 N.Y.S.3d 38, 43–44 (2d Dep’t
8 2017) (concluding that an affidavit providing similar details was sufficient
evidence of mailing). Contrary to Hunte’s contention, the text of the notices
fully complied with the version of § 1304 in effect at the time the notices were
sent.
We have considered Hunte’s remaining arguments and find them
unpersuasive. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court