915 F.2d 43
135 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2578, 116 Lab.Cas. P 10,332,
17 Fed.R.Serv.3d 1425
NATIONAL RAILROAD PASSENGER CORPORATION, Plaintiff, Appellee,
v.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS AND AEROSPACE
WORKERS, Defendants, Appellants.
James Robert McCARTHY, et al., Plaintiffs, Appellants,
v.
NATIONAL RAILROAD PASSENGER CORP., Defendant, Appellee.
Nos. 89-1262, 89-1523.
United States Court of Appeals,
First Circuit.
Heard Oct. 3, 1989.
Decided Sept. 25, 1990.
L. Pat Wynns, with whom John O'B. Clarke, Jr. and Highsaw & Mahoney, P.C., Washington, D.C., were on briefs, for defendants, appellants.
Thomas E. Reinert, Jr. with whom Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, Sally D. Garr, National Railroad Passenger Corp., Washington, D.C., and William Shaw McDermott, McDermott & Rizzo, Boston, Mass., were on briefs, for plaintiff, appellee.
Before CAMPBELL, Chief Judge, BROWN, Senior Circuit Judge, and BREYER, Circuit Judge.
JOHN R. BROWN, Senior Circuit Judge.
This case arises from a series of work stoppages by employees of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) at the Boston Engine Terminal (BET). Because they both derive from a common nucleus of facts, we consolidate for appellate review two decisions of the district court. McCarthy v. National Railroad Passenger Corporation, 712 F.Supp. 5 (D.Mass.1989) (McCarthy ); and National Railroad Passenger Corporation v. International Association of Machinists et al., (Civil Action No. 87-2340-MC, 1988 WL 82232 (D.Mass. Aug. 2, 1988) (unreported) (Machinists ).
Machinists involves the propriety of a district judge refusing to vacate all of his prior orders and findings when he granted the plaintiff's motion for voluntary dismissal: (i) we affirm that decision, because we find no abuse of discretion in the trial judge's denying the defendant's request to expressly vacate his prior rulings and findings; however, (ii) we also reaffirm the principle that a voluntary dismissal without prejudice leaves the parties as if the action had never been brought and renders the proceedings a nullity.
McCarthy, which we also affirm, involves the disciplinary investigations of three union representatives for allegedly participating in the instigation of a strike. The issue presented here is solely a jurisdictional one. We find that the court below properly ruled that it did not have jurisdiction over the case, since: (i) disciplinary disputes are "minor disputes" under the Railway Labor Act (RLA) 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151 et seq.; and (ii) even assuming a strike was not called by the union representatives, disciplinary action against them did not show sufficient anti-union animus or interference with union representation to justify alternative jurisdiction under Section 2 Third and Fourth of the RLA, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 152 Third and Fourth.How It All Happened
AMTRAK operates Boston commuter rail service under contract with the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority ("MBTA"), and the BET is the central repair facility for MBTA rail cars. In September, 1987, AMTRAK employees working at BET engaged in a work stoppage, (September 1987 Strike) but returned to work after the district court (Machinists ) entered a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the International Association of Machinists and other Appellant Unions (Unions) representing AMTRAK employees at the BET.
After a preliminary injunction hearing was begun, AMTRAK and the Unions entered a court-approved Consent Order which agreed "to return the MBTA Commuter Service to normal, pre-September 1, 1987 procedures and service levels," (September 1987 Consent Order). In addition, the September 1987 Consent Order memorialized certain other agreements between AMTRAK and the Unions, including: (i) compliance with hard hat and safety goggle rules; (ii) return to service of certain strike participants pending discipline investigations and expedited processing of their discipline grievances; (iii) a commitment to meet and discuss safety issues; and (iv) a commitment to raise compensation issues only through collective bargaining.
On May 24, 1988, an AMTRAK employee, Kevin Casey, sustained an injury during work. Pursuant to carrier policy, AMTRAK managers directed that Casey be tested for drugs. Appellants James McCarthy, Frank Newcomb, and Paul O'Riley (Union representatives) met with AMTRAK managers to protest the drug testing of Casey (May 24th meeting). As a result of occurrences at this meeting, AMTRAK employees began leaving the BET premises and picketing on the afternoon of May 24th.
AMTRAK and the Union representatives dispute what transpired at the May 24th meeting. According to AMTRAK, McCarthy called a strike. Edward Brown, an assistant manager at the BET who was present at the May 24th meeting, testified that during the meeting McCarthy asked to use the telephone. Brown recalled McCarthy stating: "District 22. This is 318. I would like to leave a message for Joe and Bill. Commuter rail operation both North and South side is shut down." Another AMTRAK manager at the May 24th meeting, Robert Bourget, facility manager for the BET, agreed that McCarthy used the same words as overheard by Brown.
The Union representatives, on the other hand, deny that McCarthy used the words ascribed to him by Brown. Instead, they claim that Bourget announced during the May 24th meeting that "as of 1:40 p.m. all the employees are off the clock." McCarthy then used Bourget's telephone to call the IAM district office and said, while looking at Bourget, that the BET was shut down as of "shall we say 1:45 p.m."
AMTRAK successfully sought a TRO (Machinists ) against the May 24th work stoppage (May 1988 Stoppage), and initiated disciplinary investigations against the three Union representatives. Following a hearing in June, 1988 before the AMTRAK Hearing Officer, McCarthy was discharged from employment, but on appeal the Public Law Board, in a decision dated August 13, 1989, reduced his punishment to a 60 day suspension. O'Riley was initially given a 60 day suspension, but this was reduced to 30 days on appeal before the Public Law Board in June 1989. Newcomb, meanwhile, tendered his resignation to AMTRAK prior to his investigatory hearing.
On the afternoon of May 24th, the Unions immediately moved to dissolve the TRO obtained by AMTRAK. Following a full evidentiary hearing on the motion to dissolve the TRO, at which the Union representatives and others testified, the district court in August, 1988 denied the Unions request to dissolve, and issued a memorandum and order finding that McCarthy had in fact called a strike on May 24th (August 1988 Memorandum and Order). The court also found that the dispute over AMTRAK's implementation of a policy requiring that employees involved in Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) reportable accidents submit to drug testing was a "minor dispute" under the RLA.
In February, 1989, AMTRAK presented a Motion for a Voluntary Dismissal Without Prejudice, because there was no present threat of a work stoppage at the BET that would justify a continuation of the Machinists case. The Unions indicated that they did not oppose the voluntary dismissal, so long as all the prior orders, including the September 1987 Consent Order and the August 1988 Memorandum and Order, were expressly vacated. AMTRAK objected to the vacating of the orders, for reasons which will become clear below. After hearing arguments from both sides, the court granted AMTRAK's motion for voluntary dismissal, but expressly declined to vacate the prior orders. It is that decision (Machinists ) which is the subject of the first issue on appeal.
In July 1988, the Railway Labor Executives Association (RLEA) and the Union representatives filed a complaint (McCarthy ) in the district court seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against AMTRAK for pursuing investigations against the Union representatives and sending out warning letters to employees who had participated in the May 1988 Stoppage. AMTRAK and Railway Labor filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and in May, 1989, the district court issued its decision in McCarthy, which is the subject of the second issue on appeal. The court found that the parties' dispute over the discipline of the Union representatives constitutes a "minor dispute" under the RLA, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151 et seq., and as such is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Adjustment Boards. The court held that Sections 2 Third and Fourth of the RLA, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 152 Third and Fourth, did not create federal court jurisdiction to review the disciplinary actions.
In reaching the May 1989 decision in McCarthy, the district court did expressly cite and rely on the September 1987 Consent Order in the Machinists case, which the Unions unsuccessfully sought to have vacated below, (but which was nevertheless dismissed without prejudice). In addition, the district court relied on the factfinding from the August 1988 Memorandum and Order, when it stated that the May 1988 Stoppage "involve[d] the discipline of union members for having engaged in illegal strike activities and involve[d] a dispute that can only be characterized as minor." McCarthy, 712 F.Supp. at 8.
To summarize these rather tangled proceedings, then, we are deciding the appeals of two decisions: (i) the refusal in Machinists of the court to expressly vacate the September 1987 Consent Order and the August 1988 Memorandum and Order when it dismissed Machinists; and (ii) McCarthy, in which summary judgment was granted against a challenge to the discipline of the Union representatives.
ISSUE I.: WAS THE VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL WITHOUT VACATION OF
PRIOR ORDERS PROPER?
The Unions maintain that the district court was required as a matter of law to vacate the findings and rulings from the September 1987 Consent Order and the August 1988 Memorandum and Order when it granted AMTRAK's February 6, 1989 motion for voluntary dismissal in Machinists. To support their argument for the mandatory vacating of these prior orders, the Unions rely (by analogy) primarily on the Munsingwear doctrine, which imposes a duty upon the appellate court to vacate a district court decision, if such decision has become moot while on appeal. See Great Western Sugar Co. v. Nelson, 442 U.S. 92, 99 S.Ct. 2149, 60 L.Ed.2d 735 (1979); United States v. Munsingwear, 340 U.S. 36, 71 S.Ct. 104, 95 L.Ed. 36 (1950); Duke Power Co. v. Greenwood County, 299 U.S. 259, 267, 57 S.Ct. 202, 205, 81 L.Ed. 178 (1936).
"The reason for vacating a lower court's decision when the case becomes moot pending appeal is to make sure that a decision of which the losing party was denied appellate review will not have preclusive effect in subsequent litigation between the parties." Commodity Futures Trading Comm'n v. Board of Trade, 701 F.2d 653, 656-57 (7th Cir.1983); see also Munsingwear, 340 U.S. at 40, 71 S.Ct. at 107. A case that becomes moot pending appeal, necessarily untested by appellate scrutiny, lacks the "stamp of reliability" that is required to warrant "preclusive effect." CFTC v. Board of Trade, 701 F.2d at 657. Thus, where a case on appeal is dismissed because it has become moot, the court must order that the district court's judgment be vacated. See Great Western Sugar Co. v. Nelson, 442 U.S. at 94, 99 S.Ct. at 2150.
However, the procedural context here does not involve either a final decision of a district court or a matter of mootness pending appeal. Rather, the issue is whether a district court in granting a voluntary dismissal was required expressly to vacate prior orders such as those in the nature of preliminary injunctions, memorandum opinions, etc. The Unions have directed us to no case that requires a district court to expressly vacate prior orders in a voluntary dismissal pursuant to F.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(2). While the procedural posture of the Munsingwear line of cases is analogous to the circumstances sub judice, we are not prepared at this time to circumscribe the broad discretion of the district court to attach such conditions as it sees fit when granting a motion for voluntary dismissal. See Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping Authority v. Leith, 668 F.2d 46, 49 (1st Cir.1981) ("[t]he district court's decision to grant a motion to dismiss under Rule 41(a)(2) is reviewable only for abuse of discretion.")
Of course, it is well settled that "[t]he effect of a voluntary dismissal without prejudice is to render the proceedings a nullity and leave the parties as if the action had never been brought." In re Piper Aircraft Distribution System Antitrust Litigation, 551 F.2d 213, 219 (8th Cir.1977). This means that the dismissal "carries down with it previous proceedings and orders in the action, and all pleadings, both of plaintiff and defendant, and all issues, with respect to plaintiff's claim." Bryan v. Smith, 174 F.2d at 214, quoting 27 C.J.S. Dismissal and Nonsuit, Sec. 39. In effect, then, the doctrines of collateral estoppel and res judicata are no longer available to the court's previous opinions and orders in Machinists. Thus, the district court's reliance in McCarthy upon the September 1987 Consent Order and August 1988 Memorandum and Order was improper, even though such orders had not been expressly vacated.ISSUE II.: DID THE DISTRICT COURT HAVE JURISDICTION
UNDER THE RAILWAY LABOR ACT?
"Minor" v. "Major" Disputes under the RLA
The distinction between "major" and "minor" disputes is central to an understanding of the dispute resolution procedures of the RLA. Congress enacted the RLA, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151 et seq., in order to prevent disruptions of interstate commerce caused by labor disputes. 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151a. The Act facilitates that legislative purpose by imposing mandatory procedures for resolving disputes between railroads and their employees involving collective bargaining ("major disputes") or grievances ("minor disputes").
In Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Company v. Burley, 325 U.S. 711, 722-24, 65 S.Ct. 1282, 1289-90, 89 L.Ed. 1886, 1893-95 (1945), the Supreme Court defined these two types of disputes. "Major disputes" encompassed by Section 2(4), 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151a(4),
[R]elate to disputes over the formation of collective agreements or efforts to secure them. They arise where there is no such agreement or where it is sought to change the terms of one, and therefore the issue is not whether an existing agreement controls the controversy.
325 U.S. at 723, 65 S.Ct. at 1289, 89 L.Ed. at 1894. In contrast, "minor disputes," included under section 2(5), 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151a(5),
[C]ontemplate the existence of a collective agreement already concluded or, at any rate, a situation in which no effort is made to bring about a formal change in terms or to create a new one. The dispute relates either to the meaning or proper application of a particular provision with reference to a specific situation or an omitted case.
325 U.S. at 723, 65 S.Ct. at 1289, 89 L.Ed. at 1894; see also, Consolidated Rail Corp. v. RLEA, (Conrail v. RLEA ) 491 U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 2477, 105 L.Ed.2d 250 (1989); Carbone v. Meserve, 645 F.2d 96, 98 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 859, 102 S.Ct. 312, 70 L.Ed.2d 156 (1981); Maine Central R.R. v. United Transportation Union, 787 F.2d 780, 781-82 (1st Cir.1986); Boston & Maine v. Lenfest, 799 F.2d 795, 801 (1st Cir.1986).
For "minor disputes," the RLA, under Section 3, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 153, imposes a system of mandatory determination of adjustment through arbitration by the National Railroad Adjustment Board (NRAB) or other Adjustment Boards established through collective bargaining. The jurisdiction of the Adjustment Boards over "minor disputes" is exclusive; the federal district courts do not have jurisdiction to adjudicate "minor disputes" which properly belong before an Adjustment Board established under the RLA. See Conrail v. RLEA, 491 U.S. at ----, 109 S.Ct. at 2481, 105 L.Ed.2d at 262; Trainmen v. Chicago River & Indiana R.R., 353 U.S. 30, 77 S.Ct. 635, 1 L.Ed.2d 622 (1957); Andrews v. Louisville and Nashville R.R., 406 U.S. 320, 92 S.Ct. 1562, 32 L.Ed.2d 95 (1972); Union Pacific R.R. v. Sheehan, 439 U.S. 89, 99 S.Ct. 399, 58 L.Ed.2d 354 (1978); Maine Central R.R. v. United Transportation Union, 787 F.2d at 782; Carbone v. Meserve, 645 F.2d at 98.
Shortly after the decision in McCarthy, the Supreme Court reiterated the distinction between "major" and "minor" disputes under the RLA in Conrail v. RLEA, 491 U.S. at ---- - ----, 109 S.Ct. at 2479-82, 105 L.Ed.2d at 259-64 (U.S.1989). That case, which deals with a railroad's implementation of a drug testing program, articulates a standard for distinguishing "major" and "minor" disputes based upon whether an action is "arguably justified" by the collective bargaining agreement. 491 U.S. at ----, 109 S.Ct. at 2482, 105 L.Ed.2d at 263. In doing so, the Court stressed the "relatively light burden which the railroad must bear in establishing exclusive arbitral jurisdiction under the RLA." Id.
Disciplinary Controversies Normally "Minor Disputes"
The trial court correctly held in McCarthy that controversies involving disciplinary matters are "minor disputes" within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Adjustment Boards. Andrews v. Louisville and Nashville R.R., 406 U.S. 320, 92 S.Ct. 1562, 32 L.Ed.2d 95 (1972); see also Independent Union of Flight Attendants v. Pan American World Airways 620 F.Supp. 447, 453 (S.D.N.Y.1985), aff'd. 789 F.2d 139 (2d Cir.1986); Machinists v. Northwest Airlines, 673 F.2d 700 (3d Cir.1982); see also, RLEA v. Boston & Maine Corp., (RLEA v. B & M ), 808 F.2d 150, 157 (1st Cir.1986), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 830, 108 S.Ct. 102, 98 L.Ed.2d 62 (1987). In Andrews v. Louisville and Nashville R.R., the Supreme Court stated:
Provision for arbitration of a discharge grievance, a minor dispute, is not a matter of voluntary agreement under the Railway Labor Act; the Act compels the parties to arbitrate minor disputes before the National Railroad Adjustment Board established under the Act. Thus, the notion that the grievance and arbitration procedures provided for minor disputes in the Railway Labor Act are optional, to be availed of as the employee or the carrier chooses, was never good history and is no longer good law.
406 U.S. at 322, 92 S.Ct. at 1564, 32 L.Ed.2d at 98 (quoting Walker v. Southern R.R., 385 U.S. 196, 198, 87 S.Ct. 365, 366, 17 L.Ed.2d 294 (1966)). A dispute over the justification for and propriety of warnings and disciplinary investigations, as is present in the case herein, certainly falls within that class of controversies termed "minor disputes" under authoritative precedent. Consequently, we fully approve McCarthy's ruling that since the controversy over the warning letters sent to employees participating in the May 1988 Stoppage, and the discipline of McCarthy and O'Riley, constituted a "minor dispute" under the RLA, the court had no jurisdiction over the suit.
Jurisdiction Under Sections 2 Third and Fourth
Even if the controversy below is accurately characterized as a "minor dispute," Railway Labor argues nonetheless that jurisdiction in federal district court is available under Section 2 Third and Fourth of the RLA, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 152 Third and Fourth (Section 2 Third and Fourth). This section aims to protect employees' designation of bargaining representatives from employer coercion or intrusion. See id.; see also, e.g., H.R.Rep. No. 1944, 73d Cong.2d Sess. 2 (1934).
Railway Labor argues that by seeking disciplinary action against the Union representatives, AMTRAK (at least in the perception of rank and file members) interfered with the rights protected by Section 2 Third and Fourth. According to Railway Labor, the disciplinary investigations against the Union representatives was solely to punish them for engaging in their activities as representatives of their respective unions. As such, it would be an unlawful violation of Section 2 Third and Fourth.
But as the Supreme Court recently stated, these sections address primarily the "precertification rights and freedoms of unorganized employees." Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Independent Federation of Flight Attendants, 489 U.S. 426, ----, 109 S.Ct. 1225, 1234, 103 L.Ed.2d 456, 470 (1989). In a post-certification controversy such as the one here, judicial intervention under Section 2 Third and Fourth is limited to circumstances where
the employer's conduct has "been motivated by anti-union animus or ... an attempt to interfere with its employees' choice of their collective bargaining representative," Tello v. Soo Line R.R., 772 F.2d 458, 462 (8th Cir.1985), or constitutes "discrimination or coercion" against that representative, International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. Pan American World Airways, 607 F.Supp. 609, 614 n. 5 (E.D.N.Y.1985) or involves "acts of intimidation [which] cannot be remedied by administrative means," Local Union 808 v. P & W Railroad Co., 576 F.Supp. 693, 703 (D.Conn.1983). In all of the above cases, federal court intervention was found unwarranted.
Independent Union of Flight Attendants v. Pan American World Airways, 789 F.2d 139, 142 (2nd Cir.1986). Judicial intervention would also be permitted under Section 2 Third and Fourth if the employer engaged in "a fundamental attack on the collective bargaining process," or a "direct attempt to destroy a union." See International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, AFL-CIO v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 813 F.2d 1038, 1040 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 926, 108 S.Ct. 290, 98 L.Ed.2d 250.
Railway Labor argues that anti-union animus by AMTRAK is revealed by the following reasoning: (i) for summary judgment purposes, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether a strike was in fact called on May 24th; (ii) the three Union representatives were investigated and disciplined for their activities surrounding the May 1988 Stoppage; and (iii) if a strike was not called, but Union representatives were nevertheless charged with instigating one, the disciplinary investigations of such Union representatives evidences anti-union animus as prohibited by Section 2 Third and Fourth. We may accept contentions (i) and (ii), but not the conclusion (iii), of this argument.
In its motion for summary judgment below, Railway Labor offered the transcript of testimony from the hearing of the Machinists' motion to dissolve the TRO (Machinists ) entered following the August 1988 Strike. As discussed above, there is conflicting testimony at this hearing as to whether a strike was actually called by McCarthy, or whether management put the BET employees "off the clock." In its cross motion for summary judgment, AMTRAK filed the affidavit of Larry C. Hriczak, the Director of Labor Relations for AMTRAK. Hriczak swore that a strike had been called. Hriczak was not present at the May 24th meeting, however, so his allegations about what transpired therein are not based on personal knowledge to be competent evidence under F.R.Civ.P. 56(c). Since we have disapproved that portion of the McCarthy opinion which relied on the finding in the August 1988 Memorandum and Order that McCarthy called a strike, we must hold that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether a strike was called on May 24th, and that summary judgment cannot be justified.
Railway Labor provided no direct proof of AMTRAK's anti-union animus. Rather, their claim of anti-union animus rests solely upon the inference that animus is reflected by (i) the disciplinary investigations of the Union representatives for merely discussing with management at the May 24th meeting the propriety of Casey's drug testing, and (ii) management's fabrication that the May 1988 Stoppage was at McCarthy's instigation. Together, Railway Labor urges that these constitute evidence of anti-union animus sufficient to sustain federal court jurisdiction under Section 2 Third and Fourth. The post-certification cases finding jurisdiction under Section 2 Third and Fourth require a stronger showing of anti-union animus than this inference provides.
Railway Labor relies heavily on RLEA v. B & M, 808 F.2d 150. In that case, this court recognized the "primary jurisdiction" of the Adjustment Boards over "minor disputes" and the potential conflict with federal court jurisdiction under Section 2 Third and Fourth. 808 F.2d at 152. In resolving this conflict, the court held that a district court should preliminarily "weigh and assess the merits" of the Section 2 Third and Fourth claims to determine whether federal court jurisdiction exists. 808 F.2d at 158. This brought into play the facts of the case. Involved was a lawful strike on the Maine Central after the exhaustion of the RLA "major dispute" procedures. After the creation of an Emergency Board by the President, Maine Central accepted the offer of striking employees to return to the positions they held before the strike. However, the following week Maine Central issued job abolishment notices to 725 employees that targeted specifically those workers who had engaged in the strike. 808 F.2d at 157-58.
Clearly, the disciplinary investigation of the three Union representatives in the case at hand, even if unjustified, does not approach the kind of extraordinary anti-union animus found to exist in RLEA v. B & M, which acted on the district court's finding that the carrier acted from a "predetermined, and improper, design to reduce the workforce by eliminating strikers as employees." 808 F.2d at 155, quoting and affirming Railway Labor Executives Assoc. v. Boston and Maine Corp., 639 F.Supp. 1092, 1108 (D.C.Maine 1986) (emphasis in original). Moreover, after the Supreme Court's recent pronouncement in TWA v. IFFA that the post-certification rights of unions under Section 2 Third and Fourth are narrowly circumscribed, we are especially convinced of our obligation to deny federal court jurisdiction on the facts herein.
Railway Labor also cites Brotherhood of Ry. Trainmen v. Central of Georgia Ry., 305 F.2d 605 (5th Cir.1962). In that case, the Fifth Circuit reversed the district court's dismissal of a suit for failure to state a claim, F.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) under Section 2 Third arising from the discipline of a union representative. The union charged the railroad with pursuing an investigation of the chairman of its grievance committee for the purpose of discrediting both the individual and the union. Id., at 606-07. Central of Georgia, like the case before us, involved pleading allegations by the union that the railroad sought "to destroy the process of collective bargaining and resolution of grievances by wrongfully destroying the effectiveness of the chosen representative." Id., at 608.
With neither discovery or controverting testimony from the railroad, the court "passed only on bare bones pleadings" to initially allow the case to proceed in the district court. Id., at 609. The Fifth Circuit, soon after the case was decided, limited Central of Georgia to its facts. See Machinists v. Eastern Airlines, 320 F.2d 451, 454 (5th Cir.1963). See also, APFA v. American Airlines, 843 F.2d 209 (5th Cir.1988).
In sum, the district court properly dismissed Machinists, and correctly found no jurisdiction in McCarthy.
AFFIRMED.