National Consumers League v. Starbucks Corporation

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: January 28, 2025
• Docket: Civil Action No. 2024-0421
• Status: Published

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NATIONAL CONSUMERS LEAGUE,

Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 24-00421 (AHA) v.

STARBUCKS CORPORATION,

Defendant.

Memorandum Opinion

Plaintiff National Consumers League (“NCL”) sued Defendant Starbucks Corporation in

D.C. Superior Court, alleging unfair and deceptive trade practices in violation of the District of

Columbia’s Consumer Protection Procedures Act (“CPPA”). Starbucks removed the case to this

Court, asserting federal subject matter jurisdiction via the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”)

and diversity of citizenship. NCL argues removal was improper. The Court agrees and remands to

Superior Court.

I. Background

According to the complaint, NCL is a not-for-profit organization “dedicated to consumer

protection, including efforts to encourage and promote accurate labeling on food and beverage

products.” ECF No. 1-2 at ¶ 10. NCL alleges that Starbucks tells consumers it ethically sources

coffee and tea, when in reality the company sources products from farms that engage in human

rights and labor abuses. Id. at ¶¶ 28–111. NCL filed the suit in D.C. Superior Court as a CPPA

action “on behalf of itself and the general public” Id. at ¶ 9; see D.C. Code § 28-3905(k)(1).

Starbucks removed the case to this Court and NCL moved to remand, arguing there is no federal subject matter jurisdiction. ECF No. 14. NCL also seeks attorney fees and costs for what it sees as

an unnecessary detour to federal court. Id.

II. Discussion

A state case may be removed to federal court only if it could have originally been brought

in federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). The party seeking removal bears the burden of establishing

federal jurisdiction. See Novak v. Capital Mgmt. & Dev. Corp., 452 F.3d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 2006);

Apton v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 233 F. Supp. 3d 4, 11 (D.D.C. 2017). “Because federal

courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, the removal statute is to be strictly construed.” Kopff v.

World Rsch. Grp., LLC, 298 F. Supp. 2d 50, 54 (D.D.C. 2003) (citing Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp.

v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 100–07 (1941)). And if “it appears that a district court lacks subject matter

jurisdiction over a case that has been removed from a state court, the district court must remand

the case.” Republic of Venezuela v. Philip Morris Inc., 287 F.3d 192, 196 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

Here, Starbucks says both the Class Action Fairness Act and diversity of citizenship

provide federal jurisdiction. As discussed below, neither does.

A. CAFA Does Not Provide Subject Matter Jurisdiction

CAFA provides federal jurisdiction where a civil suit (i) “is a class action” of at least 100

members; (ii) has an amount in controversy exceeding $5 million; and (iii) has at least minimal

diversity between the parties, which is satisfied if “any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen

of a State different from any defendant.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(d)(2)(A), (d)(5)(B). Here, it is

undisputed that the third of these, minimal diversity, is satisfied. Starbucks contends the other two

are satisfied as well because this suit counts as a “class action” and there is more than $5 million

in controversy. These arguments are not persuasive. This suit is not a “class action.” CAFA defines “class action” as “any civil action filed

under rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or similar State statute or rule of judicial

procedure authorizing an action to be brought by 1 or more representative persons as a class

action.” Id. § 1332(d)(1)(B). NCL has not brought this suit as a civil action under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 23 or D.C. Superior Court Rule 23. And district courts in this Circuit have long

recognized that suits on behalf of the general public under the CPPA are not class actions under

CAFA because the CPPA is not analogous to Rule 23 of the federal rules. See, e.g., Breakman v.

AOL LLC, 545 F. Supp. 2d 96, 101–02 (D.D.C. 2008); Zuckman v. Monster Beverage Corp., 958

F. Supp. 2d 293, 304–06 (D.D.C. 2013); Nat’l Consumers League v. Flowers Bakeries, LLC., 36

F. Supp. 3d 26, 35–36 (D.D.C. 2014); Animal Legal Def. Fund v. Hormel Foods Corp., 249 F.

Supp. 3d 53, 64 (D.D.C. 2017).

Starbucks contends this case should be treated differently. It cites Rotunda v. Marriott Int’l,

Inc., 123 A.3d 980 (D.C. 2015), where the D.C. Court of Appeals held that a representative suit

for damages on behalf of the general public under the CPPA should follow the procedures outlined

in D.C. Superior Court Civil Rule 23. Id. at 989. According to Starbucks, Rotunda means that a

CPPA suit for damages on behalf of the general public is a “civil action filed under” D.C. Superior

Court Civil Rule 23 and therefore subject to CAFA. ECF No. 20 at 5.

This argument fails at its premise: NCL’s suit does not seek representative damages on

behalf of the general public. While NCL’s complaint is brought on behalf of itself and the general

public under the CPPA and the complaint contemplates damages as a form of relief, the complaint

does not set forth a claim for representative damages that would be collected on behalf of members

of the general public. Indeed, NCL has explicitly disclaimed such relief. See ECF No. 14-1 at 1–

2. Starbucks pulls from general statements in the complaint regarding the relief sought to insist that NCL actually wants the damages that it disclaims. But even if those general statements created

ambiguity, NCL has clarified it does not seek representative damages in this action. See Zuckman,

958 F. Supp. 2d at 300 (accepting plaintiff’s stipulations where they “merely clarify what the

complaint has asserted from the outset”); Clean Label Project Found. v. Abbott Lab’ys, Inc., No.

21-CV-3247, 2022 WL 1658813, at *9 (D.D.C. May 25, 2022) (accepting plaintiff’s clarification

it “does not seek statutory or punitive damages on behalf of the general public”). 1

Nor is CAFA’s $5 million amount in controversy requirement satisfied. Starbucks’ attempt

to satisfy the requirement depends on construing NCL’s complaint to seek statutory damages of

$1,500 for “every bag of coffee beans sold by Starbucks” in D.C. during the limitations period, an

amount that would apparently dwarf $5 million. ECF No. 20 at 18 (quoting ECF No. 1-2 at ¶ 41).

But as described above, the complaint does not seek such widespread damages. While NCL claims

damages for itself, there is no basis to conclude that such damages reach $5 million. Indeed, NCL

has submitted a declaration stating that it has purchased only “two Starbucks coffee or tea products,

equivalent in value to about $34.” Id. at 1.

B. Starbucks Has Failed to Establish Diversity Jurisdiction

A federal court has subject matter jurisdiction when there is complete diversity among the

parties and more than $75,000 in controversy. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(a), 1441(a). Here, complete

diversity is undisputed—NCL is a citizen of Washington, D.C and Starbucks is a citizen of

1 Even if the complaint did plead a claim for damages for the general public, it is not clear CAFA would apply. Courts in this district have long held that an action under the CPPA does not qualify regardless of the relief sought, and at least one court has specifically rejected Starbucks’ contention about the impact of Rotunda. See Clean Label Project Found. v. Mead Johnson & Co., LLC., No. 20-CV-3231 (TSC), 2023 WL 2733723, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2023) (“[T]he court is unpersuaded that the long and undisturbed line of cases finding that CPPA actions are not removable has been expunged by the Rotunda decision.”); see also Hackman v. One Brands, LLC, No. CV 18-2101 (CKK), 2019 WL 1440202, at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 1, 2019) (collecting pre-Rotunda cases where courts in this Circuit concluded that actions brought under the CPPA do not qualify as class actions under CAFA regardless of the specific remedy sought). Given that the complaint here does not allege damages for the general public in the first place, the Court need not reach the issue here. Washington State. ECF No. 1-2 at ¶ 10, 15. Jurisdiction thus turns on whether Starbucks can show

“by the preponderance of the evidence, that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional

threshold.” Sloan v. Soul Circus, Inc., No. 15-01389 (RC), 2015 WL 9272838, at *5 (D.D.C.

December 18, 2015) (quoting Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co. v. Owens, 574 U.S. 81, 88

(2014)).

Here, Starbucks’ attempt to do so conflicts with well-established principles and precedent.

It is undisputed that the damages sought by NCL, apparently arising from two coffee purchases,

do not reach $75,000, even maximizing statutory damages. See ECF No. 20 at 20–21. Starbucks

accordingly argues that attorneys’ fees provided for by the CPPA lift the amount in controversy

above that threshold, citing the hourly rates NCL’s counsel might recover if they prevail. See id.

at 21–22; see also D.C. Code § 28-3905(k)(2)(B) (providing for reasonable attorneys’ fees). Courts

in this district have routinely found “this kind of conclusory guesswork about potential attorneys’

fees is too speculative.” Nat’l Consumers League v. Gen. Mills, Inc., 680 F. Supp. 2d 132, 140

(D.D.C. 2010); Animal Legal Def. Fund, 249 F. Supp. 3d at 63 (“Numerous courts have rejected

similar attempts to create federal jurisdiction through speculative assertions as to the potential for

an award of attorneys’ fees.”).

And further, courts have explained that it is error to aggregate attorneys’ fees in CPPA

cases brought on behalf of the general public. See Nat’l Consumers League, 680 F. Supp. 2d at

141 (explaining that “aggregation of damages, aggregation of attorneys’ fees is not appropriate in

a CPPA case”); Organic Consumers Ass’n v. R.C. Bigelow, Inc., 314 F. Supp. 3d 344, 350 (D.D.C.

2018) (recognizing that “the overwhelming weight of authority within this District indicates that

defendants seeking to remove CPPA actions cannot rely on the total cost of compliance with the

plaintiff’s requested injunction to establish the amount-in-controversy, as that would violate the non-aggregation principle set forth by the Supreme Court” (brackets omitted)). Contrary to

Starbucks’ contention, it makes no difference that this case has one named plaintiff. The non-

aggregation of costs in a CPPA case, such as the expense to comply with an injunction or an award

of attorneys’ fees, is based on the fact that those cases are brought on behalf of D.C. consumers,

not on the specific number of plaintiffs in any given action. See Nat’l Consumers League v. Bimbo

Bakeries USA, 46 F. Supp. 3d 64, 73 (D.D.C. 2014); Animal Legal Def. Fund, 249 F. Supp. 3d at

62; Breakman, 545 F. Supp. 2d at 107. Because Starbucks has failed to prove the requisite amount

in controversy, the Court cannot exercise diversity jurisdiction.

C. Conclusion

For these reasons, NCL’s motion to remand is granted. In addition to seeking remand, NCL

seeks costs and fees incurred as a result of Starbucks’ removal; however, the Court does not find

that Starbucks “lacked an objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal.” Martin v. Franklin

Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 141 (2005). 2

A separate order consistent with this decision accompanies this memorandum opinion.

AMIR H. ALI United States District Judge

Date: January 28, 2025

2 This is a close call given the wealth of cases in this district rejecting Starbucks’ arguments for jurisdiction. An order remanding to state court like this “‘is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise’” and therefore “the legal standard for removal has largely been developed in the district courts.” Clean Label Project Found. v. Abbott Lab’ys, Inc., No. 21- CV-3247 (BAH), 2022 WL 1658813, at *2 (D.D.C. May 25, 2022) (quoting Republic of Venezuela v. Philip Morris Inc., 287 F.3d 192, 196 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). As discussed, numerous courts in this district have rejected Starbucks’ asserted grounds for removal, and Starbucks identified almost no authority adopting its positions. At least one court in this district has found it appropriate to award fees in a similar circumstance. See Stein v. Am. Express Travel Related Servs., 813 F. Supp. 2d 69, 74 (D.D.C. 2011). Here, however, NCL may have contributed to confusion over whether Starbucks could prove the requisite amount in controversy for removal by misidentifying itself in the complaint as a “member” organization—a fact that NCL has since corrected through declaration. Given NCL’s own role in creating this detour, the Court declines an award of costs or fees. In the event federal litigation is further drawn out in this case, however, the Court may find an award of costs and fees appropriate.