Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge SMITH.
OPINION OF THE COURT
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.
Naree Abdullah, who was convicted of second-degree murder, criminal conspiracy, and three counts of robbery in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, seeks habeas relief on the grounds that: (1) admission of the redacted statements of two of his co-defendants, who did not testify at trial, violated his right under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution to confront the witnesses against him; (2) prosecutorial misconduct [124]*124during closing argument, considered in conjunction with the admission of the redacted confessions of his co-defendants, also violated his right to confrontation; and (3) prosecutorial misconduct during closing argument, standing alone, violated his right to due process. For the following reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of Abdullah’s habeas petition.
I. Background
A. The Robbery And Murder At Lilly’s Market
On December 11, 1993, Abdullah, along with Jermaine Trice, Gregory Womack, Julius Jenkins, and Atil Finney drove from the Germantown area of Philadelphia to north Philadelphia in a station wagon. During the trip, they picked up Demond Jackson, who had asked Trice for a ride. When they arrived, they stopped at 33rd and Cumberland Streets, around the corner from a convenience store called Lilly’s Market. Abdullah, Trice, Jenkins, and Finney then left the station' wagon and entered Lilly’s Market, intending to rob it.
At some point during the robbery, Jenkins shot the store owner, a gentleman named Francisco Azcona, causing him to bleed to death. After the shooting, Abdul-lah, Trice, Jenkins, and Finney fled the market and returned to the station wagon, carrying the store’s cash register. The four men, along with Womack and Jackson, then drove to Abdullah’s home, where they divided the proceeds of the robbery.1 Several days later, Police Officer Mitchell McKeever observed Jenkins approach a check cashing agency, carrying a gun, and accompanied by Womack, Trice, and Ab-dullah.2 McKeever later arrested Jenkins, who was still in possession of the same .45 caliber pistol used to murder Azcona.
The police also took Womack and Fin-ney into custody and, under interrogation, both men confessed their involvement in the Lilly’s Market robbery and murder and their sharing of the proceeds from the robbery. Among other things, Womack said that he drove the conspirators to Lilly’s Market, and Finney said that he entered the store with Jenkins and Abdullah.
Abdullah was arrested and charged with criminal conspiracy, murder, and robbery. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania successfully moved, pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 1127, to try Finney, Abdullah, Trice, Jenkins, and Womack together. Abdullah moved to sever his trial from Jenkins’s trial but that motion was denied. The joint trial of the five defendants commenced on February 25,1996.
At trial, the prosecution introduced testimony from three eye-witnesses to the crime. First, Jackson testified that, on December 11, 1993, he was present in the station wagon with all of the Defendants when they drove from Germantown to Philadelphia; that he observed Abdullah enter Lilly’s Market with Finney, Trice, and Jenkins; and that, after the four men returned to the station wagon with the cash register, they all went to Abdullah’s residence, where the proceeds of the rob[125]*125bery were divided. Azcona’s wife testified that three or four men entered her husband’s store on the night of December 11, 1993 and that one of the men shot her husband. Finally, a man named Roach testified that he saw four men in the vicinity of Lilly’s Market when the robbery occurred, that one man was carrying a cash register, and that another man was carrying a revolver.
Detective Michael Gross of the Philadelphia Police Department testified that he took a statement from Finney on March 3, 1995. Finney did not testify but Detective Gross read into evidence the following passage from a version of Finney’s statement modified by redacting personal names and replacing them with references to “guys” and “someone”:
[Question]: Would you go on in your own words and tell us what happened the night Francisco Azcona was killed?
[Answer]: We were riding around in this, this guy’s car, me and three other guys were in ... north Philadelphia.... when one said let’s get paid. Everyone said okay and we saw this store. So me and two guys went in the store. When we got inside two guys stayed up front and I stayed to the back. One guy had his gun on the guy and was at the cash register.... [g]etting the money. But it wouldn’t [open]. I heard a shot and looked over. Blood was coming out of the guy’s mouth. After that someone grabbed the register and we all ran out.
[Question]: Where did you go?
[Answer]: We ran to the car and went back up [to] Germantown. We went to someone’s house. It’s an apartment. And two guys got screwdrivers and opened up the register.
[Answer]: We split [the stolen money] up even.
(Supp.App. at 307 (emphasis added).) After Detective Gross read from Finney’s statement, the Court gave the jury a limiting instruction telling them to consider the statement only against the individual who made it.3
Detective Joseph Walsh, another Philadelphia police officer, testified that he took a statement from Womack on March 7, 1995. Womack also did. not testify at the trial, but Detective Walsh read into evidence the following portion of Womack’s statement, which, like Finney’s, had been redacted:
[Question]: Do you know who shot and killed Francisco Azcona?
[Answer]: Yes.
[Question]: What is his last name and where does he live?
[Answer]: His name is blank. He used to live on top of the bar.
[Question]: I want you to go on in your own words and tell me what you know about the murder of Francisco Azcona, that occurred on December the 11th, 1993.
[126]*126[Answer]: It was me and another guy. We were in the car, the other three went in the store. The car was around the corner and then they came out of the store carrying a cash register. As we pulled off the shooter said he shot the guy. I think someone asked him why did he shoot the guy? He didn’t answer him. Then we drove up our neighborhood. Then we drove to someone’s and we opened the register and got the money and we took the register and dumped it in a trash dumpster in a townhouse.
[Question]: Do you know someone’s real name and where he lives?
[Answer]: I don’t know his real name. He lives somewhere on blank.
[Question]: Do you know someone else’s real name and where he lives?
[Answer]: We call him blank. I don’t know where he lives. Somewhere up dog down.
[Question]: What is someone else’s real name and where does he live?
[Answer]: I don’t know his real name — ”
(Id. at 385-36.) The trial court did not provide a limiting instruction at that point, as it had after the reading from Finney’s statement. It did, however, later give another instruction to the jury on the proper use of redacted confessions by non-testifying witnesses.
During closing argument, the prosecution referred to Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions:
[Prosecutor]: Now, you know also by another piece of evidence that there has been an agreement, that there was going to be a robbery, because what Atil Fin-ney says in his statement is he agreed with the others to get paid. When he was in that car with the other people. He agreed to get paid. That’s another piece of evidence that the group had planned to in fact commit this robbery. ...
[Prosecutor]: So that’s the first piece of evidence that they had that they undertook the robbery, and remember, that in Womack — in Defendant Womack’s statement he in fact said they go over to the grocery store.
(App. at 199-201.) Abdullah’s attorney then objected, claiming that the prosecutor pointed and otherwise gestured towards Abdullah and the other defendants when she referred to Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions. The trial judge immediately held a sidebar conference, at which counsel for Abdullah and the other defendants argued that, by gesturing towards them, the prosecution effectively undid the redactions by indicating who was being referred to in the confessions.4 When the sidebar concluded, the trial judge gave the following instruction to the jury:
The United States Constitution says that anybody accused of a crime has a right to confront his accuser. That means when somebody gives a statement out of court, not under oath, not subject to cross examination, that statement is usable only against the person who made it, nobody else. So whatever evidence you think you have heard, understand that is the principle of law that must guide you that a statement is given by a person that is only usable against that person if in fact it was a voluntary, free-willed statement, which I’ll explain to you later.
(Id. at 204.)
On May 13, 1996, the jury found Abdul-lah guilty of robbery, second degree mur[127]*127der, and criminal conspiracy. The trial judge sentenced him to life imprisonment for the second degree murder conviction, and a five to ten year term of imprisonment for the robbery conviction.5
B. Procedural History
1. The State Court Proceedings
On June 12,1996, Abdullah appealed the verdict and sentence, but his appeal was dismissed because he failed to file an appellate brief. Abdullah later filed a petition for relief under Pennsylvania’s Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. §§ 9541-46, seeking to reinstate his right to file a direct appeal, which was granted nunc pro tunc.
In his direct appeal, Abdullah argued, inter alia, that the trial court erred by allowing the detectives to read the portions of Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions, and that the prosecutor committed misconduct by gesturing towards him and his co-defendants while arguing that the confessions confirmed their involvement in the robbery and murder. On June 12, 2001, the Superior Court affirmed Abdul-lah’s conviction and sentence. With respect to Abdullah’s argument that the reading of the redacted confessions violated his right to confrontation, the Court noted that the incriminating effect of the confessions was “significantly limited” because “there were five co-defendants,” thereby making “a direct inference difficult, if not impossible.” (Supp.App. at 660.) The Superior Court also highlighted the fact that the trial court “gave proper instructions as to the limited admissibility of the statement^].” (Id.) With regard to Abdullah’s argument that the prosecutor committed misconduct by gesturing towards him during her closing argument, the Superior Court stated:
We do not find misconduct in this case, pursuant to the same reasoning set forth in the above argument regarding ... the redacted statements. Moreover, any alleged harm was alleviated by the cautionary instructions given by the trial court on both the nature of closing arguments and the use of the co-defendants’ statements. It is presumed that the jury followed these instructions.
(Id. at 665.) On June 26, 2001, Abdullah petitioned for allocatur, and, on January 9, 2002, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied that petition.
On July 18, 2002, Abdullah filed a pro se PCRA petition, claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. The PCRA Court dismissed that petition, as later amended,6 and the Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed. On December 21, 2005, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied Abdullah’s petition for review.
2. The Federal Habeas Proceedings
On August 31, 2006, Abdullah filed a habeas petition in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. He alleged, inter alia, that: (1) the trial judge erred in admitting portions of Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions because the confessions “were not redacted to eliminate all references to Naree Abdullah” (App. at 58); and (2) “assuming ... that the statements were properly redacted, the prosecutor’s closing [128]*128argument nullified the redaction[s] by informing the jury that the confessions of [Finney and Womack] corroborated the theory that the robbery homicide was committed [by Abdullah],” (id. at 59.) A Magistrate Judge reviewed the petition and issued a Report and Recommendation concluding that the District Court should deny Abdullah’s petition without a hearing.7
On February 9, 2010, the District Court adopted and ■ approved the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation.
Abdullah timely appealed to us.
II. Jurisdiction And Standard Of Review
The District Court had jurisdiction over Abdullah’s habeas petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241(a) and 2254(a). We have jurisdiction over Abdullah’s appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. We review a district court’s denial of habeas relief de novo. Vega v. United States, 493 F.3d 310, 314 (3d Cir.2007).
We are bound by the standards of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), under which a federal court may not grant a writ of habeas corpus with respect to a claim that was adjudicated on the merits in state court proceedings unless the state court’s adjudication “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Also, under the AEDPA standard, the “[s]tate court’s relevant factual determinations are presumed to be correct unless the petitioner rebuts [that] presumption by clear and convincing evidence.” Han Tak Lee v. Glunt, 667 F.3d 397, 403 (3d Cir.2012) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)).
Since Abdullah does not assert that the state court’s adjudication8 was contrary to Supreme Court precedent, but rather contends only that the state court unreasonably applied that precedent, we focus on the “unreasonable application” prong of § 2254(d)(1). Under that prong, to obtain habeas relief, Abdullah “must show that [129]*129the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification [under existing Supreme Court precedent] that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fair-minded disagreement.” Harrington v. Richter, — U.S.-, 131 S.Ct. 770, 786-87, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011). “[E]valuating whether a rule application was unreasonable requires considering the rule’s specificity. The more general the rule, the more leeway [state] courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations.” Id. at 786 (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “[I]t is not an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law for a state court to decline to apply a specific legal rule that has not been squarely established by [the Supreme Court].” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In the end, “[i]f this standard is difficult to meet, that is because it was meant to be.” Id.
III. Discussion
As noted at the outset, Abdullah’s habe-as petition presents three questions: (1) whether Womack’s and Finney’s redacted statements, in themselves, violated Abdul-lah’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation when they were admitted in evidence; (2) whether Womack’s and Finney’s redacted statements, when considered in conjunction with the prosecutor’s conduct during her closing argument, constituted a violation of Abdullah’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation; and (3) whether the prosecutor’s conduct during closing argument was itself a violation of Abdullah’s right to due process.9 Before turning to those arguments, however, we briefly discuss the clearly established Federal law at the time the Pennsylvania Superior Court ruled on Abdullah’s direct appeal.
A. Clearly Established Law
When the Pennsylvania Superior Court rejected Abdullah’s Sixth Amendment confrontation claim on June 12, 2001,10 the following three cases constituted the “clearly established Federal law” from the United States Supreme Court relevant to Abdullah’s confrontation claim: Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968), Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987), and Gray v. Maryland, 523 U.S. 185, 118 S.Ct. 1151, 140 L.Ed.2d 294 (1998).
In Bruton, the Supreme Court considered whether it should vacate a defendant’s conviction because the trial court admitted into evidence the unredacted confessions of a non-testifying co-defendant as [130]*130evidence against the defendant. 391 U.S. at 123-24, 88 S.Ct. 1620. The defendant, Bruton, was convicted by a jury of armed postal robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2114. Id. at 124, 88 S.Ct. 1620. Although Bruton’s co-defendant did not testify at trial, the trial court admitted into evidence his out-of-court confessions, which inculpated Bruton. Id. at 124-25, 88 S.Ct. 1620. The Eighth Circuit affirmed Bruton’s conviction based upon its determination that the trial court properly instructed the jury to disregard the disputed confessions as evidence of Bruton’s guilt or innocence because the confessions were inadmissible hearsay. Id. at 125, 88 S.Ct. 1620. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that “because of the substantial risk that the jury, despite instructions to the contrary, looked to the incriminating extrajudicial statements in determining [Bru-ton’s] guilt,” the admission of the disputed confession “violated [Bruton’s] right of cross-examination secured by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 126, 88 S.Ct. 1620.
In reaching that holding, the Court acknowledged that in many circumstances a reviewing court may presume that “the jury can and will follow the trial judge’s instructions to disregard [inadmissible hearsay],” but the Court noted that “there are some contexts in which the risk that the jury will not, or cannot, follow instructions is so great, and the consequences of failure so vital to the defendant, that the practical and human limitations of the jury system cannot be ignored.” Id. at 135, 88 S.Ct. 1620. In those situations, the Court reasoned, “the powerfully incriminating extrajudicial statements of a codefendant, who stands accused side-by-side with the defendant,” may be “devastating to the defendant.” Id. at 135-36, 88 S.Ct. 1620.
In Richardson, the Supreme Court considered whether the admission of a non-testifying co-defendant’s confession, which was redacted to omit any reference to the defendant, violated the defendant’s confrontation right. 481 U.S. at 202,107 S.Ct. 1702. In that case, Clarissa Marsh, Benjamin Williams, and Kareem Martin were tried together for assaulting Cynthia Knighton and murdering her four-year old son. Id. During the trial, Williams did not testify. Id. at 204, 107 S.Ct. 1702. However, the government introduced a confession Williams gave to the police shortly after his arrest. Id. at 203,107 S.Ct. 1702. Although the confession “was redacted to omit all reference to [Marsh]-indeed, to omit all indication that anyone other than Martin and Williams participated in the crime,” Id., Marsh later testified that Williams and Martin had discussed the murder in the front seat of a car on the way to Knighton’s residence, and that Marsh was in the back seat of the car during that discussion. Id. at 203-04, 107 S.Ct. 1702.
During its closing argument, the trial judge instructed the jury that it could not consider Williams’s confession in determining whether Marsh was guilty. Id. at 205, 107 S.Ct. 1702. The jury convicted Marsh of two counts of felony murder and one count of assault with intent to commit murder. Id. After the state courts affirmed Marsh’s conviction, she filed a ha-beas petition, alleging that the introduction of Williams’s confession violated her right to confrontation under the Sixth Amendment. Id. The district court denied Marsh’s petition, but the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. Id. at 206, 107 S.Ct. 1702.
On appeal, the Supreme Court held that “the Confrontation Clause is not violated by the admission of a non[-]testifying code-fendant’s confession with a proper limiting instruction when ... the confession is redacted to eliminate not only the defen[131]*131dant’s name, but any reference to his or her existence.” Id. at 211, 107 S.Ct. 1702. In reaching that holding, the Court explained that a defendant is deprived of the right of confrontation where, as in Bruton, “the codefendant’s confession expressly implicate[s] the defendant as his accomplice.” Id. at 208, 107 S.Ct. 1702 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Under those conditions, the Court noted, there is “not the slightest doubt” that the codefendant’s confession will prove “powerfully incriminating.” Id. (quoting Bru-ton, 391 U.S. at 135, 88 S.Ct. 1620). In other cases, the Court noted that a code-fendant’s confession may not be “incriminating on its face,” and “[becomes] so only when linked with evidence introduced later at trial----” Id. In such cases, or, as the Court put it, when confessions are “incriminating by connection,” the Court said that “the [trial] judge’s [limiting] instruction may well be successful in dissuading the jury from entering onto the path of inference in the first place, so that there is no incrimination to forget,” and that “while it may not always be simple for the members of a jury to obey the instruction that they disregard an incriminating inference, there does not exist the overwhelming probability of their inability to do so that is the foundation of Bruton [ ].” Id. at 208-09, 107 S.Ct. 1702. In deciding the merits of Marsh’s appeal, the Supreme Court made clear that it “expressed] no opinion on the admissibility of a confession in which the defendant’s name has been replaced with a symbol or neutral pronoun.” Id. at 211 n. 5, 107 S.Ct. 1702.
Gray answered at least one of the questions left open after Richardson: whether a redacted codefendant’s confession, which substitutes a blank or symbol for the defendant’s name violates the Confrontation Clause. Gray, 523 U.S. at 188, 118 S.Ct. 1151. In that case, Anthony Bell, Kevin Gray, and Jacquin Vanlandingham participated in the beating of Stacey Williams that eventually led to his death. Id. at 188, 118 S.Ct. 1151. Because Vanlanding-ham died before the trial, Bell and Gray were the only individuals indicted and tried for the murder. Id. Although Bell did not testify at trial, the trial judge allowed the government to introduce a redacted version of his confession into evidence. Id. Thus, a police detective read Bell’s confession to the jury, using the word “deleted” or “deletion” each time Gray’s name or Vanlandingham’s name appeared in the transcript. Id. After the detective read the confession to the jury, the prosecutor asked the detective, “after he gave you that information, you subsequently were able to arrest Mr. Kevin Gray; is that correct,” and the detective responded affirmatively. Id. at 188-89, 118 S.Ct. 1151. The State also introduced into evidence a written version of Bell’s confession with blank white spaces where Gray and Van-landingham’s names appeared in the text.11 Id. at 189, 118 S.Ct. 1151. The trial judge instructed the jury that Bell’s confession could only be used as evidence against him, and that the jury should not use Bell’s confession as evidence against Gray. Id. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted both Bell and Gray of murder. Id. Gray appealed. Id.
On appeal, the Supreme Court held that Bell’s confession, “which substituted blanks and the word ‘delete’ for [Gray’s] proper name, falls within the class of statements to which Bruton’s protections apply.” Id. at 197,118 S.Ct. 1151. In reaching that conclusion, the Court reasoned [132]*132that “Redactions that simply replace a name with an obvious blank space or a word such as ‘deleted’ or a symbol or other similarly obvious indications of alteration ... leave statements that ... so closely resemble Bruton’s unredacted statements that” they also violate a defendant’s right to confront the witnesses against him. Id. at 192, 118 S.Ct. 1151. The Court went on to say that, in those situations, “[a] juror who does not know the law and who therefore wonders to whom the blank might refer need only lift his eyes to [the defendant], sitting at counsel table,” to determine the obvious answer. Id. at 198, 118 S.Ct. 1151. The Court further explained that a “blank space in an obviously redacted confession also points directly to the defendant, and it accuses the defendant in a manner similar to ... a testifying code-fendant’s accusatory finger.” Id. at 194, 118 S.Ct. 1151.
The Gray court also said that “in some instances[,] the person to whom the blank [in the disputed statement] refers may not be clear[,][such as] ... eases in which a confession ... uses two (or more) blanks, even though only one other defendant appears at trial, and in which the trial indicates that there are more participants than the confession has named.” Gray, 528 U.S. at 194-95, 118 S.Ct. 1151. Thus, while the “followup question ... the State [asked the detective] ... eliminated all doubt” Id. at 194, 118 S.Ct. 1151, as to whether the disputed redactions in Gray referred to the defendant, it seemed that the Court was prepared to say that not every statement that contains an “obvious indication of deletion” Id. at 192, 118 S.Ct. 1151, runs afoul of Bruton. But instead, the Court added this conclusion, “considered as a class, redactions that replace a proper name with an obvious blank, the word ‘delete,’ a symbol, or similarly notify the jury that a name has been deleted are similar enough to Bruton’s unredacted confessions as to warrant the same legal results.” Id. at 195,118 S.Ct. 1151.
In sum, read together,
[w]hat [Bruton, Richardson, and Gray ] underscore is that the nature of the linkage between the redacted statement and the other evidence in the record is vitally important in determining whether a defendant’s Confrontation Clause right has been violated. Even redacted statements will present Confrontation Clause problems unless the redactions are so thorough that the statement must be linked to other evidence before it can incriminate the co-defendant.
United States v. Hardwick, 544 F.3d 565, 573 (3d Cir.2008). In other words, those cases instruct that a trial court must assess the strength of the inference that a jury may draw from the redacted testimony of a non-testifying co-defendant by considering that testimony along with other evidence presented during trial to determine whether admission of the redacted testimony violates Bruton. When disputed redactions or deletions are “obvious” and give rise to an immediate inference that the non-testifying witness’s confession refers to the defendant, as was the case in Gray, the redactions or deletions violate Bruton. On the other hand, where a non-testifying witness’s statement is “incriminating by connection,” Richardson, 481 U.S. at 208, 107 S.Ct. 1702 (ie., the “[non-testifying witness’s statement] [i]s not incriminating on its face,” and “[becomes] so only when linked with evidence introduced later at trial,” id.), or, where other evidence presented during trial substantially weakens any inference the jury could draw from the contested statement, Gray, 523 U.S. at 195, 118 S.Ct. 1151, there is no Bruton violation.12
[133]*133B. The Admission of Womack’s and Finney’s Redacted Confessions
Here, although the admission of Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions raises legitimate constitutional concerns, we are not persuaded that the Superior Court’s ruling with respect to Abdullah’s confrontation claim is “so lacking in justification” under clearly established Supreme Court precedent that it constitutes an error that is “well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington, 131 S.Ct. at 786-87.
We readily acknowledge that this case bears a resemblance to Gray and raises some of the same concerns expressed there. Evidence adduced during trial suggested that six individuals drove to Lilly’s Market in a station wagon and divided the proceeds of the robbery at Abdullah’s house in Germantown. In particular, Jackson testified that six individuals were together on the trip to Lilly’s Market, where the robbery and murder occurred. Because Jackson did not stand trial for the robbery of Lilly’s Market and the murder of Azcona, there is an argument that, despite the redactions, the jury could readily infer that the five defendants who stood trial were the other five individuals present during the robbery and murder.
However, any such inference that the jury could draw from Jackson’s testimony combined with Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions is weakened by inconsistencies between each confession and other evidence that was presented to the jury. See Hardwick, 544 F.3d at 573 (noting that Bruton, Richardson, and Gray underscore “that the nature of the linkage between the redacted statement and the other evidence in the record is vitally important in determining whether a defendant’s Confrontation Clause right has been violated” (emphasis added)); United States v. Schwartz, 541 F.3d 1331, 1351 (11th Cir.2008) (noting that under the principles articulated in Bruton, Richardson, and Gray, “[a] defendant’s confrontation right is violated when the court admits a code-fendant statement that, in light of the Government’s whole case, compels a reasonable person to infer a defendant’s guilt” (footnote omitted) (emphasis added)). The redacted confessions and Jackson’s testimony provided conflicting accounts of the number of individuals present when the [134]*134robbery and murder occurred. When asked to describe what happened on December 11, 1993, Womack stated that five individuals were riding in a car and three of those individuals left the car to rob Lilly’s Market: “[i]t was me and another guy. We were in the car, the other three went in the store.” (Supp.App. at 335.) By contrast, when asked “what happened the night ... Azcona was killed,” Finney’s response indicated that only four individuals were in the car: “[w]e were riding around in this ... guy’s car, me and three other guys were in ... north Philadelphia.” (Id. at 307.) Finney later gave conflicting testimony, saying that six individuals were involved. Further complicating the evidence, Mrs. Azcona was unsure whether there were three or four robbers in the store when her husband was shot.
The conflicting statements from Jackson, Finney, and Womack, along with Mrs. Azcona’s testimony, cast doubt upon the number of individuals present at the scene of the crime and, correspondingly, upon the assertion that Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions gave rise to an immediate inference that Abdullah was among the individuals who robbed Lilly’s Market and murdered Azcona.13 See Gray, 523 U.S. at 195, 118 S.Ct. 1151 (explaining that redacted confession may not violate Bru-ton where “the trial indicates that there are more participants than the [redacted] confession has named”). In short, Wom-ack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions, considered in conjunction with the other evidence presented by the government, arguably prevented a direct inference of Ab-dullah’s guilt from the confessions.14
[135]*135Given the similarities between this case and Gray, the trial court would have been well-advised to require further redactions or to keep the confessions out altogether, since it was trying the defendants in a group. Nevertheless, we cannot say that the Superior Court’s decision to reject Ab-dullah’s confrontation claim constituted “an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington, 131 S.Ct. at 786-87.
C. The Prosecutor’s Conduct During Closing Argument
We also reject in short order Abdullah’s argument that the admission of Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions, when considered in conjunction with the prosecutor’s conduct during closing argument, violated his right to confrontation and, his assertion that the prosecutor’s conduct during closing argument was itself a violation of Abdullah’s right to due process. “Under the statutory standards governing the granting of habeas relief, a state court’s factual findings must be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence.” Washington v. Sobina, 509 F.3d 613, 621 (3d Cir.2007). Those statutory standards, of course, presume that a state court makes a finding of fact in the first instance. Where a petitioner fails to develop a factual record supporting his claim for habeas relief, a district court may not hold an evidentiary hearing unless the applicant demonstrates that the claim relies on: (1) “a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable,” or “a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence”; and (2) “the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for the constitutional error, no reasonable factfin-der would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(A)-(B).
Abdullah’s allegation that the prosecutor exacerbated the Bruton problem created by the admission of Womack’s and Fin-ney’s redacted confessions by “gesturing” toward him during her closing argument, and his claim that the prosecutor’s conduct — ie., the gesturing — was itself a violation of his right to due process, do not provide a basis upon which we may grant his petition for habeas relief because Ab-dullah failed to create a factual record sufficient to support those claims. Although defense counsel argued during trial that the prosecutor improperly pointed or gestured towards Abdullah while referring [136]*136to Womack’s and Finney’s redacted confessions, the trial court made no fact findings on that issue. Specifically, when defense counsel told the prosecutor “[y]ou’re pointing and gesturing towards the Defendant,” and moved for a mistrial, the trial court neither confirmed nor denied that assertion, but instead said “I understand your argument and I understand the District Attorney’s point of view, and the way to handle it is do you want a curative [instruction] now or do you want me to just pass it by and charge the jury that it’s to be used only against the person making it?” (App. at 202-03.) Aside from defense counsel’s accusatory statement (which, of course, does not constitute evidence), there is no evidentiary basis upon which we may determine whether the prosecutor actually pointed or gestured toward Abdullah during her closing argument, and, in doing so, violated Abdullah’s right to confrontation or due process. And because Abdullah did not argue before the District Court that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), and the record does not indicate that he is entitled to one, we cannot assess the strength of his constitutional claims. Therefore, the allegations concerning the prosecutor’s conduct during closing argument do not, either alone or in combination with the redacted confessions, support Abdullah’s petition for habeas relief.15
[137]*137IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of Abdul-lah’s petition for habeas relief.