Mr. Justice Gabbert
delivered the opinion of the court.
This record presents the following propositions : First, was. Attorney General Garr the attorney for Mulnix in this action ? Second, was it proper to substitute the latter as the respondent, in the case ? Third, did the court have the authority to enter a judgment and direct issuance of the peremptory writ on the supplemental alternative writ issued, on the amended petition filed ?
The first and second propositions will be considered tor gether. The point is made by plaintiff in error that the-attorney general upon whom the notice of motion for substitution was served, as, also, the notice relating to the demurrer to the petition, was not counsel for Mulnix, not an attorney in the case, and, therefore, the service of such notices was without effect. It is the duty of the attorney general, at the request of the state treasurer and other state-officials, to defend all suits against them relating to matters-connected with their respective departments. Mills’ Ann. Stats. sec. 1784. He is not ex officio their counsel, but,, when requested by them, shall appear in causes brought against them in their official capacity. It is made the duty of the attorney general to deliver to his successor a record of the actions defended by him, and of all proceedings had in such causes. Mills’ Ann. Stats. sec. 1787. Attorney General Engley having appeared for the respondent Nance, it must be presumed he was properly requested to so appear. Such request and appearance charged the office of the attorney-general with the duty of defending the suit, and, as it is not claimed that this office was relieved of such duty by the action of either respondent Nance or his successor, Mulnix, the-fact that the term of Attorney General Engley expired did not relieve that office from the discharge of such duty, as it was an official one pertaining to the office of attorney general, and not to the person who at any one time chanced to-[257]*257be the incumbent of the office; and Hon. Byron L. Garr having succeeded as attorney general, the duty of his predecessor devolved upon him, and in his official capacity he was, therefore, counsel in the case. People v. Carson, 78 Hun (N. Y.), 544. Whether or not the service of the notices above mentioned upon Attorney General Carr would be service upon Mulnix must depend upon the relationship of the latter to the case, and the power of the court to substitute him as the respondent in the action. The suit was commenced against the original respondent in his official capacity. The obligation which relator sought to enforce, if the allegations in the alternative writ were true, was a duty devolving upon no particular state treasurer, but was perpetual, upon the then incumbent of that office, and his successors, unless legally excused; and, consequently, the action would not abate by reason of the expiration of the term of office of the official against whom the action was originally commenced. Sec. 15, code. To hold otherwise would be a sacrifice of substance to mere form; result in a denial of justice, and might prevent actions of this character being disposed of upon their merits, because, in many instances, before the cause was finally decided, the incumbents of the office would change, and with each change the relator would be compelled to commence his action de novo. People v. Collins, 19 Wend. 55 ; State v. Common Council, 15 Wis. 30; State v. Gates, 22 Wis. 210; Maddox v. Graham, 2 Met. (Ky.) 56; Pegram v. Commissioners, 65 N. C. 114; State v. Warner, 55 Wis. 271. The action was commenced against the state treasurer officially, to compel him to perform an official act. It was not against the individual holding that office, or one against him personally, except as a means to work out the redress to which relator claimed he was entitled. His cause of action survived the change in the office of treasurer. Mulnix, at the time of the motion to substitute him as respondent, was the official against whom the action was pending. The official duties of his predecessor, except when legally excused, devolved upon him in the same capacity. If the peremptory writ issues in cases [258]*258of this character, it must be directed to the officer in office at the time it is ordered. It was, therefore, proper to substitute him in his official capacity as the respondent in the case. Lindsey v. Auditor, 3 Bush (Ky.), 231; People v. Reeder, 37 Mich. 351; and Attorney General Carr, by virtue of his office, under the circumstances narrated, being the counsel in the case, he was the attorney of Mulnix in his official capacity, and a notice of motion for substitution, as well as that relating to the demurrer, was properly served. Code, sec. 376. The court of appeals, in the recent decision of Parks, Auditor, v. Hays, has reached the same conclusion relative to the substitution of the incumbent of an office for his predecessor, where the action is against such incumbent in his official capacity.
The code, sec. 372, directs that written notice shall be required in all cases except those made during the progress of the trial. Every direction of the court, entered in writing and not included in a judgment, is an order, and an application for an order is a motion. Code, sec. 371. The application of defendant in error for leave to file an amended or supplemental petition was a motion, and so was the application for an order for the supplemental writ. Mulnix, under the provisions of the code cited, was entitled to notice of these applications. Nevitt v. Crow, 1 Colo. App. 453; Taylor v. Derry, 4 Colo. App. 109; Mallan v. Higgenbotham, 10 Colo. 264. He had a right to be heard in opposition to each. Without notice he was deprived of that right. This was not a case where an amendment to the petition would be permitted as of course. The issue of law raised by the demurrer had been tried. There is no authority for the method adopted in this case, of notifying an adverse party of the proceedings had relative to amendments of the character under consideration, and thereby require him to plead to amended pleadings, leave to file which was obtained without previous notice. The judgment was based upon the amended petition and supplemental writ, leave to file and issue which was obtained ex parte. This was error.
[259]*259It is also urged by plaintiff in error that neither the original nor supplemental alternative writs state facts sufficient, entitling the petitioner to have the act performed which he asks. As the cause must be remanded for further proceedings, this question will also be determined.
The demurrer filed by respondent Nance was directed to the original petition. In order to raise this question properly in the court below, it should have been directed to the writ itself, as the alternative writ becomes the primary pleading in the case, which must be examined for the purpose of ascertaining if it state a cause of action. Wheeler v. Northern C. I. Co., 10 Colo. 582; Morrill on Mandamus, § 258. In proceedings of this character the ordinary rules, as prescribed by the code, govern, except in so far as they may be special, as provided by the chapter of the code on this subject. People v. Lathrop, 3 Colo. 428. A general demurrer may be interposed to the alternative writ, but a failure to do so, in the court below, is not a waiver of the objection that it does not state facts sufficient to entitle the relator to the relief demanded, and such question may be raised on appeal or error.
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Mr. Justice Gabbert
delivered the opinion of the court.
This record presents the following propositions : First, was. Attorney General Garr the attorney for Mulnix in this action ? Second, was it proper to substitute the latter as the respondent, in the case ? Third, did the court have the authority to enter a judgment and direct issuance of the peremptory writ on the supplemental alternative writ issued, on the amended petition filed ?
The first and second propositions will be considered tor gether. The point is made by plaintiff in error that the-attorney general upon whom the notice of motion for substitution was served, as, also, the notice relating to the demurrer to the petition, was not counsel for Mulnix, not an attorney in the case, and, therefore, the service of such notices was without effect. It is the duty of the attorney general, at the request of the state treasurer and other state-officials, to defend all suits against them relating to matters-connected with their respective departments. Mills’ Ann. Stats. sec. 1784. He is not ex officio their counsel, but,, when requested by them, shall appear in causes brought against them in their official capacity. It is made the duty of the attorney general to deliver to his successor a record of the actions defended by him, and of all proceedings had in such causes. Mills’ Ann. Stats. sec. 1787. Attorney General Engley having appeared for the respondent Nance, it must be presumed he was properly requested to so appear. Such request and appearance charged the office of the attorney-general with the duty of defending the suit, and, as it is not claimed that this office was relieved of such duty by the action of either respondent Nance or his successor, Mulnix, the-fact that the term of Attorney General Engley expired did not relieve that office from the discharge of such duty, as it was an official one pertaining to the office of attorney general, and not to the person who at any one time chanced to-[257]*257be the incumbent of the office; and Hon. Byron L. Garr having succeeded as attorney general, the duty of his predecessor devolved upon him, and in his official capacity he was, therefore, counsel in the case. People v. Carson, 78 Hun (N. Y.), 544. Whether or not the service of the notices above mentioned upon Attorney General Carr would be service upon Mulnix must depend upon the relationship of the latter to the case, and the power of the court to substitute him as the respondent in the action. The suit was commenced against the original respondent in his official capacity. The obligation which relator sought to enforce, if the allegations in the alternative writ were true, was a duty devolving upon no particular state treasurer, but was perpetual, upon the then incumbent of that office, and his successors, unless legally excused; and, consequently, the action would not abate by reason of the expiration of the term of office of the official against whom the action was originally commenced. Sec. 15, code. To hold otherwise would be a sacrifice of substance to mere form; result in a denial of justice, and might prevent actions of this character being disposed of upon their merits, because, in many instances, before the cause was finally decided, the incumbents of the office would change, and with each change the relator would be compelled to commence his action de novo. People v. Collins, 19 Wend. 55 ; State v. Common Council, 15 Wis. 30; State v. Gates, 22 Wis. 210; Maddox v. Graham, 2 Met. (Ky.) 56; Pegram v. Commissioners, 65 N. C. 114; State v. Warner, 55 Wis. 271. The action was commenced against the state treasurer officially, to compel him to perform an official act. It was not against the individual holding that office, or one against him personally, except as a means to work out the redress to which relator claimed he was entitled. His cause of action survived the change in the office of treasurer. Mulnix, at the time of the motion to substitute him as respondent, was the official against whom the action was pending. The official duties of his predecessor, except when legally excused, devolved upon him in the same capacity. If the peremptory writ issues in cases [258]*258of this character, it must be directed to the officer in office at the time it is ordered. It was, therefore, proper to substitute him in his official capacity as the respondent in the case. Lindsey v. Auditor, 3 Bush (Ky.), 231; People v. Reeder, 37 Mich. 351; and Attorney General Carr, by virtue of his office, under the circumstances narrated, being the counsel in the case, he was the attorney of Mulnix in his official capacity, and a notice of motion for substitution, as well as that relating to the demurrer, was properly served. Code, sec. 376. The court of appeals, in the recent decision of Parks, Auditor, v. Hays, has reached the same conclusion relative to the substitution of the incumbent of an office for his predecessor, where the action is against such incumbent in his official capacity.
The code, sec. 372, directs that written notice shall be required in all cases except those made during the progress of the trial. Every direction of the court, entered in writing and not included in a judgment, is an order, and an application for an order is a motion. Code, sec. 371. The application of defendant in error for leave to file an amended or supplemental petition was a motion, and so was the application for an order for the supplemental writ. Mulnix, under the provisions of the code cited, was entitled to notice of these applications. Nevitt v. Crow, 1 Colo. App. 453; Taylor v. Derry, 4 Colo. App. 109; Mallan v. Higgenbotham, 10 Colo. 264. He had a right to be heard in opposition to each. Without notice he was deprived of that right. This was not a case where an amendment to the petition would be permitted as of course. The issue of law raised by the demurrer had been tried. There is no authority for the method adopted in this case, of notifying an adverse party of the proceedings had relative to amendments of the character under consideration, and thereby require him to plead to amended pleadings, leave to file which was obtained without previous notice. The judgment was based upon the amended petition and supplemental writ, leave to file and issue which was obtained ex parte. This was error.
[259]*259It is also urged by plaintiff in error that neither the original nor supplemental alternative writs state facts sufficient, entitling the petitioner to have the act performed which he asks. As the cause must be remanded for further proceedings, this question will also be determined.
The demurrer filed by respondent Nance was directed to the original petition. In order to raise this question properly in the court below, it should have been directed to the writ itself, as the alternative writ becomes the primary pleading in the case, which must be examined for the purpose of ascertaining if it state a cause of action. Wheeler v. Northern C. I. Co., 10 Colo. 582; Morrill on Mandamus, § 258. In proceedings of this character the ordinary rules, as prescribed by the code, govern, except in so far as they may be special, as provided by the chapter of the code on this subject. People v. Lathrop, 3 Colo. 428. A general demurrer may be interposed to the alternative writ, but a failure to do so, in the court below, is not a waiver of the objection that it does not state facts sufficient to entitle the relator to the relief demanded, and such question may be raised on appeal or error. The petitioner for this high prerogative writ must •show from the facts stated a clear, legal right to have the act performed which is sought by such writ, and it must appear that such act is the plain, legal duty of the respondent to perform. Daniels v. Miller, 8 Colo. 542; People v. Spruance, 8 Colo. 307; Lithographing Co. v. Henderson, 18 Colo. 259. It will not be attempted to state in detail what must be averred in actions of this character, but the averments of the respective writs mentioned, in so far as they refer to funds available for the payment of the warrant in controversy, will be noticed.
It is averred that by an act of the general assembly, funds sufficient were appropriated for the payment of this warrant, and that such funds came into the state treasury for that purpose. This is a conclusion of the relator based upon an act making an appropriation for the maintenance and support of the state penitentiary for the years 1887 and 1888, as found [260]*260in the session laws of 1887, p. 48. If such reference to the act mates it a part of these writs, it will he found on examination that it is not susceptible of such construction as will support the conclusion pleaded. It merely makes appropriation for the years mentioned, and is not for the payment of any particular or specified warrant, but for the payment of such as may be properly drawn on the fund thereby created, which warrants, like others, could only be lawfully paid by the treasurer in the order of their presentation to him. It is also alleged that there was collected and paid into this fund, and into the treasury of the state, funds sufficient to pay this warrant. Whether the funds so paid are applicable to the payment of the warrant is not stated. There might be sufficient moneys in the hands of the treasurer to pay the warrant, but if such moneys could not be so applied, no legal duty would be imposed upon the treasurer to pay the warrant in question.
It is further stated there has been collected and paid into the treasury moneys to the credit of the fund upon which this warrant is drawn sufficient to pay all others drawn on the same fund of prior date and number to the one in controversy. Warrants are paid in the order of priority of presentation and registration to the state treasurer, and not in the order in which they may have been drawn. Mills’ Ann. Stats. secs. 1802, 1803, 1804, 1813. The statement last noticed is not one from which it can be inferred there are not warrants which are entitled to be paid in advance of those held by relator. There is also a statement to the effect that the warrant in controversy was presented for payment, and payment demanded of the state treasurer at the time when funds, which, it is averred, had been levied, collected and paid into the state treasury applicable to the payment of such warrant, were in the hands of the treasurer; but this statement is based upon those preceding and above noticed, and does not aid either of the writs, in the statement of a cause of action. These averments are insufficient; they wholly fail to state the facts from which it can be deduced that there are funds [261]*261in the hands of either the original respondent or Mulnix, which are properly applicable to the payment of the warrant of the relator, or that either of these parties were under official obligations to perform the act which relator by this proceeding seeks to have performed. The court cannot indulge in any presumption in favor of the relator; on the contrary, it will be presumed that state officials perform their duties according to law, and this presumption obtains until the contrary is shown; and in actions of this character the relator must, by clear statements, make it appear that he has a legal right to the relief asked. This he has failed to do in this case.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded, with directions to quash the peremptory writ, strike the amended supplemental petition and supplemental alternative writ from the liles, and quash the original alternative writ, with leave to relator to apply to amend on notice, as he may be advised.
Reversed and remanded.