UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) AMRITPAL SINGH NAGI., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) No. 16-cv-2152 (KBJ) ) ELAINE L. CHAO, Secretary, U.S. ) Department of Transportation, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before this Court at present is Defendant’s Renewed Motion for Partial
Dismissal, or in the Alternative for Partial Summary Judgment. (Def.’s Renewed Mot.
for Partial Dismissal (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 16.) Defendant seeks partial dismissal
of Plaintiff’s claims alleging discrimination and retaliation in violation of Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–2000e-17, and full dismissal of
Plaintiff’s claim alleging a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII. (See
Def.’s Mem. in Support of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 16-1, at 10–11, 35.) 1
The procedural history of this employment discrimination case is simply stated:
on October 26, 2016, Plaintiff Amritpal Nagi, an American citizen of South Asian
descent and a practicing Sikh, filed a complaint against the Secretary of the Department
of Transportation in his official capacity (hereinafter “DOT”), alleging that the Federal
Aviation Agency (“the FAA”), which employed Nagi, had discriminated and retaliated
1 Page numbers herein refer to those that the Court’s electronic case-filing system automatically assigns. against Nagi based on his race, skin color, religion, gender, national origin, and age.
(See Compl., ECF No. 1, at 1, 10–13 (alleging various violations of Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964).) 2 DOT filed its first Motion for Partial Dismissal on March
28, 2017 (see Def.’s Mot. for Partial Dismissal, ECF No. 8, at 1), and this Court held a
motion hearing to consider the parties’ arguments on December 14, 2017 (see Hr’g Tr.,
ECF No. 13). During the hearing, it became clear that there was substantial confusion
as to what allegedly discriminatory or retaliatory conduct supported each of Plaintiff’s
three claims (see, e.g., Hr’g Tr. at 3:20–8:5, 12:10–14:8, 18:3–19:12, 23:15–23, 29:12–
32:14), so this Court ordered Plaintiff to submit an amended complaint and dismissed
Defendant’s initial motion as moot (see Minute Order of December 14, 2017). On
January 11, 2018, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint that realleged discrimination,
retaliation, and a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII. (See First
Amended Complaint (“FAC”), ECF No. 14, at 8–10.) Thereafter, Defendant filed the
“renewed” partial motion to dismiss, or in the alternative for partial summary judgment,
that is before this Court at present. (See Def.’s Mot.)
In its renewed motion, Defendant asks this Court to dismiss Plaintiff’s
discrimination and retaliation claims (the First and Second Causes of Action) to the
extent that they rely on his non-selection for a Supervisory General Engineer position
because Defendant argues that any claims relating to this particular non-selection are
not exhausted. (See Def.’s Mem. at 22–28.) Defendant also seeks full dismissal of
Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim (the Third Cause of Action). (See id. at 28–
2 The Federal Aviation Agency is an agency within the Department of Transportation. See United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense, 467 U.S. 797, 804 n.5 (1984). Suits against government officials in their official capacity are treated as a suit against the government entity itself. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985).
2 35.) For the reasons that follow, and as set forth in the Order that accompanies this
Memorandum Opinion, Defendant’s motion will be GRANTED IN PART AND
DENIED IN PART.
I.
Defendant first argues that the discrimination and retaliation claims in the first
two counts of Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint must be dismissed to the extent that
they are based on unexhausted allegations regarding Plaintiff’s non-selection for a
“Supervisory General Engineer” position. (See id. at 22–28.) 3 Plaintiff responds that
his Complaint specifically avers that the non-selection claims to which these counts
refer relate only to his non-selection for a “Program Manager” position (see Pl.’s Mem.
in Opp. to Def.’s Mot. (“Pl.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 20, at 3–5), and in this Court’s view,
this representation is entirely consistent with the plain language of the complaint (see
FAC, ¶¶ 57, 60 (alleging, respectively, that Defendant discriminated and retaliated
against Plaintiff “when it failed to select him for the Program Manager position”)).
Moreover, the parties agree that Plaintiff exhausted his claims of discriminatory and
retaliatory non-selection for the Program Manager position (see Pl.’s Mem. at 3–5; see
also Def.’s Mem. at 25–26); yet, Defendant insists that Plaintiff’s complaint should be
read to include claims based on non-selection for the Supervisory General Engineer
position, and that any such claim should be dismissed as unexhausted (see Def.’s Mem.
at 25–26; Def.’s Reply in Support of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 22, at 2–3).
3 Defendant appears to concede that Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims are also based on a purported non-selection for a Program Manager position, and that Plaintiff exhausted his claims with respect to that allegedly discriminatory and retaliatory act. (See Def.’s Mem. at 9–10, 25–26.) As a result, Defendant’s motion seeks only “partial” dismissal of the first two counts, and only insofar as they pertain to the Supervisory General Engineer position. (See id. at 9, 35.)
3 This Court has no idea why it would undertake to interpret Plaintiff’s complaint
to include claims that Plaintiff eschews and that Defendant contends must be dismissed
in any event. Instead, in accordance with the language of the First Amended Complaint
and Plaintiff’s own representations regarding the claims that he has made therein, the
Court will construe the non-selection claims in the first two counts of Plaintiff’s
complaint to pertain solely to the Program Manager position, and having so construed
Plaintiff’s pleading, Defendant’s motion for partial dismissal of Plaintiff’s first two
causes of action will be denied as moot. 4
II.
Defendant makes three arguments in support of its motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s
Third Cause of Action—the hostile work environment claim. (See Def.’s Mem. at 28–
35.) Two of these arguments relate to the scope of the claim: Defendant argues, first,
that the hostile work environment allegation includes incidents of purported
discrimination by Plaintiff’s supervisors that cannot be litigated in this Court because
Nagi elected to pursue those claims through his union’s grievance process (see id. at
29–31), and second, it protests Plaintiff’s reliance on his non-selection for the Program
Manager position to support his hostile work environment claim (see id. at 33–35).
Both of these contentions are easily dispensed with, because, as Defendant
acknowledges, Plaintiff’s amended complaint removes “all of the specific factual
allegations of harassment and hostile work environment” that were included in his
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) AMRITPAL SINGH NAGI., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) No. 16-cv-2152 (KBJ) ) ELAINE L. CHAO, Secretary, U.S. ) Department of Transportation, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before this Court at present is Defendant’s Renewed Motion for Partial
Dismissal, or in the Alternative for Partial Summary Judgment. (Def.’s Renewed Mot.
for Partial Dismissal (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 16.) Defendant seeks partial dismissal
of Plaintiff’s claims alleging discrimination and retaliation in violation of Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–2000e-17, and full dismissal of
Plaintiff’s claim alleging a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII. (See
Def.’s Mem. in Support of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 16-1, at 10–11, 35.) 1
The procedural history of this employment discrimination case is simply stated:
on October 26, 2016, Plaintiff Amritpal Nagi, an American citizen of South Asian
descent and a practicing Sikh, filed a complaint against the Secretary of the Department
of Transportation in his official capacity (hereinafter “DOT”), alleging that the Federal
Aviation Agency (“the FAA”), which employed Nagi, had discriminated and retaliated
1 Page numbers herein refer to those that the Court’s electronic case-filing system automatically assigns. against Nagi based on his race, skin color, religion, gender, national origin, and age.
(See Compl., ECF No. 1, at 1, 10–13 (alleging various violations of Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964).) 2 DOT filed its first Motion for Partial Dismissal on March
28, 2017 (see Def.’s Mot. for Partial Dismissal, ECF No. 8, at 1), and this Court held a
motion hearing to consider the parties’ arguments on December 14, 2017 (see Hr’g Tr.,
ECF No. 13). During the hearing, it became clear that there was substantial confusion
as to what allegedly discriminatory or retaliatory conduct supported each of Plaintiff’s
three claims (see, e.g., Hr’g Tr. at 3:20–8:5, 12:10–14:8, 18:3–19:12, 23:15–23, 29:12–
32:14), so this Court ordered Plaintiff to submit an amended complaint and dismissed
Defendant’s initial motion as moot (see Minute Order of December 14, 2017). On
January 11, 2018, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint that realleged discrimination,
retaliation, and a hostile work environment in violation of Title VII. (See First
Amended Complaint (“FAC”), ECF No. 14, at 8–10.) Thereafter, Defendant filed the
“renewed” partial motion to dismiss, or in the alternative for partial summary judgment,
that is before this Court at present. (See Def.’s Mot.)
In its renewed motion, Defendant asks this Court to dismiss Plaintiff’s
discrimination and retaliation claims (the First and Second Causes of Action) to the
extent that they rely on his non-selection for a Supervisory General Engineer position
because Defendant argues that any claims relating to this particular non-selection are
not exhausted. (See Def.’s Mem. at 22–28.) Defendant also seeks full dismissal of
Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim (the Third Cause of Action). (See id. at 28–
2 The Federal Aviation Agency is an agency within the Department of Transportation. See United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense, 467 U.S. 797, 804 n.5 (1984). Suits against government officials in their official capacity are treated as a suit against the government entity itself. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985).
2 35.) For the reasons that follow, and as set forth in the Order that accompanies this
Memorandum Opinion, Defendant’s motion will be GRANTED IN PART AND
DENIED IN PART.
I.
Defendant first argues that the discrimination and retaliation claims in the first
two counts of Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint must be dismissed to the extent that
they are based on unexhausted allegations regarding Plaintiff’s non-selection for a
“Supervisory General Engineer” position. (See id. at 22–28.) 3 Plaintiff responds that
his Complaint specifically avers that the non-selection claims to which these counts
refer relate only to his non-selection for a “Program Manager” position (see Pl.’s Mem.
in Opp. to Def.’s Mot. (“Pl.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 20, at 3–5), and in this Court’s view,
this representation is entirely consistent with the plain language of the complaint (see
FAC, ¶¶ 57, 60 (alleging, respectively, that Defendant discriminated and retaliated
against Plaintiff “when it failed to select him for the Program Manager position”)).
Moreover, the parties agree that Plaintiff exhausted his claims of discriminatory and
retaliatory non-selection for the Program Manager position (see Pl.’s Mem. at 3–5; see
also Def.’s Mem. at 25–26); yet, Defendant insists that Plaintiff’s complaint should be
read to include claims based on non-selection for the Supervisory General Engineer
position, and that any such claim should be dismissed as unexhausted (see Def.’s Mem.
at 25–26; Def.’s Reply in Support of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 22, at 2–3).
3 Defendant appears to concede that Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims are also based on a purported non-selection for a Program Manager position, and that Plaintiff exhausted his claims with respect to that allegedly discriminatory and retaliatory act. (See Def.’s Mem. at 9–10, 25–26.) As a result, Defendant’s motion seeks only “partial” dismissal of the first two counts, and only insofar as they pertain to the Supervisory General Engineer position. (See id. at 9, 35.)
3 This Court has no idea why it would undertake to interpret Plaintiff’s complaint
to include claims that Plaintiff eschews and that Defendant contends must be dismissed
in any event. Instead, in accordance with the language of the First Amended Complaint
and Plaintiff’s own representations regarding the claims that he has made therein, the
Court will construe the non-selection claims in the first two counts of Plaintiff’s
complaint to pertain solely to the Program Manager position, and having so construed
Plaintiff’s pleading, Defendant’s motion for partial dismissal of Plaintiff’s first two
causes of action will be denied as moot. 4
II.
Defendant makes three arguments in support of its motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s
Third Cause of Action—the hostile work environment claim. (See Def.’s Mem. at 28–
35.) Two of these arguments relate to the scope of the claim: Defendant argues, first,
that the hostile work environment allegation includes incidents of purported
discrimination by Plaintiff’s supervisors that cannot be litigated in this Court because
Nagi elected to pursue those claims through his union’s grievance process (see id. at
29–31), and second, it protests Plaintiff’s reliance on his non-selection for the Program
Manager position to support his hostile work environment claim (see id. at 33–35).
Both of these contentions are easily dispensed with, because, as Defendant
acknowledges, Plaintiff’s amended complaint removes “all of the specific factual
allegations of harassment and hostile work environment” that were included in his
4 This Court’s holding extends only to the issue of whether Plaintiff can base his claim for relief with respect to these two counts on his purported non-selection for the Supervisory General Engineer position. The question of whether or not Plaintiff can introduce evidence related to that non-selection in order to support his timely, exhausted claim of non-selection for the Program Manager position, see, e.g., Ellison v. Napolitano, 901 F. Supp. 2d 118, 128 (D.D.C. 2012), is not before the Court at this time.
4 union’s grievance (id. at 30), and Plaintiff has also expressly disclaimed any reliance on
the Program Manager non-selection in support of his hostile work environment claim
(see Pl.’s Mem. at 5 n.2). After considering the plain language of the complaint (see
FAC ¶ 63); Plaintiff’s representations at the hearing of December 14, 2017 (see Hr’g
Tr. at 10:7–16, 18:21–19:6); and Plaintiff’s written response to Defendant’s motion (see
Pl.’s Mem. at 7), the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim is
not based on any conduct adjudicated through the union grievance process, and the
Court will disregard any references to non-selection for the Program Manager position
in the context of the hostile work environment contentions that are discussed in
Paragraph 63 of the amended complaint (see FAC ¶ 63).
Given the plain language of the First Amended Complaint, and consistent with
Plaintiff’s representations cited above, the scope of Plaintiff’s hostile work environment
claim is limited to two discrete, allegedly discriminatory events: (1) when a co-worker
allegedly approached Nagi and said “Heil Hitler” in October of 2013, and (2) when an
unknown employee placed a vacancy announcement for the position of “Asian Elephant
Keeper” at the National Zoo on Nagi’s desk in April of 2014. (See id.; Hr’g Tr. at
9:25–10:16, 18:21–19:6; Pl.’s Mem. at 7.) Defendant’s third and final argument
regarding dismissal of Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim is that Plaintiff failed
to exhaust his claims regarding these “inflammatory comments” and “racially
derogatory documents” (Def.’s Mem. at 31 (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted)), and it may well be that Nagi’s claims with respect to these incidents are not
exhausted, as Defendant argues (see id. at 31–33). But this Court need not enter the
thicket of considerations that apply when a court is called upon to determine whether or
5 not a plaintiff has adequately exhausted a hostile work environment claim, see Leach v.
Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 128 F. Supp. 3d 146, 153 (D.D.C. 2015) (explaining that
hostile work environment claims may be exhausted if the administrative complaint
gives sufficient notice that the administrative inquiry could have uncovered the
allegedly discriminatory conduct), because even accepting all of Plaintiff’s allegations
in the complaint as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor, the
complaint’s allegations regarding these two incidents patently fail to state a plausible
claim for relief under a hostile work environment theory, see Fontaine v. JP Morgan
Chase Bank, N.A., 42 F. Supp. 3d 102, 107 (D.D.C. 2014) (explaining that a court may
dismiss a complaint on its own initiative when it plainly cannot support a claim (citing
Baker v. Dir., U.S. Parole Comm’n, 916 F.2d 725, 726 (D.C. Cir. 1990))).
It has long been clear in this district that isolated incidents of offensive language
and even ethnic or racial slurs do not “affect the conditions of employment to [a]
sufficiently significant degree to violate Title VII.” Deloatch v. Harris Teeter, Inc.,
797 F. Supp. 2d 48, 62 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477
U.S. 57, 67 (1986)); see, e.g., id. at 63 (finding allegations that a manager used a racial
epithet with respect to an African-American plaintiff in one instance, and that another
manager called plaintiff’s co-worker the same racial epithet on a separate occasion, was
not severe and pervasive enough to support hostile work environment claim). The
Supreme Court has instructed that Title VII is not a “general civility code[,]” Faragher
v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted), and courts have routinely dismissed hostile work environment claims that are
based on a few distinct and disparate acts of alleged discrimination, see, e.g.,
6 Badibanga v. Howard Univ. Hosp., 679 F. Supp. 2d 99, 104 (D.D.C. 2010) (dismissing
hostile work environment claim by citizen of Democratic Republic of the Congo
alleging that supervisors told him he could easily be replaced by an American, that
other African citizens would not be hired, and criticized his accent); King v. Pierce
Assocs., Inc., 601 F. Supp. 2d 245, 248 (D.D.C. 2009) (dismissing hostile work
environment claim based on single instance when co-worker allegedly made racial and
sexual remarks).
Here, Plaintiff’s complaint alleges simply and solely that, on two occasions,
Nagi faced explicit and implicit racially derogatory comments and materials in the
workplace. (See FAC ¶ 63.) Because such allegations are insufficient to state a hostile
work environment claim even if true, Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Third
Cause of Action must be granted.
III.
For the reasons stated above, and as set forth in the accompanying Order,
Defendant’s partial motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, partial motion for summary
judgment, will be DENIED IN PART AND GRANTED IN PART as follows. Because
the parties appear to agree that Plaintiff’s claims regarding discriminatory and
retaliatory non-selection for a Program Manager position remain and because this Court
has found that there is no claim in the complaint pertaining to a Supervisory General
Engineer position, Defendant’s motion to dismiss the first two counts of the complaint
will be denied as moot. However, Defendant’s motion to dismiss with respect to
Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim will be granted, because the allegations of
7 the complaint are patently insufficient to state a plausible claim for a hostile work
environment in violation of Title VII. 5
Date: September 28, 2018 Ketanji Brown Jackson KETANJI BROWN JACKSON United States District Judge
5 Defendant seeks “partial” summary judgment based on the same arguments that it makes in support of dismissal, and its contention in this regard is entirely underdeveloped. (See Def.’s Mem. at 10, 29.) Therefore, it has provided no bases for the Court’s entry of summary judgment for Defendant on any of the claims in Plaintiff’s complaint.