.Me. Chief Justice Waite
delivered the opinion of the court.
We consider it unnecessary to decide in this case whether a' lease of personal property at a specified rent, with an option in. the lessee to buy for a fixed price, is in legal effect a conditional sale; because, even if it be, the decree below is in our opinion right. In
Fosdick
v.
Schall
(99 U. S. 235), a case which came up from Illinois, we decided that such a contract of sale, if. not recorded in accordance with the requirements of the chattel-mortgage acts, was legal and valid as between the parties,. and that under a mortgage reaching after-acquired property the mortgagee would take such property subject to all the conditions with which it was incumbered when.it came into the hands of the mortgagor. The statute we were then considering was as follows: — ■
“ That no mortgage, trust-deed, or other conveyance of personal property, having the effect of a mortgage or lien upon such property, shall be valid as against the rights and interests of any. third person, unless possession thereof shall be delivered to and remain with the grantee, or the instrument shall provide for the possession of the property to remain with the grantor, and the instrument is acknowledged and recorded as hereinafter directed; and every such instrument shall,-for the purposes of this act, be deemed' a chattel mortgage.” Rev- Stat. Ill., 1874, p. 711.
' Under this statute the courts of Illinois have uniformly held that contracts of conditional sale are in effect, so far as the chattel-mortgage acts are concerned, the same as though a formal bill of sale had been executed and a mortgage given back to secure the purchase-money. So that the question we were then called on to decide was whether one holding as a
mortgagee of after-acquired property was a “ third person ” within the meaning
of
that law.
The statute of Iowa which is involved in the present case is as. follows: —
'* That no sale, contract, or lease, wherein the transfer of title or ownership of personal property is made to depend upon any condition, shall be valid against any creditor or purchaser of the vendee or lessee, in actual possession obtained in pursuance thereof, without notice, unless the same be in writing, executed by the vendor or lessor, acknowledged and recorded the same as chattel mortgages.” Code of 1873, sect. 1922, p. 356; Acts of Fourteenth General Assembly, c. 63, p. 69.
It will thus be seen that the statutes of the two States are substantially alike, unless, a different meaning is given the term. “ third person,” used in'the one, from that of “ creditor or purchaser,” found in the other. ’ If these terms are the same in legal 'effect, the principal question involved in this case has already been Settled here.
In
Fosdick
v.
Schall
we held that a mortgagee, whose mortgage embraced property to be acquired in the future was in no sense a purchaser of such property. "His rights were not granted after the property was bought by the mortgagor". He got nothing by this provision in his mortgage except what the mortgagor himself had acquired. He paid nothing for his new security. . He took as mortgagee just such title as the mortgagor had; no more, no less. The code of Iowa, sect. 1283, authorized mortgages of property afterwards' to be acquired, and made them as valid and effectual as if the property were in possession at the time- of the execution thereof; but this does not change the case. The question still is, what property has been acquired to which the mortgage can attach. ■
"We think, therefore, that the word “ purchaser ” in the. Iowa statute gives the appellants no rights other than those to which they would be entitled under like circumstances in Illinois
Every mortgagee is necessarily a creditor. • A mortgage is in general but an incident to the debt it secures, and the mortgagee is nothing more than á creditor secured by mort
gage; These appellants are mortgagees; but, as has just been seen, their mortgage gives them no rights to the property in dispute against the car company, the lessor, or conditional vendor. Their claim is only such as belongs to creditors of the. railroad company, the' lessee, or conditional vendee. So far as any rights they have as simple creditors áre concerned, the railroad company could do with' the property just what it pleased. It might have been surrendered to the cár company or sold to another. The'car company, too, could have taken, possession under'its lien, and held against any proceeding these creditors might afterwards commence as’ mere creditors." Unless a creditor is in a condition to prevent the vendee from controlling his property, he is powerless, and the vendor and vendee may contract with each other as they please without consulting him.' It follows .that although the word “ creditor ” appears in the statute, it must have been used with some limitation. This makes it necessary to inquire what that limitation was.
The statute as we now "find it is part of the. code of Iowa adopted in 1873. - This code, like the Revised Statutes of the United States, was in reality only a convenient compilation or codification of laws- before that time in. force. In the brief of counsel for> the appellants, it is stated in terms that the particular section of the code now in question (sect. 1922) is a copy of chapter 63 of the acts of the Fourteenth General Assembly.
In relation to the Revised Statutes of the United States, we held, in
United States
v.
Bowen
(100 U. S. 508), that “ when it becomes neeessáry to construe language, in the revision which leaves á substantial doubt as to its meaning, the original statute may be resorted to for the purpose of ascertaining that meaning.” The same rule is applicable to the Iowa code, and there is a substantial doubt here as-to what The word “creditor ” means.' Looking then to" the original act, we' find the text the same as the code ;• but the title, omitted in the codification, is as follows:. “ An Act requiring conditional sales of' personal property to be recorded like mortgages of' personal property to be of any validity as against
bona fide
purchasers, execution and attaching creditors.” In cases of doubt the title
might always be resorted to for the purpose of ascertaining the meaning of the-body of the act; but especially is this true in States like Iowa, where the, constitution provides that “ eyery act shall embrace but one,subject and matters properly connected therewith; which-subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void, only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title.” Art. 3, sect, 29. This leaves no doubt, and clearly confines the operation of the text to such creditors as have by suit perfected a right to impeach the transaction. Such has always been the rule in respect to conveyances made to hinder and delay creditors.
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.Me. Chief Justice Waite
delivered the opinion of the court.
We consider it unnecessary to decide in this case whether a' lease of personal property at a specified rent, with an option in. the lessee to buy for a fixed price, is in legal effect a conditional sale; because, even if it be, the decree below is in our opinion right. In
Fosdick
v.
Schall
(99 U. S. 235), a case which came up from Illinois, we decided that such a contract of sale, if. not recorded in accordance with the requirements of the chattel-mortgage acts, was legal and valid as between the parties,. and that under a mortgage reaching after-acquired property the mortgagee would take such property subject to all the conditions with which it was incumbered when.it came into the hands of the mortgagor. The statute we were then considering was as follows: — ■
“ That no mortgage, trust-deed, or other conveyance of personal property, having the effect of a mortgage or lien upon such property, shall be valid as against the rights and interests of any. third person, unless possession thereof shall be delivered to and remain with the grantee, or the instrument shall provide for the possession of the property to remain with the grantor, and the instrument is acknowledged and recorded as hereinafter directed; and every such instrument shall,-for the purposes of this act, be deemed' a chattel mortgage.” Rev- Stat. Ill., 1874, p. 711.
' Under this statute the courts of Illinois have uniformly held that contracts of conditional sale are in effect, so far as the chattel-mortgage acts are concerned, the same as though a formal bill of sale had been executed and a mortgage given back to secure the purchase-money. So that the question we were then called on to decide was whether one holding as a
mortgagee of after-acquired property was a “ third person ” within the meaning
of
that law.
The statute of Iowa which is involved in the present case is as. follows: —
'* That no sale, contract, or lease, wherein the transfer of title or ownership of personal property is made to depend upon any condition, shall be valid against any creditor or purchaser of the vendee or lessee, in actual possession obtained in pursuance thereof, without notice, unless the same be in writing, executed by the vendor or lessor, acknowledged and recorded the same as chattel mortgages.” Code of 1873, sect. 1922, p. 356; Acts of Fourteenth General Assembly, c. 63, p. 69.
It will thus be seen that the statutes of the two States are substantially alike, unless, a different meaning is given the term. “ third person,” used in'the one, from that of “ creditor or purchaser,” found in the other. ’ If these terms are the same in legal 'effect, the principal question involved in this case has already been Settled here.
In
Fosdick
v.
Schall
we held that a mortgagee, whose mortgage embraced property to be acquired in the future was in no sense a purchaser of such property. "His rights were not granted after the property was bought by the mortgagor". He got nothing by this provision in his mortgage except what the mortgagor himself had acquired. He paid nothing for his new security. . He took as mortgagee just such title as the mortgagor had; no more, no less. The code of Iowa, sect. 1283, authorized mortgages of property afterwards' to be acquired, and made them as valid and effectual as if the property were in possession at the time- of the execution thereof; but this does not change the case. The question still is, what property has been acquired to which the mortgage can attach. ■
"We think, therefore, that the word “ purchaser ” in the. Iowa statute gives the appellants no rights other than those to which they would be entitled under like circumstances in Illinois
Every mortgagee is necessarily a creditor. • A mortgage is in general but an incident to the debt it secures, and the mortgagee is nothing more than á creditor secured by mort
gage; These appellants are mortgagees; but, as has just been seen, their mortgage gives them no rights to the property in dispute against the car company, the lessor, or conditional vendor. Their claim is only such as belongs to creditors of the. railroad company, the' lessee, or conditional vendee. So far as any rights they have as simple creditors áre concerned, the railroad company could do with' the property just what it pleased. It might have been surrendered to the cár company or sold to another. The'car company, too, could have taken, possession under'its lien, and held against any proceeding these creditors might afterwards commence as’ mere creditors." Unless a creditor is in a condition to prevent the vendee from controlling his property, he is powerless, and the vendor and vendee may contract with each other as they please without consulting him.' It follows .that although the word “ creditor ” appears in the statute, it must have been used with some limitation. This makes it necessary to inquire what that limitation was.
The statute as we now "find it is part of the. code of Iowa adopted in 1873. - This code, like the Revised Statutes of the United States, was in reality only a convenient compilation or codification of laws- before that time in. force. In the brief of counsel for> the appellants, it is stated in terms that the particular section of the code now in question (sect. 1922) is a copy of chapter 63 of the acts of the Fourteenth General Assembly.
In relation to the Revised Statutes of the United States, we held, in
United States
v.
Bowen
(100 U. S. 508), that “ when it becomes neeessáry to construe language, in the revision which leaves á substantial doubt as to its meaning, the original statute may be resorted to for the purpose of ascertaining that meaning.” The same rule is applicable to the Iowa code, and there is a substantial doubt here as-to what The word “creditor ” means.' Looking then to" the original act, we' find the text the same as the code ;• but the title, omitted in the codification, is as follows:. “ An Act requiring conditional sales of' personal property to be recorded like mortgages of' personal property to be of any validity as against
bona fide
purchasers, execution and attaching creditors.” In cases of doubt the title
might always be resorted to for the purpose of ascertaining the meaning of the-body of the act; but especially is this true in States like Iowa, where the, constitution provides that “ eyery act shall embrace but one,subject and matters properly connected therewith; which-subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void, only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title.” Art. 3, sect, 29. This leaves no doubt, and clearly confines the operation of the text to such creditors as have by suit perfected a right to impeach the transaction. Such has always been the rule in respect to conveyances made to hinder and delay creditors. Until suit was commenced, the parties were at liberty to deal as they pleased with the property conveyed, and the rights of creditors were determined by the condition in which the property was when they interfered. 'It' is clear, therefore, that these appellants, as creditors at large, had acquired no such special interest in the property, when their bill to foreclose their mortgage Was filed, as would give them the right to contest the validity of. the car company’s title. As against them, in the condition they were, the lien created by the conditional sale was to all intents and purposes valid and subsisting when the receiver, on his appointment, took possession of the property; and his possession, as we said iñ
Fosdick
v. Schall, was for the benefit of whomsoever in the end it should be found to concern. The rights of the .parties were fixed at the moment the property was taken by the'- court through its receiver into its own possession. At that time these appellants were not either execution, or attaching creditors. They had not then, neither have they since, sued as any other than mortgage creditors endeavoring to énforce- their mortgage lien. We conclude, therefore, that the statute of Iowa has a no more extended operation, so far as the circumstances of this case are concerned, than that of Illinois, and that under our former decision the appellants stand precisely where the railroad company would in a controversy with its vendor. To our miuds it is unimportant that under the railroad mortgage laws. of Iowa “ the rolling-stock and- personal property of the company, properly belonging to the road and appertaining thereto,
shall be deemed a part of the road,” for the purposes of a mortgage. Such personal property is- still “ loose property, susceptible of separate ownership and separate liens,” and it is only such interest as “ properly belongs ” to the company that the authorized mortgage reaches. The evident purpose of ¿he act was t.o do no more than prevent confusion growing out of any difference there might be between recording acts -having reference to persona] prop nty and those affecting real estate. This disposes of the principal question in the case.
The money reqovery below was only for the use of the cars by the receiver during the receivership, and the amount was substantially agreed on. In other words, it - is in effect admitted that the use- of the cars was worth to the court while’ operating the road under the trust created by the appointment of a receiver, at the instance of these appellants, just what has been decreed. There can be .no doubt that it is the.duty of a court to pay from the trust fund, it has in possession all the debts it incurred in its judicial capacity while administering, the trust assumed, pending'the litigation, in’ behalf of the litigatirig parties. The objection here is not that the fund in hand did not incur the debt, the payment of which has been ordered,' but that the railroad company, while operating the road b.efofe the receivership, paid the ear company too large a sum for the use of its cars, and that the debt of the fund should be reduced by the amount of this improvident and excessive payment. There is nothing in the case as it has been brought here by the appeal which will enable us to determine whether the car company ought to contribute anything to the fund in court on this account or not. It is sufficient for our purposes on this appeal that an authorized officer of the-court -has in. a legitimate way charged the fund, in hand with the debt, the payment of which has been ordered, and that it has not been proved that the car company owes the railroad company for over-payments made before the receivership was created.
It is impossible for us to determine from anything now here whether the receiver is indebted to the car company for the use of the cars in question after the decree below, or whether the purchaser of the railroad property under the mortgage has used the cars pending the appeal, or that he Can, in this suit,
be required to make compensation therefor. All those .questions will properly corpe before the court below for determination on the law and the facts when-the case goes down.
Decree affirmed.