DANAHER, Circuit Judge.
Appellant has appealed from an adverse judgment in an action seeking declaratory relief from an order of deportation.
Appellant, a native of Russia, became a naturalized citizen of Canada, where, admittedly, he was a member of the Communist Party of Canada from 1929 to July, 1932. He was admitted to the United States for permanent residence in April, 1941. Later, after a visit to Canada, he was readmitted to the United States in December, 1945, upon presentation of a Resident Alien’s Border Crossing Identification Card. Deportation proceedings were commenced against him in February, 1947, followed by hearings which culminated in a final order of deportation in August, 1951. The Board of Immigration Appeals reviewed and affirmed the Assistant Commissioner’s order, and after rehearing, having found Klig possessed of good moral character over the past five years, on June 12, 1953, granted voluntary departure. Appellant argues that he was legally admitted to the United States in 1941 and again in 1945; that an alien so admitted is not presently deportable under Section 22 of the Internal Security Act of 19501 because of past membership in the Communist Party of Canada; and that the Act is prospective and requires the deportation only of those excludable after 1950, or those who became members of subversive organizations in the United States.
The Board of Immigration Appeals summarized its understanding of appellant’s position thus:
“* * * In other words, the argument is that, under the Amendment made by the Internal Security Act, a person who was a member of the Communist Party of Canada and whose membership had terminated prior to his application for admission to this country can be excluded, but that the same person, if he succeeds in illegally entering the United States, is immune to deportation under Section 4(a).”
[744]*744The Act of October 16, 1918,2 “An Act To exclude and expel from the United States aliens who are members of the anarchistic and similar classes,” provided for the exclusion of certain enumerated classes of aliens who were declared not eligible to be admitted to the United States. The Act further provided for the deportation of an alien who at any time after entering was found to have been at the time of entry, or who thereafter became, a member of any of the proscribed classes.
The Court held3 that the Act did not provide for the deportation of an alien, who, after entry, became but later and before his arrest, relinquished his status as, a member of an organization, membership in which at the time of entry would have rendered him excludable. “If Congress meant that past membership, of no matter how short duration or how far in the past, was to be a cause of present deportation the purpose could have been clearly stated. The section does not bear this import.”
Congress, thereupon, in Sec. 23 of the Alien Registration Act 1940,4 amended the first paragraph of section 1 of the 1918 Act to read:
“That any alien who, at any time, shall be or shall have been a member of any one of the following classes shall be excluded from admission into the United States.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Congress went farther. The 1918 Act “To exclude and expel” was further amended by the 1940 Act in that Section 2 was caused to read:
“Sec. 2. Any alien who was at the time of entering the United States, or has been at any time thereafter, a member of any one of the classes of aliens enumerated in section 1 of this Act, shall, upon the warrant of the Attorney General, be taken into custody and deported in the manner provided in the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917. The provisions of this section shall be applicable to the classes of aliens mentioned in this Act, irrespective of the time of their entry into the United States.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Congress flatly said that this Government will not receive certain classes of alien immigrants and will not harbor persons whom it does not want or whose presence is deemed hurtful to the United States. When the Court considered the cases of three persons whose past, but relinquished, membership in the Communist Party was relied upon as a ground for deportation, it observed that Congress had legislated with the Kessler language, supra, in mind. The 1940 amendment was found to be definitive and positive. “In the Act here before us [Congress] supplied unmistakable language that past violators of its prohibitions continued to be deportable in spite of resignation or expulsion from the party.”5 Mr. Justice Frankfurter, concurring, put it this way:
“But the underlying policies of what classes of aliens shall be allowed to enter and what classes of aliens shall be allowed to stay, are for Congress exclusively to deter[745]*745mine even though such determination may be deemed to offend American traditions and may, as has been the case, jeopardize peace.”6
But, appellant argues, the classes of excludable aliens reached by the 1918 Act did not include those who might be members of the Communist Party of Canada. The 1918 Act, so far as is here pertinent, had as its targets, aliens who are anarchists, aliens who advocate the overthrow by force and violence of the Government of the United States, those who entertain or teach disbelief in organized government, and otherwise as therein spelled out. It was not shown that membership in the Communist Party of Canada brought appellant within any such sweep, he claims, and thus his 1941 entry and the 1945 reentry were lawful. Hence Klig is not now deportable, he says. However, in addition to the meeting the time element, thus negating the effect of the Kessler v. Strecker rule (supra note 3), Congress removed the need for proof on a case by case basis, which Klig’s argument fails to take into account.
“The Internal Security Act of 1950 [64 Stat. 987, 1006-1008] dispensed with the need for such proof. On the basis of extensive investigation Congress made many findings, including that in § 2(1) of the Act that the ‘Communist movement * * * is a worldwide revolutionary movement whose purpose it is, by treachery, deceit, infiltration into other groups (governmental and otherwise), espionage, sabotage, terrorism, and any other means deemed necessary, to establish a communist totalitarian dictatorship,’ and made present or former membership in the Communist Party, in and of itself, a ground for deportation. Certainly, we cannot say that this classification by Congress is so baseless as to be violative of due process and therefore beyond the power of Congress.”7 (Emphasis supplied.)
The Act thus expanded earlier law and prescribed that aliens who at any time “shall have been” members of any of the defined classes are to be excluded and deported. Specifically embraced within such classes were aliens who in the past had been members of “the Communist or other totalitarian party * * * of any foreign state * * Certainly that language included past membership in the Communist Party of Canada.8
Not only did Congress thus dispense with the necessity of proof in each individual case, as Mr.
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DANAHER, Circuit Judge.
Appellant has appealed from an adverse judgment in an action seeking declaratory relief from an order of deportation.
Appellant, a native of Russia, became a naturalized citizen of Canada, where, admittedly, he was a member of the Communist Party of Canada from 1929 to July, 1932. He was admitted to the United States for permanent residence in April, 1941. Later, after a visit to Canada, he was readmitted to the United States in December, 1945, upon presentation of a Resident Alien’s Border Crossing Identification Card. Deportation proceedings were commenced against him in February, 1947, followed by hearings which culminated in a final order of deportation in August, 1951. The Board of Immigration Appeals reviewed and affirmed the Assistant Commissioner’s order, and after rehearing, having found Klig possessed of good moral character over the past five years, on June 12, 1953, granted voluntary departure. Appellant argues that he was legally admitted to the United States in 1941 and again in 1945; that an alien so admitted is not presently deportable under Section 22 of the Internal Security Act of 19501 because of past membership in the Communist Party of Canada; and that the Act is prospective and requires the deportation only of those excludable after 1950, or those who became members of subversive organizations in the United States.
The Board of Immigration Appeals summarized its understanding of appellant’s position thus:
“* * * In other words, the argument is that, under the Amendment made by the Internal Security Act, a person who was a member of the Communist Party of Canada and whose membership had terminated prior to his application for admission to this country can be excluded, but that the same person, if he succeeds in illegally entering the United States, is immune to deportation under Section 4(a).”
[744]*744The Act of October 16, 1918,2 “An Act To exclude and expel from the United States aliens who are members of the anarchistic and similar classes,” provided for the exclusion of certain enumerated classes of aliens who were declared not eligible to be admitted to the United States. The Act further provided for the deportation of an alien who at any time after entering was found to have been at the time of entry, or who thereafter became, a member of any of the proscribed classes.
The Court held3 that the Act did not provide for the deportation of an alien, who, after entry, became but later and before his arrest, relinquished his status as, a member of an organization, membership in which at the time of entry would have rendered him excludable. “If Congress meant that past membership, of no matter how short duration or how far in the past, was to be a cause of present deportation the purpose could have been clearly stated. The section does not bear this import.”
Congress, thereupon, in Sec. 23 of the Alien Registration Act 1940,4 amended the first paragraph of section 1 of the 1918 Act to read:
“That any alien who, at any time, shall be or shall have been a member of any one of the following classes shall be excluded from admission into the United States.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Congress went farther. The 1918 Act “To exclude and expel” was further amended by the 1940 Act in that Section 2 was caused to read:
“Sec. 2. Any alien who was at the time of entering the United States, or has been at any time thereafter, a member of any one of the classes of aliens enumerated in section 1 of this Act, shall, upon the warrant of the Attorney General, be taken into custody and deported in the manner provided in the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917. The provisions of this section shall be applicable to the classes of aliens mentioned in this Act, irrespective of the time of their entry into the United States.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Congress flatly said that this Government will not receive certain classes of alien immigrants and will not harbor persons whom it does not want or whose presence is deemed hurtful to the United States. When the Court considered the cases of three persons whose past, but relinquished, membership in the Communist Party was relied upon as a ground for deportation, it observed that Congress had legislated with the Kessler language, supra, in mind. The 1940 amendment was found to be definitive and positive. “In the Act here before us [Congress] supplied unmistakable language that past violators of its prohibitions continued to be deportable in spite of resignation or expulsion from the party.”5 Mr. Justice Frankfurter, concurring, put it this way:
“But the underlying policies of what classes of aliens shall be allowed to enter and what classes of aliens shall be allowed to stay, are for Congress exclusively to deter[745]*745mine even though such determination may be deemed to offend American traditions and may, as has been the case, jeopardize peace.”6
But, appellant argues, the classes of excludable aliens reached by the 1918 Act did not include those who might be members of the Communist Party of Canada. The 1918 Act, so far as is here pertinent, had as its targets, aliens who are anarchists, aliens who advocate the overthrow by force and violence of the Government of the United States, those who entertain or teach disbelief in organized government, and otherwise as therein spelled out. It was not shown that membership in the Communist Party of Canada brought appellant within any such sweep, he claims, and thus his 1941 entry and the 1945 reentry were lawful. Hence Klig is not now deportable, he says. However, in addition to the meeting the time element, thus negating the effect of the Kessler v. Strecker rule (supra note 3), Congress removed the need for proof on a case by case basis, which Klig’s argument fails to take into account.
“The Internal Security Act of 1950 [64 Stat. 987, 1006-1008] dispensed with the need for such proof. On the basis of extensive investigation Congress made many findings, including that in § 2(1) of the Act that the ‘Communist movement * * * is a worldwide revolutionary movement whose purpose it is, by treachery, deceit, infiltration into other groups (governmental and otherwise), espionage, sabotage, terrorism, and any other means deemed necessary, to establish a communist totalitarian dictatorship,’ and made present or former membership in the Communist Party, in and of itself, a ground for deportation. Certainly, we cannot say that this classification by Congress is so baseless as to be violative of due process and therefore beyond the power of Congress.”7 (Emphasis supplied.)
The Act thus expanded earlier law and prescribed that aliens who at any time “shall have been” members of any of the defined classes are to be excluded and deported. Specifically embraced within such classes were aliens who in the past had been members of “the Communist or other totalitarian party * * * of any foreign state * * Certainly that language included past membership in the Communist Party of Canada.8
Not only did Congress thus dispense with the necessity of proof in each individual case, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter noted, Section 22 of the Internal Security Act of 1950, amending the Act of 1918, provided a very real distinction between the groups of aliens mentioned in Section 1(1) and (3) and those aliens reached by Section 1(2). The [746]*746latter subsection proscribed as excluda-ble those “Aliens who, at any time, shall be or shall have been members of any of the following classes: * * *” so that even past membership in any of the enumerated classes constituted a bar to admission into the United States. The Act carried out the same motif in Section 4(a), touching deportability. The language carefully was designed to reach, and did reach the groups of aliens defined in Section 1(1) and (3) in terms of their membership, either at the time of entering the United States or at any time thereafter, so that, not past membership, but present or future membership must be shown as to the aliens referred to in Section 1(1) and (3). But as to those coming within Section 1(2) it was not a case of present or future membership only; rather, Section 1(2) included as a group those aliens who, at any time, shall be or shall have been members of any of the enumerated “following classes.” The language is clear as was the Congressional purpose.9
The sweep of the Act is vast. Whatever refinements in its impact may exist in some circumstances have no application here. As Mr. Justice Frankfurter observed:
“It must be concluded, therefore, that support, or even demonstrated knowledge, of the Communist Party’s advocacy of violence was not intended to be a prerequisite to deportation. It is enough that the alien joined the Party, aware that he was joining an organization known as the Communist Party which operates as a distinct and active political organization, and that he did so of his own free will. A fair reading of the legislation requires that this scope be given to what Congress enacted in 1950, however severe the consequences and whatever view one may have of the wisdom of the means which Congress employed to meet its desired end.”10
To recapitulate: under the 1940 Act, amending the 1918 Act, Klig was ex-cludable because he had been a member of the proscribed class and on that account was deportable upon a showing that the party to which he had belonged, in fact advocated the violent overthrow of the Government. Under the 1950 [747]*747Act, the need for such proof was dispensed with. Thus Klig’s past membership in the Communist Party of Canada predicated his deportability under § 22 of the Internal Security Act of 1950. “[W]e must adopt the plain meaning of a statute, however severe the consequences.”11
Appellant has placed substantial reliance upon Berrebi v. Crossman.12 Citing no authority, the opinion seems to have overlooked the purpose of Congress, so clearly stated, with reference to the 1940 amendments, supra, which afforded the background for and contained the counterpart language followed and expanded in the 1950 Act, supra. Of course, too, the court lacked the benefit of the later discussion in Galvan v. Press, supra, which contained no reference to Berrebi. Nor has th$ case been cited in any other opinion coming to our notice. We are persuaded that appellant’s reliance on Berrebi is misplaced, and we are cited to no authority contrary to the views we have expressed.
The status of Klig is not affected by the Immigration and Nationality Act,13 for the proceedings here were under the 1950 Act. The Board of Immigration Appeals and Judge McGarraghy correctly concluded that the appellant must be held deportable.
Affirmed.