LACOMBE, Circuit Judge.
Tlie complainant sets out four causes of action, based on separate articles, which appeared in the defendant’s newspaper on September 5, September 30, October 10, and ^November 1, 1891, respectively.
The first of these is as follows:
“This is the situation in the Beers’ Mutual Admiration Society at Broadway and Leonard slreet. Everything is done to avoid publicity and to screen the (ruth. Not one of the twenty men composing the board of trustees, save those two or three who hold executive offices, knew of the Merz-bacher defalcation until the Times exposed it. Not one of these men — 'these alleged guardians of trust funds — knows that Halberstadt, Beers’ Mexican agent, is short in his accounts $28,000; and yet this same Halberstadt, while standing in the barroom of the Hot'fman House, early last March, surrounded by such men as Merzbacher and Dinkelspiel, boasted of the manner in which he was helping himself to the company’s funds.”
Tbe second is as follows:
“The policy of the New York Life with reference to its defaulting agents in Spanish America furnishes another explanation of the distrust with which the companv has long been regarded by the policy holders in Bio. The career of John Davis, for instance, is familiar to everybody in the tropics who takes an interest in insurance matters. Davis, it will be remembered, handled a business of $9,000,000 a year in Mexico. He led a fast life, and when he disappeared one day his accounts were found to be short §30,000. No attempt was made to> arrest him. The career of the two agents who immediately preceded Davis is equally notorious in the tropics. These agents, or one of them at least, owed his appointment to the defaulter Merzbacher. Their shortage was found to be $60,000. Neither of them was arrested. The case of the intemperate German agent, who was found to be short in his accounts $12,000, in Chile, and who was subsequently transferred to Mexico, is another familiar story- This agent was not only not punished, but he was transferred to another agency. Then came the defaulter Merzbacher, with a shortage of $700,000 standing opposite his name. The news- of his defalcation was received in Brazil with astonishment.”
Tbe third is as follows:
“The notoriously bad character of the agents whom Mr. Beers employs to do the work of the Now York Life Insurance Company is a theme that constantly presents new features and new attractions. Dinkelspiel, Merz-bacher, Webber, Stoddart, Moore, Halberstadt, Davis, and Vanuxem are names that stand at the head of the list of Mr. Beers’ warm personal friends and admirers, and to each of these men he had given valuable appointments, with unlimited opportunities to swindle and deceive the policy holders. The readers of the Times are entirely familiar wit i the methods and the extent to which the agents named have availed themselves of those opportunities.”
The fourth is as follows:
“Since the present feeling of distrust of the company’s management arose efforts have been made to enlighten a deceived lot of policy holders concerning the abuses of various, sorts committed by Messrs. Beers, Merzbacher, Dinkelspiel, Sai*cliez, and others, but, notwithstanding all that has been said, it is evident to those who, like myself, are acquainted with the management of the Spanish-American department, that there are details of an important natureTacking. It is a fact that the most immoral methods of doing business prevail in that department, and that the arch conspirator who, next to Beers, is responsible for these immoralities, is Sanchez himself. * * * jje an(j ⅛⅛ subagents have made use of all sorts of exaggerations and deceits in Spanish America, where the insurance public is completely ignorant of life insurance, and where the most improbable stories as to conditions of policies, and the results that will accrue from them, may be told with perfect safety. * * * S. E. Halberstadt is another one of the com[594]*594pany’s agents to whom attention must be drawn if the company’s affairs in Spanish America are to be thoroughly exposed. This man is said to have been a defaulter while in the employ of the New York Life in Peru and Chile. He has been for some years the company’s representative in Mexico, where his accounts have steadily run in arrears, as he himself boasted one night at the Hoffman House, in this city. The entire staff of the Spanish-American department have been witnesses to the scandalous quarrels that took place between Merzbacher and Halberstadt in the former’s private office in this city. One of the most remarkable things about this man’s career is the freedom with which he talks about the officers of the company, notably President Beers, and his son-in-law, Berthelot. Halberstadt was a candidate for Merzbacher’s position, but he has not obtained it yet. Another agent who has stolen the company’s money in Spanish America was until very recently manager at Buenos Ayres.”
There was evidence showing that the plaintiff was the person referred to by name, and, in the second article, as “the intemperate German agent.”
1. Plaintiff in error assigns error in the instructions to the jury, in that the circuit judge charged as follows:
“The articles in the New York Times are charged in the complaint to be each and every one libelous. The expía,nation (or, as it is called in legal phrase, the innuendo) which is given in the complaint of the meaning of the article represents that the articles were libelous. In my opinion, gentlemen, each article was in fact libelous.”
■ — To which charge defendant duly excepted.
The very authorities cited by the plaintiff in error abundantly sustain this part of the charge. They hold that the language used must be given its ordinary meaning; that the test is whether, in the mind of an intelligent man, the language naturally imports a criminal or disgraceful charge; that the language is to be understood by the court in the sense in which the world generally would understand it, giving to the words their ordinary meaning; that the language is to be understood in the ordinary and most natural ■sense; and that, when the writing complained of is plain and unambiguous, the question in a civil action, whether it is a libel or not, is a question of law. Hayes v. Ball, 72 N. Y. 420; More v. Bennett, 48 N. Y. 472; Williams v. Godkin, 5 Daly, 499; Weed v. Foster, 11 Barb. 203; Snyder v. Andrews, 6 Barb. 43,—to which list of authorities may be added Rue v. Mitchell, 2 Dall. 58, holding that “the sense in which words are received by the world is the sense which courts of justice ought to ascribe to them” on the trial of actions such as this. Plaintiff in error apparently concedes upon his brief that the court correctly construed the language of the second and fourth articles, but contends that the first and third were ambiguous, and should have been left to the jury. The contention is frivolous. Ho intelligent man reading these articles could fail to understand that the author of the first one charged an agent through whose hands moneys of a corporation passed, not only with being short in his accounts $28,000, but also with openly boasting of the manner in which he was helping himself to the company’s funds. Hor could the intelligent reader fail to understand that the third article charged that Halberstadt had béen- given unlimited opportunities to swindle and deceive the [595]*595policy holders, and had availed himself of such opportunities.
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LACOMBE, Circuit Judge.
Tlie complainant sets out four causes of action, based on separate articles, which appeared in the defendant’s newspaper on September 5, September 30, October 10, and ^November 1, 1891, respectively.
The first of these is as follows:
“This is the situation in the Beers’ Mutual Admiration Society at Broadway and Leonard slreet. Everything is done to avoid publicity and to screen the (ruth. Not one of the twenty men composing the board of trustees, save those two or three who hold executive offices, knew of the Merz-bacher defalcation until the Times exposed it. Not one of these men — 'these alleged guardians of trust funds — knows that Halberstadt, Beers’ Mexican agent, is short in his accounts $28,000; and yet this same Halberstadt, while standing in the barroom of the Hot'fman House, early last March, surrounded by such men as Merzbacher and Dinkelspiel, boasted of the manner in which he was helping himself to the company’s funds.”
Tbe second is as follows:
“The policy of the New York Life with reference to its defaulting agents in Spanish America furnishes another explanation of the distrust with which the companv has long been regarded by the policy holders in Bio. The career of John Davis, for instance, is familiar to everybody in the tropics who takes an interest in insurance matters. Davis, it will be remembered, handled a business of $9,000,000 a year in Mexico. He led a fast life, and when he disappeared one day his accounts were found to be short §30,000. No attempt was made to> arrest him. The career of the two agents who immediately preceded Davis is equally notorious in the tropics. These agents, or one of them at least, owed his appointment to the defaulter Merzbacher. Their shortage was found to be $60,000. Neither of them was arrested. The case of the intemperate German agent, who was found to be short in his accounts $12,000, in Chile, and who was subsequently transferred to Mexico, is another familiar story- This agent was not only not punished, but he was transferred to another agency. Then came the defaulter Merzbacher, with a shortage of $700,000 standing opposite his name. The news- of his defalcation was received in Brazil with astonishment.”
Tbe third is as follows:
“The notoriously bad character of the agents whom Mr. Beers employs to do the work of the Now York Life Insurance Company is a theme that constantly presents new features and new attractions. Dinkelspiel, Merz-bacher, Webber, Stoddart, Moore, Halberstadt, Davis, and Vanuxem are names that stand at the head of the list of Mr. Beers’ warm personal friends and admirers, and to each of these men he had given valuable appointments, with unlimited opportunities to swindle and deceive the policy holders. The readers of the Times are entirely familiar wit i the methods and the extent to which the agents named have availed themselves of those opportunities.”
The fourth is as follows:
“Since the present feeling of distrust of the company’s management arose efforts have been made to enlighten a deceived lot of policy holders concerning the abuses of various, sorts committed by Messrs. Beers, Merzbacher, Dinkelspiel, Sai*cliez, and others, but, notwithstanding all that has been said, it is evident to those who, like myself, are acquainted with the management of the Spanish-American department, that there are details of an important natureTacking. It is a fact that the most immoral methods of doing business prevail in that department, and that the arch conspirator who, next to Beers, is responsible for these immoralities, is Sanchez himself. * * * jje an(j ⅛⅛ subagents have made use of all sorts of exaggerations and deceits in Spanish America, where the insurance public is completely ignorant of life insurance, and where the most improbable stories as to conditions of policies, and the results that will accrue from them, may be told with perfect safety. * * * S. E. Halberstadt is another one of the com[594]*594pany’s agents to whom attention must be drawn if the company’s affairs in Spanish America are to be thoroughly exposed. This man is said to have been a defaulter while in the employ of the New York Life in Peru and Chile. He has been for some years the company’s representative in Mexico, where his accounts have steadily run in arrears, as he himself boasted one night at the Hoffman House, in this city. The entire staff of the Spanish-American department have been witnesses to the scandalous quarrels that took place between Merzbacher and Halberstadt in the former’s private office in this city. One of the most remarkable things about this man’s career is the freedom with which he talks about the officers of the company, notably President Beers, and his son-in-law, Berthelot. Halberstadt was a candidate for Merzbacher’s position, but he has not obtained it yet. Another agent who has stolen the company’s money in Spanish America was until very recently manager at Buenos Ayres.”
There was evidence showing that the plaintiff was the person referred to by name, and, in the second article, as “the intemperate German agent.”
1. Plaintiff in error assigns error in the instructions to the jury, in that the circuit judge charged as follows:
“The articles in the New York Times are charged in the complaint to be each and every one libelous. The expía,nation (or, as it is called in legal phrase, the innuendo) which is given in the complaint of the meaning of the article represents that the articles were libelous. In my opinion, gentlemen, each article was in fact libelous.”
■ — To which charge defendant duly excepted.
The very authorities cited by the plaintiff in error abundantly sustain this part of the charge. They hold that the language used must be given its ordinary meaning; that the test is whether, in the mind of an intelligent man, the language naturally imports a criminal or disgraceful charge; that the language is to be understood by the court in the sense in which the world generally would understand it, giving to the words their ordinary meaning; that the language is to be understood in the ordinary and most natural ■sense; and that, when the writing complained of is plain and unambiguous, the question in a civil action, whether it is a libel or not, is a question of law. Hayes v. Ball, 72 N. Y. 420; More v. Bennett, 48 N. Y. 472; Williams v. Godkin, 5 Daly, 499; Weed v. Foster, 11 Barb. 203; Snyder v. Andrews, 6 Barb. 43,—to which list of authorities may be added Rue v. Mitchell, 2 Dall. 58, holding that “the sense in which words are received by the world is the sense which courts of justice ought to ascribe to them” on the trial of actions such as this. Plaintiff in error apparently concedes upon his brief that the court correctly construed the language of the second and fourth articles, but contends that the first and third were ambiguous, and should have been left to the jury. The contention is frivolous. Ho intelligent man reading these articles could fail to understand that the author of the first one charged an agent through whose hands moneys of a corporation passed, not only with being short in his accounts $28,000, but also with openly boasting of the manner in which he was helping himself to the company’s funds. Hor could the intelligent reader fail to understand that the third article charged that Halberstadt had béen- given unlimited opportunities to swindle and deceive the [595]*595policy holders, and had availed himself of such opportunities. If these excerpts do not charge the crime of embezzlement, they do certainly charge disgraceful conduct, exposing the party assailed to odium and contempt. And there is no ambiguity about the language used.
Defendant’s counsel ashed the court to charge that the words in the first article, “Halberstadt, Beers’ Mexican agent, is short in his accounts,” do not necessarily impute dishonesty. The court charged that “these simple words do not necessarily and of themselves, without anything else in the case, impute dishonesty;” but added that “the entire article, as set forth in that clause of the complaint, is libelous.” This was all defendant was entitled to, for the article must be considered as a whole; and if, as a whole, it is libelous, the circumstance that it contains some innocuous statements will not relieve defendant from responsibility for its publication. The exceptions to this part of the charge are therefore unsound.
2. The plaintiff in error further contends that the circuit judge erred in refusing* to charge, as requested by defendant’s counsel, that the “words of the article of September 30th [second article], “who was found to be short in his accounts $12,000 in Chile,’ are justified by the evidence.” This request was made after the court had charged the jury. They had already been instructed that, in accordance with the accounts between the company and the plaintiff, the plaintiff appeared to owe the company various sums of money, which the court enumerated, aggregating over $22,000. Their attention was also called to the explanation of this indebtedness proffered by the plaintiff, viz. that these several amounts were for traveling expenses, and excessive expenses in the business of the company in entering upon new fields of labor, and were to be repaid to the company out of plaintiff’s commissions as they might mature; and it was left to them to find whether, in view of the explanation, the plaintiff was, as between himself and the company, short in, his accounts, implying embezzlement by failure to account and remit. Having already told the jury that the face of the accounts showed the plaintiff to be indebted to the company as stated, .the court was under no obligation to repeat that statement in the precise words of defendant’s request.
3. Plaintiff in error further contends that the circuit court erred in allowing plaintiff to amend his complaint. Upon the trial, motion was made to amend the fifth paragraph of the complaint so as to read: “That on the 5th day of September, 1891, the defendant, the said joint-stock association known as and for the New York Tiw.es, of which the said Henry A. Morgan is president, maliciously published in the said Hew York Times,” etc. (the words inserted by this amendment are those in italics) — and to similarly amend the several averments of the complaint under each cause of action. Defendant objected to the amendments “as, in effect, introducing a new party to the action,” and reserved an exception. The summons and complaint were entitled “Sigismundo E. Halberstadt vs. Henry A. Morgan,' President of the Hew York Times,” and the complaint [596]*596averred that “tRe New York Times was, and still is, an unincorporated joint-stock association, consisting of seven or more associates, Raving its principal place of business in tRe city of New York,” and tbat “tRe defendant, Henry A. Morgan, was, and now is, tRe president of said association; tRe said association being engaged * ⅜ * in tRe business of publishing, circulating, and vending a daily newspaper known as and called ‘TRe New York Times,’ tRe said association being'* * ⅜ a citizen and resident of tRe state of New York.” It is provided by section 1919 of tRe New York Code of Civil Procedure that—
“An action * * * may be maintained against tbe president or treasurer of sucb an association * ⅜ ⅞ for any cause of action, for or upon wbieb tbe plaintiff may maintain sucb an action ⅜ * ⅞ against all tbe associates.”
And section 1921 of tRe same Code provides that—
“In sucb an action * * * a judgment against tbe officer against wbom it is brought does not authorize an execution to be issued against bis property or bis person; nor does the docketing thereof bind bis real property or chattels real. Where sucb a judgment is for a sum of money, an execution issued thereupon must require the sheriff to satisfy tbe same out of any personal property belonging to tbe association.”
TRe amendment, therefore, is not obnoxious to the objection taken by defendant. It did not introduce any new party, since, under the operation of these sections, Morgan was only the nominal defendant, the real defendant being the association. Bank v. Van Derwerker, 74 N. Y. 234.
4. Upon the trial the plaintiff called as a witness Gilbert E. Jones, who testified that Re was, and during the period covered by the complaint Rad been, a shareholder in the New York Times Association, and also its treasurer. Against the objection of defendant’s counsel, Re further testified that such association at the times referred to was engaged in publishing a newspaper known as the “New York Times;” that its place of business' was in New York city, at Park Row and Spruce street, in the building known as “TRe Times Building;” that its newspaper Rad been published for several years; that its circulation was large; and that during the time Re knew it its publication Rad not been discontinued. TRe.grounds of the objection, as stated on the record, are that “the witness is privileged from answering, the object of the questions put to Rim being to try to prove the publication of a libel; and the witness, being a shareholder in the New York Times Association, is privileged from answering.” Defendant’s counsel also asked the court to instruct the witness that, if Ris answer to the questions would tend to criminate him, Re Rad the right to refuse to answer. TRe court Reid that Ris answers would not tend to criminate Rim, and directed him to answer. TRe record does not show that the witness himself asserted any privilege, and Re did answer. Exceptions, were duly reserved, and the rulings of the circuit court are assigned as error. It is a sufficient answer to the contention of plaintiff in error to refer to the well-settled principle that such privilege belongs exclusively to the witness. TRe party to the suit has no right to insist upon it, except when Re is himself the witness. And if [597]*597Hie witness waives Ms privilege, or the court disregards it, and requires him to answer, the party has no right to interfere or complain of the error. Cloyes v. Thayer, 3 Hill, 564; Southard v. Rexford, 6 Cow. 255; Ward v. People, 6 Hill, 144; People v. Carroll, 3 Parker, Cr. R. 73.
5. The testimony of Jones remaining in the case, the exception to the admission of copies of the New York Times newspaper is manifestly unsound. Judgment affirmed.