[Cite as Moreno v. ODACS, Inc., 2014-Ohio-5007.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
PETER MORENO, : APPEAL NO. C-130810 TRIAL NO. A-1303574 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
ODACS, INC., :
Defendant, :
and :
QUEST DIAGNOSTICS INC., :
Third-Party Fact Witness- : Appellant.
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 12, 2014
Droder & Miller Co., LPA, Bradley A. Powell and Zachary D. Bahorik, for Plaintiff- Appellee,
Perez & Morris, LLC, Robert Nichols, Caldwell Everson PLLC and D. Faye Caldwell, for Third-Party Fact Witness-Appellant.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
HILDEBRANDT, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Third-party fact witness Quest Diagnostics, Inc., (“QDI”) appeals the
trial court’s judgment denying its motion to quash plaintiff-appellee Peter Moreno’s
subpoena seeking the production of his urine sample for DNA testing. Because
federal law preempts the trial court’s order in this case, we reverse the trial court’s
judgment.
{¶2} Moreno was employed as a school bus driver by First Student in May
2009. Under the United States Department of Transportation (“DOT”) regulations,
Moreno was subject to random drug testing. In September 2012, Moreno submitted
to a random drug test at defendant ODACS, Inc.’s, facility in Cincinnati. Under DOT
regulations, ODACS collected Moreno’s urine specimen and split it into two
separately sealed tubes. Moreno wrote his initials on each of the sealed tubes. Both
tubes were sent to LabOne, Inc., a laboratory certified by the United States
Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”). LabOne is a wholly owned
subsidiary of QDI. LabOne reported that Moreno’s urine specimen tested positive
for cocaine. Because of this result, Moreno was placed on administrative unpaid
leave. At Moreno’s request, LabOne sent the second tube containing Moreno’s
specimen to another HHS-certified laboratory that also reported a positive result for
cocaine. At this time, Moreno’s employer fired him.
{¶3} Moreno sued ODACS, alleging that the collection facility was negligent
in collecting, handling, labeling, and/or transferring the specimen. He does not
contest the validity of the positive results from the drug test, but contends that the
specimen collected by ODACS did not contain his urine. Thus, Moreno requested
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
QDI to produce Moreno’s urine specimen for DNA testing. QDI refused, informing
Moreno that federal law prohibited QDI from releasing the specimen for DNA testing
absent consent from DOT’s Office of Drug and Alcohol Program Compliance
(“ODAPC”). ODAPC did not consent to QDI’s release of Moreno’s urine specimen.
{¶4} Because of QDI’s refusal, Moreno filed a subpoena requesting QDI to
produce his urine sample for identity testing. QDI moved to quash the subpoena.
Following oral arguments on the motion, the trial court denied QDI’s motion to
quash, and instead ordered QDI to produce the urine specimen for DNA testing.
QDI now appeals.
{¶5} In its single assignment of error, QDI contends that the trial court
erred in denying QDI’s motion to quash the subpoena. Specifically, QDI argues that
federal law expressly prohibits QDI from producing a urine specimen for identity
testing, and that this federal law preempts the state trial court’s order to produce
Moreno’s urine specimen. For the following reasons, we agree.
{¶6} The Federal Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991
(“FOETA”) directed the Secretary of Transportation to promulgate regulations
requiring random drug and alcohol testing for transportation workers in safety-
sensitive positions. See 49 U.S.C. 31306(b)(1)(A); 49 C.F.R. 382.305(a). Therefore,
the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, a DOT agency, issued those
regulations (“the DOT regulations”), which subjected commercial drivers, including
school bus drivers, to random drug tests. See 49 C.F.R. 382.101 et seq. The DOT
regulations determine who is required to participate in the testing program and how
the testing is conducted. 49 C.F.R. 382.105; 49 C.F.R. 40.1. There is no dispute that
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Moreno was subject to random drug testing conducted according to these federal
regulations.
{¶7} Under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution,
Congress has the power to preempt state law. Minton v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 80
Ohio St.3d 62, 68, 684 N.E.2d 648 (1997). Federal preemption of state law can occur
in three circumstances: (1) when Congress expressly preempts state law; (2) where
there is an actual conflict between federal and state law, or (3) “when the scope of a
[federal] statute indicates that Congress intended federal law to occupy a field
exclusively.” Kurns v. R.R. Friction Prods. Corp., __ U.S. __, 132 S.Ct. 1261, 1265-
1266, 182 L.Ed.2d 116 (2012). Additionally, “pre-emption may result not only from
action taken by Congress itself; a federal agency acting within the scope of its
congressionally delegated authority may pre-empt state regulations.” In re
Miamisburg Train Derailment Litigation, 68 Ohio St.3d 255, 259, 626 N.E.2d 85
(1994); see Fidelity Fed. S. & L. Assn. v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 153, 102 S.Ct.
3014, 73 L.Ed.2d 664 (1982).
{¶8} In this case, both the statute authorizing the DOT regulations and the
DOT regulations themselves contain express preemption language. FOETA states:
“A State or local government may not prescribe or continue in effect a law,
regulation, standard, or order that is inconsistent with regulations prescribed under
this section.” 49 U.S.C. 31306(g). Similarly, the DOT regulations state that when
compliance with both state laws and the federal regulations is not possible, or when
the state laws are an “obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of any
requirement” in the DOT regulations, the state law must be preempted. 49 C.F.R.
382.109. See Clanin v. N. Am. Bulk Transp., S.D.Ohio No. CR 3-01-488, 2003 U.S.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Dist. LEXIS 4156 (Jan. 22, 2003) (Congress intended the DOT regulations to
preempt state law).
{¶9} Here, the DOT regulations specifically address the legality of Moreno’s
request for DNA testing on his urine specimen. The DOT regulations state “you must
not perform any tests on DOT urine or breath specimens other than those specifically
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[Cite as Moreno v. ODACS, Inc., 2014-Ohio-5007.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
PETER MORENO, : APPEAL NO. C-130810 TRIAL NO. A-1303574 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
ODACS, INC., :
Defendant, :
and :
QUEST DIAGNOSTICS INC., :
Third-Party Fact Witness- : Appellant.
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 12, 2014
Droder & Miller Co., LPA, Bradley A. Powell and Zachary D. Bahorik, for Plaintiff- Appellee,
Perez & Morris, LLC, Robert Nichols, Caldwell Everson PLLC and D. Faye Caldwell, for Third-Party Fact Witness-Appellant.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
HILDEBRANDT, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Third-party fact witness Quest Diagnostics, Inc., (“QDI”) appeals the
trial court’s judgment denying its motion to quash plaintiff-appellee Peter Moreno’s
subpoena seeking the production of his urine sample for DNA testing. Because
federal law preempts the trial court’s order in this case, we reverse the trial court’s
judgment.
{¶2} Moreno was employed as a school bus driver by First Student in May
2009. Under the United States Department of Transportation (“DOT”) regulations,
Moreno was subject to random drug testing. In September 2012, Moreno submitted
to a random drug test at defendant ODACS, Inc.’s, facility in Cincinnati. Under DOT
regulations, ODACS collected Moreno’s urine specimen and split it into two
separately sealed tubes. Moreno wrote his initials on each of the sealed tubes. Both
tubes were sent to LabOne, Inc., a laboratory certified by the United States
Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”). LabOne is a wholly owned
subsidiary of QDI. LabOne reported that Moreno’s urine specimen tested positive
for cocaine. Because of this result, Moreno was placed on administrative unpaid
leave. At Moreno’s request, LabOne sent the second tube containing Moreno’s
specimen to another HHS-certified laboratory that also reported a positive result for
cocaine. At this time, Moreno’s employer fired him.
{¶3} Moreno sued ODACS, alleging that the collection facility was negligent
in collecting, handling, labeling, and/or transferring the specimen. He does not
contest the validity of the positive results from the drug test, but contends that the
specimen collected by ODACS did not contain his urine. Thus, Moreno requested
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
QDI to produce Moreno’s urine specimen for DNA testing. QDI refused, informing
Moreno that federal law prohibited QDI from releasing the specimen for DNA testing
absent consent from DOT’s Office of Drug and Alcohol Program Compliance
(“ODAPC”). ODAPC did not consent to QDI’s release of Moreno’s urine specimen.
{¶4} Because of QDI’s refusal, Moreno filed a subpoena requesting QDI to
produce his urine sample for identity testing. QDI moved to quash the subpoena.
Following oral arguments on the motion, the trial court denied QDI’s motion to
quash, and instead ordered QDI to produce the urine specimen for DNA testing.
QDI now appeals.
{¶5} In its single assignment of error, QDI contends that the trial court
erred in denying QDI’s motion to quash the subpoena. Specifically, QDI argues that
federal law expressly prohibits QDI from producing a urine specimen for identity
testing, and that this federal law preempts the state trial court’s order to produce
Moreno’s urine specimen. For the following reasons, we agree.
{¶6} The Federal Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991
(“FOETA”) directed the Secretary of Transportation to promulgate regulations
requiring random drug and alcohol testing for transportation workers in safety-
sensitive positions. See 49 U.S.C. 31306(b)(1)(A); 49 C.F.R. 382.305(a). Therefore,
the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, a DOT agency, issued those
regulations (“the DOT regulations”), which subjected commercial drivers, including
school bus drivers, to random drug tests. See 49 C.F.R. 382.101 et seq. The DOT
regulations determine who is required to participate in the testing program and how
the testing is conducted. 49 C.F.R. 382.105; 49 C.F.R. 40.1. There is no dispute that
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Moreno was subject to random drug testing conducted according to these federal
regulations.
{¶7} Under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution,
Congress has the power to preempt state law. Minton v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 80
Ohio St.3d 62, 68, 684 N.E.2d 648 (1997). Federal preemption of state law can occur
in three circumstances: (1) when Congress expressly preempts state law; (2) where
there is an actual conflict between federal and state law, or (3) “when the scope of a
[federal] statute indicates that Congress intended federal law to occupy a field
exclusively.” Kurns v. R.R. Friction Prods. Corp., __ U.S. __, 132 S.Ct. 1261, 1265-
1266, 182 L.Ed.2d 116 (2012). Additionally, “pre-emption may result not only from
action taken by Congress itself; a federal agency acting within the scope of its
congressionally delegated authority may pre-empt state regulations.” In re
Miamisburg Train Derailment Litigation, 68 Ohio St.3d 255, 259, 626 N.E.2d 85
(1994); see Fidelity Fed. S. & L. Assn. v. de la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 153, 102 S.Ct.
3014, 73 L.Ed.2d 664 (1982).
{¶8} In this case, both the statute authorizing the DOT regulations and the
DOT regulations themselves contain express preemption language. FOETA states:
“A State or local government may not prescribe or continue in effect a law,
regulation, standard, or order that is inconsistent with regulations prescribed under
this section.” 49 U.S.C. 31306(g). Similarly, the DOT regulations state that when
compliance with both state laws and the federal regulations is not possible, or when
the state laws are an “obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of any
requirement” in the DOT regulations, the state law must be preempted. 49 C.F.R.
382.109. See Clanin v. N. Am. Bulk Transp., S.D.Ohio No. CR 3-01-488, 2003 U.S.
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Dist. LEXIS 4156 (Jan. 22, 2003) (Congress intended the DOT regulations to
preempt state law).
{¶9} Here, the DOT regulations specifically address the legality of Moreno’s
request for DNA testing on his urine specimen. The DOT regulations state “you must
not perform any tests on DOT urine or breath specimens other than those specifically
authorized by this part or DOT agency regulations [and] * * * a laboratory is
prohibited from making a DOT urine specimen available for a DNA test or other
types of specimen identity testing.” 49 C.F.R. 40.13(c). The regulations also state
that if a laboratory is ordered by a court to release a urine specimen contrary to the
regulations, the laboratory is required to “take necessary legal steps to contest the
issuance of the order (e.g., seek to quash a subpoena, citing the requirements of §
40.13).” 49 C.F.R. 40.331. The Secretary of Transportation, in discussing the
prohibition against producing a urine sample for DNA testing contained in the DOT
regulations, specifically instructed a laboratory to state in its motion to quash a
subpoena that an order to produce a urine specimen for DNA testing is “contrary to
Federal law and subject to Federal pre-emption (under the existing preemption
provisions of [the DOT regulations]”). 65 Fed.Reg. 79462, 79511.
{¶10} Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court’s order, requiring
QDI to produce Moreno’s urine sample for DNA testing, is preempted by the DOT
regulations. Congress has expressly preempted any state law or order that is
inconsistent with the DOT regulations, and the DOT regulations specifically prohibit
a laboratory from making a urine sample available for DNA testing absent consent
from ODAPC. Therefore, the trial court erred by denying QDI’s motion to quash
Moreno’s subpoena. See Quest Diagnostics, Inc., v. Swaters, 94 So.3d 635,
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(Fla.App.2012) (holding that the trial court erred by ordering a laboratory, which
performed DOT drug testing, to produce a urine specimen for identity testing absent
the consent of ODAPC, in a negligence action against the laboratory).
{¶11} Moreno argues that the trial court’s order was not expressly preempted
by the DOT regulations because QDI was able to properly comply with the DOT
regulations as well as the trial court’s order. In support of his argument, Moreno
cites to 49 C.F.R. 40.331(f) for the proposition that once a laboratory has moved to
quash a subpoena seeking the production of a urine sample for DNA testing, its
obligation under the DOT regulations is complete. Moreno also contends that after
QDI had moved to quash the subpoena and the trial court had denied the motion, the
DOT regulations then required QDI to produce the urine sample. We do not
interpret 49 C.F.R. 40.331(f) in that way. 49 C.F.R. 40.331(f) states, in response to a
court order to produce a urine sample for DNA testing, that “[a laboratory] must take
necessary legal steps to contest the issuance of the order. * * * This part does not
require you to disobey a court order, however.” The Secretary of the DOT has
specifically talked about this last sentence, explaining that it was added simply
because the DOT did not intend to make a laboratory subject to a contempt citation
after a binding court order had been issued to produce a urine specimen. 65
Fed.Reg. 79462, 79511. But here QDI is still in the process of taking the “necessary
legal steps” to contest the trial court’s order to produce the urine specimen for
identity testing. QDI filed a timely appeal, which it had the right to do. Therefore,
QDI is not at a point in these legal proceedings where it can comply with the trial
court’s order without violating the DOT regulations.
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶12} Because the state court’s order in this case is preempted by federal
regulations, we sustain QDI’s single assignment of error.
{¶13} The judgment of the trial court is therefore reversed, and the cause is
remanded with instructions to the trial court to quash Moreno’s subpoena, and for
further proceedings consistent with the law and this opinion.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
HENDON and DEWINE, JJ., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.