The opinion of the court was delivered by
Garvbr, J. :
Plaintiff, alleging that he is the owner and holder of a note and mortgage executed by Ephraim Sanford and Mary E. Sanford, his wife, in favor of the Guaranty Investment Company and transferred to the -plaintiff, brought this action, seeking a personal judgment against Sanford on the note and a foreclosure of the mortgage securing the same. The [245]*245petition was filed April 18, 1892. S. N. Coder was made a party defendant, and answered, setting up title in himself by deed of conveyance executed by Ephraim Sanford, Mary E. Sanford being dead, subsequently to the execution of the mortgage, and alleged that the mortgage was invalid for the reason that at the time it was executed the land embraced therein was the homestead of the mortgagor, Sanford, and that the execution of the mortgage by Mary E. Sanford was void because she was, at the time, insane. The case was tried by the court and a jury upon the agreed theory that the plaintiff was vested with whatever rights any one could have under the note and mortgage, and that the only issues to be considered and tried were the homestead character of the land and the insanity of Mrs. Sanford at the time the mortgage was executed. Sanford admitted the execution of the note and mortgage, but denied the other allegations of the plaintiff’s petition, and alleged that the land mortgaged was the homestead of himself and family, and that his wife was insane at the time the mortgage purports to have been executed by her. The jury returned a general verdict and special findings of fact in favor of the defendants, upon which judgment was rendered against the plaintiff for costs.
Various errors are assigned by the plaintiff and urged upon this court, but Ave shall content ourselves with a consideration of only such of them as in our opinion require a reversal of the judgment complained of, passing by such questions as may not arise upon another trial.
Was the plaintiff entitled to judgment against Sanford on the note? The pleadings admitted the execution of the note and mortgage by Sanford, and no [246]*246defense of any kind was set up to his liability for the payment thereof. True, the petition alleged the transfer of the note to plaintiff, and that he was then the holder and owner thereof; and, in the face of the general denial of the defendants, it devolved upon the plaintiff, in the first place, to prove the truth of this allegation of transfer and ownership. At the commencement of the trial, however, it was admitted that the note and mortgage had been transferred to the plaintiff, and the entire trial was conducted upon the assumption that whatever liability existed upon the note was to the plaintiff, and that he was also entitled to the benefit of any lien created by the mortgage. Without objection the defendants assumed the burden of proof, and the case was submitted to the jury by counsel and by the court upon the theory that the only question to be tried was as to the validity of the mortgage. Under these circumstances we cannot conceive how the jury could find generally against the plaintiff’s right to recover the amount due on the note, or why such a verdict should be sustained. In this there was not only manifest error but great injustice. The record shows that the note in question was executed by Sanford in consideration of a loan to him of $800 ; that he received the money, and that the whole amount thereof is due and unpaid. The only defense offered to defeat the recovery of this sum is that which aims to wipe out the security of the mortgage upon which the loan was negotiated. The. invalidity of the mortgage security, however, cannot affect the maker’s liability on the note.
The jury found that the land mortgaged was the homestead of Sanford and family at the time the mortgage was executed. The evidence upon this question is quite conflicting, and, in our opinion, [247]*247clearly preponderates against tlie conclusions of the jury. The land was located near the town of Hill City, and had for some years prior to the making of this mortgage been occupied as a residence by Sanford and his family ; but, three or four months before November 1, 1888, the date of the mortgage, Sanford had removed from the land and taken up his residence in Hill City, where he continued to reside until some time in 1890, when his wife died. The defendant, Coder, purchased the land from Sanford about the time or shortly after the mortgage was made, and took actual possession early in 1889, but a deed from Sanford to Coder was not executed until about February, 1893, after the commencement of this action. About January, 1889, Sanford and wife executed a deed of conveyance of the land in which Coder’s mother was named as grantee. For some reason, not clearly disclosed, this deed was afterward either returned or destroyed.
Sanford claims, and testified on the trial, that his removal from the farm to Hill City was occasioned by the ill health of his wife ; that it was a mere temporary absence, and that he intended to return to the farm as soon as her health would permit. The evidence tends strongly to show that prior to November 1, 1888, there was an understanding between Sanford and Coder that Coder would buy the farm for the price of $1,200, and that the obtaining of this loan of $800 by a mortgage of the land was a part of the arrangement, so as to require Coder to pay only the additional sum of $400. The homestead idea seems to be largely an afterthought, and is brought forward at this time for the purpose of avoiding the collection of this debt, an object entitled to no equitable consideration. However, under well-established rules,. [248]*248whether the homestead claim should be- sustained in any particular case is a mixed question of law and fact, and, upon conflicting evidence, the facts must be determined by the trial court or jury. To have the homestead character, the land must be “occupied as a residence by the family of the owner." When occupancy is actual no difficulty usually arises ; but when it is merely constructive, as in this case, it is a question largely of intention on the part of the owner. Apart from the claimant’s own testimony, this intention must be judged by the facts and circumstances surrounding the removal from the homestead, and the apparent object and conditions of the subsequent residence elsewhere.
Having determined the homestead question in favor of the defendants, the jury further found that Mary E. Sanford, the wife, was insane at the time she signed the mortgage, and that the plaintiff had knowledge of that fact when he became owner thereof. The finding of the jury as to the plaintiff’s knowledge of the insanity was set aside by the Court, and an answer-substituted for it to the effect that there was no evidence to show whether he had such knowledge or not. Error is assigned upon this action of the court in setting aside a finding of the- jury and substituting one of its own. As this case was submitted and tried, we think the court was not concluded by either of the findings of the jury. There was no issue submitted to the jury upon the right of the plaintiff to recover a money judgment. They were simply asked to pass upon the validity of the mortgage. Neither party could demand, as a matter of right, a jury trial for the determination of that question; and when an issue of that character is submitted to a jury, the answers returned to special questions may be accepted [249]*249by the court as merely advisory, to be approved or set-aside as the court may deem proper. (Woodman v. Davis, 32 Kan.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Garvbr, J. :
Plaintiff, alleging that he is the owner and holder of a note and mortgage executed by Ephraim Sanford and Mary E. Sanford, his wife, in favor of the Guaranty Investment Company and transferred to the -plaintiff, brought this action, seeking a personal judgment against Sanford on the note and a foreclosure of the mortgage securing the same. The [245]*245petition was filed April 18, 1892. S. N. Coder was made a party defendant, and answered, setting up title in himself by deed of conveyance executed by Ephraim Sanford, Mary E. Sanford being dead, subsequently to the execution of the mortgage, and alleged that the mortgage was invalid for the reason that at the time it was executed the land embraced therein was the homestead of the mortgagor, Sanford, and that the execution of the mortgage by Mary E. Sanford was void because she was, at the time, insane. The case was tried by the court and a jury upon the agreed theory that the plaintiff was vested with whatever rights any one could have under the note and mortgage, and that the only issues to be considered and tried were the homestead character of the land and the insanity of Mrs. Sanford at the time the mortgage was executed. Sanford admitted the execution of the note and mortgage, but denied the other allegations of the plaintiff’s petition, and alleged that the land mortgaged was the homestead of himself and family, and that his wife was insane at the time the mortgage purports to have been executed by her. The jury returned a general verdict and special findings of fact in favor of the defendants, upon which judgment was rendered against the plaintiff for costs.
Various errors are assigned by the plaintiff and urged upon this court, but Ave shall content ourselves with a consideration of only such of them as in our opinion require a reversal of the judgment complained of, passing by such questions as may not arise upon another trial.
Was the plaintiff entitled to judgment against Sanford on the note? The pleadings admitted the execution of the note and mortgage by Sanford, and no [246]*246defense of any kind was set up to his liability for the payment thereof. True, the petition alleged the transfer of the note to plaintiff, and that he was then the holder and owner thereof; and, in the face of the general denial of the defendants, it devolved upon the plaintiff, in the first place, to prove the truth of this allegation of transfer and ownership. At the commencement of the trial, however, it was admitted that the note and mortgage had been transferred to the plaintiff, and the entire trial was conducted upon the assumption that whatever liability existed upon the note was to the plaintiff, and that he was also entitled to the benefit of any lien created by the mortgage. Without objection the defendants assumed the burden of proof, and the case was submitted to the jury by counsel and by the court upon the theory that the only question to be tried was as to the validity of the mortgage. Under these circumstances we cannot conceive how the jury could find generally against the plaintiff’s right to recover the amount due on the note, or why such a verdict should be sustained. In this there was not only manifest error but great injustice. The record shows that the note in question was executed by Sanford in consideration of a loan to him of $800 ; that he received the money, and that the whole amount thereof is due and unpaid. The only defense offered to defeat the recovery of this sum is that which aims to wipe out the security of the mortgage upon which the loan was negotiated. The. invalidity of the mortgage security, however, cannot affect the maker’s liability on the note.
The jury found that the land mortgaged was the homestead of Sanford and family at the time the mortgage was executed. The evidence upon this question is quite conflicting, and, in our opinion, [247]*247clearly preponderates against tlie conclusions of the jury. The land was located near the town of Hill City, and had for some years prior to the making of this mortgage been occupied as a residence by Sanford and his family ; but, three or four months before November 1, 1888, the date of the mortgage, Sanford had removed from the land and taken up his residence in Hill City, where he continued to reside until some time in 1890, when his wife died. The defendant, Coder, purchased the land from Sanford about the time or shortly after the mortgage was made, and took actual possession early in 1889, but a deed from Sanford to Coder was not executed until about February, 1893, after the commencement of this action. About January, 1889, Sanford and wife executed a deed of conveyance of the land in which Coder’s mother was named as grantee. For some reason, not clearly disclosed, this deed was afterward either returned or destroyed.
Sanford claims, and testified on the trial, that his removal from the farm to Hill City was occasioned by the ill health of his wife ; that it was a mere temporary absence, and that he intended to return to the farm as soon as her health would permit. The evidence tends strongly to show that prior to November 1, 1888, there was an understanding between Sanford and Coder that Coder would buy the farm for the price of $1,200, and that the obtaining of this loan of $800 by a mortgage of the land was a part of the arrangement, so as to require Coder to pay only the additional sum of $400. The homestead idea seems to be largely an afterthought, and is brought forward at this time for the purpose of avoiding the collection of this debt, an object entitled to no equitable consideration. However, under well-established rules,. [248]*248whether the homestead claim should be- sustained in any particular case is a mixed question of law and fact, and, upon conflicting evidence, the facts must be determined by the trial court or jury. To have the homestead character, the land must be “occupied as a residence by the family of the owner." When occupancy is actual no difficulty usually arises ; but when it is merely constructive, as in this case, it is a question largely of intention on the part of the owner. Apart from the claimant’s own testimony, this intention must be judged by the facts and circumstances surrounding the removal from the homestead, and the apparent object and conditions of the subsequent residence elsewhere.
Having determined the homestead question in favor of the defendants, the jury further found that Mary E. Sanford, the wife, was insane at the time she signed the mortgage, and that the plaintiff had knowledge of that fact when he became owner thereof. The finding of the jury as to the plaintiff’s knowledge of the insanity was set aside by the Court, and an answer-substituted for it to the effect that there was no evidence to show whether he had such knowledge or not. Error is assigned upon this action of the court in setting aside a finding of the- jury and substituting one of its own. As this case was submitted and tried, we think the court was not concluded by either of the findings of the jury. There was no issue submitted to the jury upon the right of the plaintiff to recover a money judgment. They were simply asked to pass upon the validity of the mortgage. Neither party could demand, as a matter of right, a jury trial for the determination of that question; and when an issue of that character is submitted to a jury, the answers returned to special questions may be accepted [249]*249by the court as merely advisory, to be approved or set-aside as the court may deem proper. (Woodman v. Davis, 32 Kan. 344; Stickel v. Bender, 37 id. 457; Franks v. Jones, 39 id. 236.) In this case, the court, with great propriety, might have exercised the same authority with reference to other findings of the jury which are inconsistent with each other, and some of them clearly against the weight of the evidence.
It is further claimed that the court erred in admitting incompetent testimony upon the question of the alleged insanity of Mrs. Sanford. No inquisition had ever been had as to her insanity, and this fact was left for determination by the jury solely upon the testimony given by the witnesses upon the trial. Sanford testified that she was insane and wholly unable to comprehend or to understand any business transaction at the time the mortgage was signed by her. Other non-expert witnesses testified to an acquaintance with her and expressed the opinion that she was insane. Some of the witnesses testified to seeing her several times during the period of three or four years prior to her death in 1890, and gave it as their opinion that she was insane, without designating any particular time when, in their judgment, such insanity existed, and without attempting to state a single fact, circumstance or act indicative of her mental condition. Even Sanford does not pretend to mention a single act or word of his wife which would suggest an unhealthy or abnormal mental state, or which he claimed to have led him to consider her insane. She was sick and weak physically, at times being almost helplesss. About June or July, 1888, Sanford, with a view of benefiting his wife’s health, took her on a trip to Utah and was absent for some weeks. After their return and removal to Hill City, a married [250]*250daughter was with them much of the time. Sanford and Mrs. Sanford signed the note and mortgage together, in the presence of the notary public. The notary testifies that he explained the mortgage to her ; that she seemed to understand what it was, and that he saw nothing out of the way or unusual in her conduct or actions, except that she .was weak physically and needed assistance in moving about the room. The jury were undoubtedly influenced to find that Mrs. Sanford was insane, largely, if not entirely, by the testimony of the witnesses who came before them and said that they knew her, and that in their judgment she was insane, without 'the statement of any facts or circumstances as a basis for such opinions. Such testimony is not admissible. Before the opinions of non-expert witnesses should be received on such a question, they should disclose not only their opportunity for observation, but should also state the facts which they observed and which are the basis of their opinions. (Baughman v. Baughman, 32 Kan. 538; Grant v. Thompson, 4 Conn. 203; Clapp v. Fullerton, 34 N. Y. 190; Rambler v. Tryon, 7 S. & R. 90; Pidcock v. Potter, 68 Pa. St. 342; Insurance Company v. Lathrop, 111 U. S. 612.) The mere opinion of a non-expert witness upon a question of sanity or insanity is, at best, of very uncertain value. When it is unaccompanied by a statement of facts which would enable the trial court or jury to judge of its correctness, and the weight to be given to it, it should not be permitted to rise to the dignity of competent evidence in any case. It can only tend to mislead or to confuse the jury and has no proper place in the just and legal determination of personal or property rights.
The judgment will be reversed and the case remanded for a new trial.
All the Judges concurring.