Porter, J.
The surrogate seems to have assumed that non-professional witnesses, who did not attest the execution of the will, were competent to express an opinion on the general question of testamentary capacity. When a layman is examined as to facts, within his own knowledge and observation, tending to show the soundness or unsoundness of the testator’s mind, he may characterize, as rational or irrational, the acts and declarations to which he testifies. It is legitimate to give them such additional weight as may be derived from the conviction they produced at the time. The party calling him may require it, to fortify the force of the facts, and the adverse party may demand it as a mode of probing the truth and good faith of the narration. But to render his opinion admissible, even to this extent, it must be limited to his conclusions from the specific facts he discloses. His position is that of an observer and not of a professional expert.
He may testify to the impression produced by what he witnessed ; but he is not legally competent to express an opinion on the general question, whether the mind of the testator was sound or unsound.
An exception to this rule is recognized in the case of attesting witnesses. They are present at the very act of execution, and their opinions on the general question of testamentary capacity are admitted
ex necessitate.
It is the policy of the law to provide all possible safeguards, for the protection of the heir as well as the testator. Ho light is excluded in reference to the
res
gesta, which can be furnished by the immediate actors. The subscribing witnesses may be required to state, not only such facts as they remember, but their own convictions as to the testator’s capacity; for it may well happen, that on so vital a point they may retain a clear recollection of the general result, long after the particular circumstances are effaced by lapse of time or obscured by failing memory.
In the present case, the attesting witnesses were not called upon to express their judgment; but others, not qualified to speak as experts, were permitted to testify generally that, in their opinion, the testator was of sound mind. That this ruling was wrong, is shown, with great clearness and force, in the opinion delivered by Judge Bocees, at the General Term. If the error had occurred on the trial of an ordinary action at law, it would have called for "a reversal of the judgment, in accordance with the rule on this subject, as heretofore limited and defined by the successive decisions in the case of
De Witt
v.
Barley
(5 Seld., 371; 17 N. Y., 340, 347.)
The court below was right, however, in holding that the error was not fatal, if it be apparent, upon the whole ease, irrespective of the evidence improperly admitted, that the testator was clearly competent, and that the will was properly admitted to probate. On appeals from the decrees of surrogates, the Supreme Court succeeds to the jurisdiction and authority of the old Court of Chancery. The review is in .the nature of a rehearing in equity; and the admission of improper evidence, on the original hearing, furnishes no
ground for reversing the final decision, if the facts-established by legal and competent testimony, are plainly sufficient to uphold it.
(Schenck
v.
Dart,
22 N. Y., 420, 421.)
In this case the proof is clear, that the statutory forms were observed in the execution of the will, and that the'testator had.sufficient intelligence to understand the nature and effect of its provisions. The vigor - of his mental faculties was impaired, but' not to such an extent as to disable him from making a testamentary disposition of his property: • He retained a clear recollection of the provisions of his previous will; and his determination to change them was thoughtful and deliberate, whether, the • motives that induced it were rational or irrational. The ease bears no analogy to-that of a testator, who contributes nothing to his will .but a series of nods and a cross, or a signature traced by a guiding hand stronger.and steadier than his own.
- Before he directed the -preparation of the instrument, he had avowed his intention to make Mrs. Clapp his principal legatee. He assigned as a -reason for - the alteration, the change -which had recently occurred in the relative pecuniary circumstances of his elder and younger daughter. He went a considerable distance, on foot and alone, to procure the previous will, which he had deposited at the house of a friend. He -intrusted an intelligent professional gentleman with the preparation of a new will, and personally gave him the instructions from which it was drawn. It was subsequently executed in the presence of the draftsman and the subscribing witnesses, ,and in the absence of the principal beneficiary. He wrote his own signature, requésted the witnesses to attest it, and declared the instrument to be his last will. He subsequently communicated to others the- fact of its execution, and the motives which induced him to give the bulk of his property to the proponent. • In view of these undisputed facts, the opinions of non-professional witnesses on the general question of testamentary capacity, could have no possible weight; and all such testimony should be disregarded as needless to the proponent and harmless to the contestant. '
It was also insisted that, aside from the issue of imbecility, the testator was disqualified by lunacy, This claim rested on the assumption, that during the last year of his life he was laboring under an insane delusion as to the legitimacy of his elder daughter. To sustain the allegation, it is not sufficient to show that his suspicion in this respect was not well founded. It is quite apparent, from the evidence, that his distrust of the fidelity of his wife was really groundless and unjust; but it does not follow that his doubts evince a condition of lunacy. • The right of a testator to dispose of his estate, dépends- neither on the justice of his prejudices nor the soundness of his reasoning. He may do what he will with his
own;
and if there be no defect of testamentary capacity, and no undue influence or fraud, the law gives effect to his will, though its provisions are unreasonable and unjust. '
In determining the question whether his impression, in regard to his wife, was due to insane delusion, attention must be given to the circumstances in which it originated, and to his physical. and mental condition at the time it obtained lodgment in his mind. She died at the age of twenty-six, when he was thirty-years'old. He married-again after an interval of twenty years. He. had no children by the second wife,- and was- grievously disappointed at her death by a bequest of a portion of her property to her relatives. Some three years before her decease he sold his house to Clapp, and-from that time until his death, he was a boarder in the proponent’s family. He was .uneasy and discontented, seeking some opportunity to find a more agreeable home, charging his daughter with irreverence and neglect, and her husband -with cupidity and fraud. He was overtaken by disease, and became irritable and infirm.- He was strongly attached to his elder -daughter in Ohio, and in his first will, made some two years' before his death, he gave to her the greater portion of his property. After the.
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Porter, J.
The surrogate seems to have assumed that non-professional witnesses, who did not attest the execution of the will, were competent to express an opinion on the general question of testamentary capacity. When a layman is examined as to facts, within his own knowledge and observation, tending to show the soundness or unsoundness of the testator’s mind, he may characterize, as rational or irrational, the acts and declarations to which he testifies. It is legitimate to give them such additional weight as may be derived from the conviction they produced at the time. The party calling him may require it, to fortify the force of the facts, and the adverse party may demand it as a mode of probing the truth and good faith of the narration. But to render his opinion admissible, even to this extent, it must be limited to his conclusions from the specific facts he discloses. His position is that of an observer and not of a professional expert.
He may testify to the impression produced by what he witnessed ; but he is not legally competent to express an opinion on the general question, whether the mind of the testator was sound or unsound.
An exception to this rule is recognized in the case of attesting witnesses. They are present at the very act of execution, and their opinions on the general question of testamentary capacity are admitted
ex necessitate.
It is the policy of the law to provide all possible safeguards, for the protection of the heir as well as the testator. Ho light is excluded in reference to the
res
gesta, which can be furnished by the immediate actors. The subscribing witnesses may be required to state, not only such facts as they remember, but their own convictions as to the testator’s capacity; for it may well happen, that on so vital a point they may retain a clear recollection of the general result, long after the particular circumstances are effaced by lapse of time or obscured by failing memory.
In the present case, the attesting witnesses were not called upon to express their judgment; but others, not qualified to speak as experts, were permitted to testify generally that, in their opinion, the testator was of sound mind. That this ruling was wrong, is shown, with great clearness and force, in the opinion delivered by Judge Bocees, at the General Term. If the error had occurred on the trial of an ordinary action at law, it would have called for "a reversal of the judgment, in accordance with the rule on this subject, as heretofore limited and defined by the successive decisions in the case of
De Witt
v.
Barley
(5 Seld., 371; 17 N. Y., 340, 347.)
The court below was right, however, in holding that the error was not fatal, if it be apparent, upon the whole ease, irrespective of the evidence improperly admitted, that the testator was clearly competent, and that the will was properly admitted to probate. On appeals from the decrees of surrogates, the Supreme Court succeeds to the jurisdiction and authority of the old Court of Chancery. The review is in .the nature of a rehearing in equity; and the admission of improper evidence, on the original hearing, furnishes no
ground for reversing the final decision, if the facts-established by legal and competent testimony, are plainly sufficient to uphold it.
(Schenck
v.
Dart,
22 N. Y., 420, 421.)
In this case the proof is clear, that the statutory forms were observed in the execution of the will, and that the'testator had.sufficient intelligence to understand the nature and effect of its provisions. The vigor - of his mental faculties was impaired, but' not to such an extent as to disable him from making a testamentary disposition of his property: • He retained a clear recollection of the provisions of his previous will; and his determination to change them was thoughtful and deliberate, whether, the • motives that induced it were rational or irrational. The ease bears no analogy to-that of a testator, who contributes nothing to his will .but a series of nods and a cross, or a signature traced by a guiding hand stronger.and steadier than his own.
- Before he directed the -preparation of the instrument, he had avowed his intention to make Mrs. Clapp his principal legatee. He assigned as a -reason for - the alteration, the change -which had recently occurred in the relative pecuniary circumstances of his elder and younger daughter. He went a considerable distance, on foot and alone, to procure the previous will, which he had deposited at the house of a friend. He -intrusted an intelligent professional gentleman with the preparation of a new will, and personally gave him the instructions from which it was drawn. It was subsequently executed in the presence of the draftsman and the subscribing witnesses, ,and in the absence of the principal beneficiary. He wrote his own signature, requésted the witnesses to attest it, and declared the instrument to be his last will. He subsequently communicated to others the- fact of its execution, and the motives which induced him to give the bulk of his property to the proponent. • In view of these undisputed facts, the opinions of non-professional witnesses on the general question of testamentary capacity, could have no possible weight; and all such testimony should be disregarded as needless to the proponent and harmless to the contestant. '
It was also insisted that, aside from the issue of imbecility, the testator was disqualified by lunacy, This claim rested on the assumption, that during the last year of his life he was laboring under an insane delusion as to the legitimacy of his elder daughter. To sustain the allegation, it is not sufficient to show that his suspicion in this respect was not well founded. It is quite apparent, from the evidence, that his distrust of the fidelity of his wife was really groundless and unjust; but it does not follow that his doubts evince a condition of lunacy. • The right of a testator to dispose of his estate, dépends- neither on the justice of his prejudices nor the soundness of his reasoning. He may do what he will with his
own;
and if there be no defect of testamentary capacity, and no undue influence or fraud, the law gives effect to his will, though its provisions are unreasonable and unjust. '
In determining the question whether his impression, in regard to his wife, was due to insane delusion, attention must be given to the circumstances in which it originated, and to his physical. and mental condition at the time it obtained lodgment in his mind. She died at the age of twenty-six, when he was thirty-years'old. He married-again after an interval of twenty years. He. had no children by the second wife,- and was- grievously disappointed at her death by a bequest of a portion of her property to her relatives. Some three years before her decease he sold his house to Clapp, and-from that time until his death, he was a boarder in the proponent’s family. He was .uneasy and discontented, seeking some opportunity to find a more agreeable home, charging his daughter with irreverence and neglect, and her husband -with cupidity and fraud. He was overtaken by disease, and became irritable and infirm.- He was strongly attached to his elder -daughter in Ohio, and in his first will, made some two years' before his death, he gave to her the greater portion of his property. After the. execution of this will his infirmities increased. He- became nervous and querulous, and was easily moved to tears. He was conscious of the decay of his faculties, and apprehensive of the approach of
death. His memory became unretentive of recent occurrences, and, as usually happens in such cases, his mind was constantly recurring to the incidents of early life. It is one of the compensations of age, that when current events cease to imprint themselves upon the memory, those of former years are often reproduced with the freshness of first impression, and become the leading topics of reflection and conversation.
The testator, in view of his own approaching end, very naturally recurred to the circumstances attending the death of his first wife, which had been the most marked event in his own family history. He unfortunately recalled a declaration made by her on her death-bed, that the contestant, though born in. wedlock, was not his daughter. He knew that it was uttered in the delirium of a fatal disease of the brain, but he permitted it to be a source of uneasiness and disquietude, until it made an impression on his mind, in his then feeble and morbid condition, which it had not produced when the incident occurred. He connected it with the circumstances of his occasional absence from home during the first year of his married life, of her light-hearted youth and gayety, and of suspicions which had fallen upon some who had been early associates of the family; and he was thus led to apprehend that her statement, though made when she was delirious, was more significant than he had deemed it at the time. He admitted that he had attached no importance to the declaration when it was made, and expressed his surprise that it had not impressed him more deeply. He spoke of it, however, only to his nearest relatives, and evidently appreciated the embarrassment and delicacy of alluding to it at all. He continued to refer to Mrs. Fullerton in terms of kindness and affection, acknowledged that he did not and could not know that she was not legitimate, and declared that he should always continue to claim and treat her as his daughter. It is manifest that his original judgment was right. He dismissed the delirious expression of his wife as of no moment, when all the circumstances were fresh, and
his mind healthy and vigorous; but when his affection for her had waned with the lapse of time, and he was no longer able to recall- the grounds of his former confidence in her fidelity, the recollection of the incident produced undue impression on a mind enfeebled by age and disease. The fact should be referred to weakness and credulity rather than to insane delusion. The repose of families has often been disturbed on grounds as slight and trivial as those which misled the testator. It is evident that he did not- arrive at a clear and settled conviction that he had been wronged in the conjugal relation; but he was brought to a condition of doubt, suspense and uncertainty, which not only saddened the last year of his life, but entailed unmerited reproach on the names of his wife and eldest daughter, and doubtless cooperated with other causes in changing the direction of the inheritance.
The allegation of undue influence rests, mainly, on inferences to be deduced from facts, which are proved only by the declarations of the testator. These are too vague and indeterminate in their nature to lead to a clear and satisfactory conclusion. The mind is involuntarily predisposed against the will by its apparent inequality and injustice. Many of the circumstances surrounding the transaction cloud it with grave suspicion. The strong probability is, that the testator’s false impression in regard to his wife received encouragement from those who should have been the first to disabuse him of his error. It appears, from the testimony of his sister, Mrs. Wilson, that even after his death the proponent affected to credit the scandalous imputation; though it would seem, from the nature of the case, that the only absolute assurance she could have, either of her own or her sister’s legitimacy, was the purity of the mother whose honor she seemed ready to impugn. We do not think the proof of undue influence rises to a degree of strength which would justify the rejection of the will. There was probable cause for contesting the validity of the instrument; and, while we think the judgment should be affirmed, it should be
with directions that the costs of both parties be paid from the estate.
Morgan, J., read an opinion for reversal; Wright, Smith, Peckham and Leonard, JJ., concurred in the opinion of Porter, J.; Davies, Oh. J., concurred in the opinion of Morgan, J.
Judgment affirmed, with directions that the costs of both parties be paid from the estate.