STORY, Circuit Justice.
Upon the last point there has hitherto been considerable difficulty in my mind. But- after a good deal of reflection on it, I have come to the result, that where the plaintiff claims, as in this case, several distinct and independent improvements in the same machine, and procures a patent for them in the aggregate, he is entitled to recover against any person who shall use any one of the improvements so patented, notwithstanding there has been no violation of the other improvements. In such a case, the patent goes for the whole of the improvements, and if each be new, and be claimed distinctly in the patent, as such, there does not seem any good reason why the party who pirates any part of the invention, should not be liable in damages. Take the case of a copy right It has never been supposed, that in order to maintain an action, [657] the whole hook should be pirated. It has been adjudged sufficient, if a considerable part of the book be pirated, so that such part be that of which the plaintiff is truly and substantially the author. Cary v. Longman, 1 East, 358, and cases there cited. To be sure, a mere extract would not be piracy; but if the substance of the work be taken, of so large a portion of it as makes it a substitute for the original, and materially injures the literary property of the author, it has been thought to be actionable. Roworth v. Wilkes, 1 Camp. 94. There is no doubt, that by the law of England, a party who pirates any part of the invention of the patentee, is liable in damages, notwithstanding he has not violated the whole. I say pirates any part of the invention, for any person may lawfully use any machinery, combined with the patentee's invention, which he does not claim as new, or which, if so claimed, has been previously known and used. This is the doctrine in Bovill v. Moore, 2 Marsh. 211; Davies, Pat. Cas. 361, which was an action for the violation of a patent "for a machine for the manufac-tory of bobbin lace or twist net, similar to, and resembling the Buckinghamshire lace net, and French lace net, as made by the hand with bobbins on pillows.” Lord Chief Justice Gibbs there said, “We must consider what the patent proposes to give to the patentee, axd what privileges he would possess under the patent.. Now the patentee is entitled to the sole use of this machine, and whoever imitates it, either in whole or in part, is subject to an action at the suit of the patentee.” The defendants had used the invention in part, but obtainéd a verdict upon the ground that the plaintiff had not invented the whole machine, but had only made improvements in it, the combination having existed up to a certain point before, and therefore his patent was void as covering more than his invention. It may be, that the decisions have turned upon the peculiar language of the English patents, for in all the precedents which I have seen, the patent gives the exclusive right of the whole invention, and prohibits all other persons, “directly and indirectly, to make, use, or put in practice, the said invention, or any part of the same, &c. or in any wise to counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the same, or make or cause to be made, any addition thereto, or subtraction from the same.” See forms in Coll. Pat. 54, 57; Davies. Pat. Cas. 27, 30. But as no such intimation is given in the reports, I incline to believe that the doctrine stands upon the general principles of law, that he who has the exclusive right to the whole of a thing, has the same right to all the parts which the general right legally includes, that is, (in cases like the present) to all the parts which he has invented.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
STORY, Circuit Justice.
Upon the last point there has hitherto been considerable difficulty in my mind. But- after a good deal of reflection on it, I have come to the result, that where the plaintiff claims, as in this case, several distinct and independent improvements in the same machine, and procures a patent for them in the aggregate, he is entitled to recover against any person who shall use any one of the improvements so patented, notwithstanding there has been no violation of the other improvements. In such a case, the patent goes for the whole of the improvements, and if each be new, and be claimed distinctly in the patent, as such, there does not seem any good reason why the party who pirates any part of the invention, should not be liable in damages. Take the case of a copy right It has never been supposed, that in order to maintain an action, [657] the whole hook should be pirated. It has been adjudged sufficient, if a considerable part of the book be pirated, so that such part be that of which the plaintiff is truly and substantially the author. Cary v. Longman, 1 East, 358, and cases there cited. To be sure, a mere extract would not be piracy; but if the substance of the work be taken, of so large a portion of it as makes it a substitute for the original, and materially injures the literary property of the author, it has been thought to be actionable. Roworth v. Wilkes, 1 Camp. 94. There is no doubt, that by the law of England, a party who pirates any part of the invention of the patentee, is liable in damages, notwithstanding he has not violated the whole. I say pirates any part of the invention, for any person may lawfully use any machinery, combined with the patentee's invention, which he does not claim as new, or which, if so claimed, has been previously known and used. This is the doctrine in Bovill v. Moore, 2 Marsh. 211; Davies, Pat. Cas. 361, which was an action for the violation of a patent "for a machine for the manufac-tory of bobbin lace or twist net, similar to, and resembling the Buckinghamshire lace net, and French lace net, as made by the hand with bobbins on pillows.” Lord Chief Justice Gibbs there said, “We must consider what the patent proposes to give to the patentee, axd what privileges he would possess under the patent.. Now the patentee is entitled to the sole use of this machine, and whoever imitates it, either in whole or in part, is subject to an action at the suit of the patentee.” The defendants had used the invention in part, but obtainéd a verdict upon the ground that the plaintiff had not invented the whole machine, but had only made improvements in it, the combination having existed up to a certain point before, and therefore his patent was void as covering more than his invention. It may be, that the decisions have turned upon the peculiar language of the English patents, for in all the precedents which I have seen, the patent gives the exclusive right of the whole invention, and prohibits all other persons, “directly and indirectly, to make, use, or put in practice, the said invention, or any part of the same, &c. or in any wise to counterfeit, imitate, or resemble the same, or make or cause to be made, any addition thereto, or subtraction from the same.” See forms in Coll. Pat. 54, 57; Davies. Pat. Cas. 27, 30. But as no such intimation is given in the reports, I incline to believe that the doctrine stands upon the general principles of law, that he who has the exclusive right to the whole of a thing, has the same right to all the parts which the general right legally includes, that is, (in cases like the present) to all the parts which he has invented.
The principal difficulty that arises, is in the application of the doctrine; and that may in most cases be removed, by considering the nature and extent of the patent, or rather of the thing invented and patented. Where the patent goes for the whole of a machine as a new invention, and the machine is in its structure substantially new, any person who pirates a part of the machine, substantially new in its structure, deprives the inventor so far of his exclusive right in his invention, and may in a great measure destroy the value of the patent. Where the patent is for several distinct improvements in an existing machine, or-for an improved machine, incorporating several distinct improvements, which are clearly specified, then if a person pirates one of the improvements, he violates the exclusive right of the patentee, for the patent is as broad as the invention, and the invention covers all the improvements; and it is a wrong done to the patentee to deprive him of his exclusive right in any of his improvements. Where a patent is for a new combination of existing machinery, or machines, and does not specify or claim any improvements or invention, except the combination, unless that combination is substantially violated, the pat-entee is not entitled to any remedy, although parts of the machinery are used by another, because the patent, by its terms, stands upon the combination only. In such a ease, proof that the machines, or any part of their structure existed before, forms no objection to the patent, unless the combination has existed before, for the reason, that the invention is limited to the combination. And yet if the combination itself be not wholly new, but up to a certain point has existed before, and the patentee claims the whole combination as new, instead of his own improvements only, as by taking out a patent "for the whole machine, doubtless his patent is void, for it exceeds his invention. Bovill v. Moore, 2 Marsh. 211; Davies, Pat. Cas. 361, 398, 404, 411. But if there be different and distinct improvements constituting parts of the combination,’ which are specified as such in the patent and specification, and any one of them be pirated, the same rule seems to apply as in other cases where part of an invention is pirated, for the patent then shows that the invention is not limited to the mere combination, but includes the particular improvements specified. It is often a serious difficulty from the obscure language of the specification, to ascertain what is the nature and extent of the invention claimed by the patentee. Whether his patent be valid or not, must materially depend upon the accuracy and distinctness with which the invention is stated. But in all cases where the patentee claims any thing as his own invention, in his specification, courts of law cannot reject the claim; and if included in' the patent, and found not to be new, the patent is void, however small or unimportant such asserted invention may be. This leads me to the first point made at the bar; as to which, it appears to me clear, both upon [658] principle and authority, that where a pat-entee in his specification states and sums up the particulars of his invention, and his patent covers them, he is confined to such summary; and he cannot afterwards be permitted to sustain his patent by showing that some part which he claims in his summing up as his invention, though not in fact his invention, is of slight value or importance in his patent. Rex v. Cutler, 1 Starkie, 354; Davies. Pat. Cas. 398, 404; Bovill v. Moore, 2 Marsh. 211. His patent covers it, and if it be not new, the patent must be void. Here the plaintiff claims a particular position of machinery as his invention, and it clearly appears in evidence that the position is not new. It has existed before, not in machines exactly like the present, but in machines applied to analogous purposes, viz. in machines for roping cotton; and applied for the same purpose as the plaintiff applies them. Without doubt he supposed that he was the first inventor, but that was his mistake, and will not help the case. The objection therefore is fatal.
I wish it to be understood in this opinion, that though several distinct improvements in one machine may be united in one patent, it does not follow that several improvements in two different machines, having distinct and independent operations, can be so included. Much less that the same patent may be for a combination of different machines, and for distinct improvements in each.
The plaintiff upon this intimation agreed to take a verdict against him, declaring his patent void, that he might obtain a new patent. Verdict for defendants.
[For another case involving this patent, see Boston Manuf’g Co. v. Fiske, Clase No. 1,681.]