COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges O’Brien and Russell Argued at Richmond, Virginia UNPUBLISHED
MONTRIO SANTOS NEVILLE
v. Record No. 1693-16-2
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN MONTRIO SANTOS NEVILLE FEBRUARY 6, 2018
v. Record No. 0217-17-2
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND W. Reilly Marchant, Judge
Christopher M. Bradshaw (Bradshaw & O’Connor, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Montrio Santos Neville (“appellant”) was tried by a jury on charges of murder, conspiracy
to commit murder, distribution of heroin, possession of a firearm while distributing heroin, and use
of a firearm in the commission of a murder. At the close of the evidence, the court granted
appellant’s motion to strike all of the charges except conspiracy to commit murder and distribution
of heroin. The jury acquitted appellant of conspiracy to commit murder, but convicted him of
distribution of heroin, in violation of Code § 18.2-248.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. As a result of appellant’s conviction, the court issued a show cause rule against him for
violating his probation on previous, unrelated charges. Following a hearing, the court found
appellant in violation of probation and imposed a period of his previously suspended sentence.
Appellant contends that the court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to introduce
evidence of his nickname, the “Grim Reaper,” during trial. Additionally, appellant asserts that
because his probation violation was based on the heroin distribution conviction, the probation
violation conviction also should be reversed.
BACKGROUND
Lyle McMurtray, a DEA informant, was shot and killed in Richmond while sitting in his
parked car. At the time of his death, McMurtray was scheduled to testify against Xavier Hopkins
(“Hopkins”) and his brother, Thomas, in upcoming narcotics trials. When the police found his
body, McMurtray was holding a plastic sandwich bag containing heroin. The outside of the bag had
a DNA mixture that included appellant’s DNA. At trial, the Commonwealth argued that
McMurtray had contacted Hopkins to purchase heroin and Hopkins arranged for appellant to deliver
the heroin to McMurtray and then kill him.
Cell phone data also linked appellant to the crimes charged. The last call McMurtray
received, approximately one hour before his death, was from a cell phone that appellant admitted
using. Additionally, appellant’s girlfriend’s cell phone was located near the crime scene. Appellant
acknowledged that he had used his girlfriend’s phone to communicate with Hopkins on the evening
of the murder.
During a police interview, appellant stated that he had “one of the most famous nicknames
around, ‘Li’l O.’” When the officer asked if he had any other nicknames, appellant responded that
“they also call me the Grim Reaper.” Prior to trial, appellant filed a motion in limine to prohibit the
-2- Commonwealth from introducing evidence that he had “previously been associated with the
moniker ‘The Grim Reaper.’” The court denied the motion.
At trial, appellant denied distributing heroin to McMurtray or killing him. He told the jury
that on the day of the murder, Hopkins called and asked appellant to bring him sandwich bags.
Appellant stated that he knew Hopkins was a drug dealer, and he thought that because Hopkins
“sell[s] heroin,” he was going to use the sandwich bags to package drugs. Appellant testified that he
took the bags to Hopkins at a house about three blocks away, where appellant knew drugs were
sold, and returned home.
When the Commonwealth introduced evidence of the “Grim Reaper” nickname, appellant
objected because it was “inflammatory” and “show[s] that [appellant] kills people, that he’s killed
people in the past, which [makes it] more likely that he’s killed somebody in this case.” The court
overruled the objection and denied appellant’s subsequent motion for a mistrial. In his motion to
strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, appellant reiterated that he was “being charged with
murder” and that the nickname evidence would unfairly prejudice the “murder jury.”
DISCUSSION
Appellant contends that the “Grim Reaper” nickname is evidence of a prior bad act, offered
only to establish that he had a greater propensity to commit the offenses for which he was charged.
In the alternative, he argues that the nickname evidence was irrelevant and, therefore, inadmissible.
A. Harmless Error
“The doctrine of judicial restraint dictates that we decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest
grounds available.’” Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196, 776 S.E.2d 265, 267 (2015)
(quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 620, 626 n.4, 701 S.E.2d 58, 61 n.4 (2010)). See also
Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411, 419-22, 799 S.E.2d 494, 498-500 (2017). In this case, the
-3- best and narrowest ground is our conclusion that any error in admitting evidence of appellant’s
association with the “Grim Reaper” nickname was harmless. See Code § 8.01-678.
“In Virginia, non-constitutional error is harmless ‘when it plainly appears from the record
and the evidence given at the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial
justice has been reached.’” Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005-06, 407 S.E.2d
910, 911 (1991) (en banc) (quoting Code § 8.01-678). Non-constitutional error is harmless if we
determine that the error “did not ‘influence the jury’ or had only a ‘slight effect.’” Carter v.
Commonwealth, 293 Va. 537, 545, 800 S.E.2d 498, 502 (2017) (quoting Shifflett v.
Commonwealth, 289 Va. 10, 12, 766 S.E.2d 906, 908 (2015)). “An error does not affect a verdict if
a reviewing court can conclude, without usurping the jury’s fact finding function, that, had the error
not occurred, the verdict would have been the same.” Aponte v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 146,
164, 804 S.E.2d 866, 875 (2017) (quoting Campos v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 690, 717, 800
S.E.2d 174, 188 (2017)).
Absent the admission of appellant’s nickname, we find the jury would have convicted
appellant of distributing heroin because of the amount of incriminating evidence connecting him to
the crime. Appellant admitted using the cell phone that placed the final call to McMurtray within an
hour of the victim’s death, and appellant also acknowledged communicating with Hopkins by
another phone that was discovered near the murder scene. McMurtray was found holding a plastic
bag of heroin, the outside of which contained appellant’s DNA. Additionally, appellant provided
plastic sandwich bags to a known drug distributor, Hopkins, at a location where appellant knew
drugs were sold.
“[C]ircumstantial evidence is competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct evidence
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges O’Brien and Russell Argued at Richmond, Virginia UNPUBLISHED
MONTRIO SANTOS NEVILLE
v. Record No. 1693-16-2
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN MONTRIO SANTOS NEVILLE FEBRUARY 6, 2018
v. Record No. 0217-17-2
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND W. Reilly Marchant, Judge
Christopher M. Bradshaw (Bradshaw & O’Connor, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Donald E. Jeffrey, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Montrio Santos Neville (“appellant”) was tried by a jury on charges of murder, conspiracy
to commit murder, distribution of heroin, possession of a firearm while distributing heroin, and use
of a firearm in the commission of a murder. At the close of the evidence, the court granted
appellant’s motion to strike all of the charges except conspiracy to commit murder and distribution
of heroin. The jury acquitted appellant of conspiracy to commit murder, but convicted him of
distribution of heroin, in violation of Code § 18.2-248.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. As a result of appellant’s conviction, the court issued a show cause rule against him for
violating his probation on previous, unrelated charges. Following a hearing, the court found
appellant in violation of probation and imposed a period of his previously suspended sentence.
Appellant contends that the court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to introduce
evidence of his nickname, the “Grim Reaper,” during trial. Additionally, appellant asserts that
because his probation violation was based on the heroin distribution conviction, the probation
violation conviction also should be reversed.
BACKGROUND
Lyle McMurtray, a DEA informant, was shot and killed in Richmond while sitting in his
parked car. At the time of his death, McMurtray was scheduled to testify against Xavier Hopkins
(“Hopkins”) and his brother, Thomas, in upcoming narcotics trials. When the police found his
body, McMurtray was holding a plastic sandwich bag containing heroin. The outside of the bag had
a DNA mixture that included appellant’s DNA. At trial, the Commonwealth argued that
McMurtray had contacted Hopkins to purchase heroin and Hopkins arranged for appellant to deliver
the heroin to McMurtray and then kill him.
Cell phone data also linked appellant to the crimes charged. The last call McMurtray
received, approximately one hour before his death, was from a cell phone that appellant admitted
using. Additionally, appellant’s girlfriend’s cell phone was located near the crime scene. Appellant
acknowledged that he had used his girlfriend’s phone to communicate with Hopkins on the evening
of the murder.
During a police interview, appellant stated that he had “one of the most famous nicknames
around, ‘Li’l O.’” When the officer asked if he had any other nicknames, appellant responded that
“they also call me the Grim Reaper.” Prior to trial, appellant filed a motion in limine to prohibit the
-2- Commonwealth from introducing evidence that he had “previously been associated with the
moniker ‘The Grim Reaper.’” The court denied the motion.
At trial, appellant denied distributing heroin to McMurtray or killing him. He told the jury
that on the day of the murder, Hopkins called and asked appellant to bring him sandwich bags.
Appellant stated that he knew Hopkins was a drug dealer, and he thought that because Hopkins
“sell[s] heroin,” he was going to use the sandwich bags to package drugs. Appellant testified that he
took the bags to Hopkins at a house about three blocks away, where appellant knew drugs were
sold, and returned home.
When the Commonwealth introduced evidence of the “Grim Reaper” nickname, appellant
objected because it was “inflammatory” and “show[s] that [appellant] kills people, that he’s killed
people in the past, which [makes it] more likely that he’s killed somebody in this case.” The court
overruled the objection and denied appellant’s subsequent motion for a mistrial. In his motion to
strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, appellant reiterated that he was “being charged with
murder” and that the nickname evidence would unfairly prejudice the “murder jury.”
DISCUSSION
Appellant contends that the “Grim Reaper” nickname is evidence of a prior bad act, offered
only to establish that he had a greater propensity to commit the offenses for which he was charged.
In the alternative, he argues that the nickname evidence was irrelevant and, therefore, inadmissible.
A. Harmless Error
“The doctrine of judicial restraint dictates that we decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest
grounds available.’” Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196, 776 S.E.2d 265, 267 (2015)
(quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 620, 626 n.4, 701 S.E.2d 58, 61 n.4 (2010)). See also
Commonwealth v. White, 293 Va. 411, 419-22, 799 S.E.2d 494, 498-500 (2017). In this case, the
-3- best and narrowest ground is our conclusion that any error in admitting evidence of appellant’s
association with the “Grim Reaper” nickname was harmless. See Code § 8.01-678.
“In Virginia, non-constitutional error is harmless ‘when it plainly appears from the record
and the evidence given at the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial
justice has been reached.’” Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005-06, 407 S.E.2d
910, 911 (1991) (en banc) (quoting Code § 8.01-678). Non-constitutional error is harmless if we
determine that the error “did not ‘influence the jury’ or had only a ‘slight effect.’” Carter v.
Commonwealth, 293 Va. 537, 545, 800 S.E.2d 498, 502 (2017) (quoting Shifflett v.
Commonwealth, 289 Va. 10, 12, 766 S.E.2d 906, 908 (2015)). “An error does not affect a verdict if
a reviewing court can conclude, without usurping the jury’s fact finding function, that, had the error
not occurred, the verdict would have been the same.” Aponte v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 146,
164, 804 S.E.2d 866, 875 (2017) (quoting Campos v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 690, 717, 800
S.E.2d 174, 188 (2017)).
Absent the admission of appellant’s nickname, we find the jury would have convicted
appellant of distributing heroin because of the amount of incriminating evidence connecting him to
the crime. Appellant admitted using the cell phone that placed the final call to McMurtray within an
hour of the victim’s death, and appellant also acknowledged communicating with Hopkins by
another phone that was discovered near the murder scene. McMurtray was found holding a plastic
bag of heroin, the outside of which contained appellant’s DNA. Additionally, appellant provided
plastic sandwich bags to a known drug distributor, Hopkins, at a location where appellant knew
drugs were sold.
“[C]ircumstantial evidence is competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct evidence
provided that the circumstantial evidence is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable
hypothesis except that of guilt.” Dowden v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 459, 468, 536 S.E.2d 437,
-4- 441 (2000); see also Rogers v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 307, 317, 410 S.E.2d 621, 627 (1991)
(“[A]ll necessary circumstances must be consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence and
exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” (quoting Inge v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 360,
366, 228 S.E.2d 563, 567 (1976))). We find that the circumstantial evidence of heroin distribution,
taken as a whole, was sufficient to exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.
Further, the verdict itself indicates that admission of the “Grim Reaper” evidence did not
improperly affect the jury. See Aponte, 68 Va. App. at 165, 804 S.E.2d at 875 (finding harmless
error when the court excluded evidence that precluded the defendant from arguing her conduct was
not gross, wanton, and reckless, because the defendant was convicted of a lesser-included offense
that did not contain these elements). Here, the jury acquitted appellant of conspiracy to commit
murder, and only convicted him of heroin distribution. Thus, admission of the “Grim Reaper”
nickname – evidence appellant contends was “inflammatory” because it would be used to show he
was a killer, and would unfairly prejudice the “murder jury” – could “not have substantially
influenced the jury and did not affect the ultimate result.” Id.
From this record, we can conclude “with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened
without stripping the erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not substantially
swayed by the error.” Carter, 293 Va. at 546, 800 S.E.2d at 502 (quoting Adams v.
Commonwealth, 275 Va. 260, 277-78, 657 S.E.2d 87, 97 (2008)). Had the evidence been excluded,
the verdict on the charge of heroin distribution would have been the same, given the overwhelming
evidence of appellant’s guilt. Accordingly, any such error was harmless.
B. Revocation of Probation
Appellant contends that the court erred in revoking his previously suspended sentences and
imposing an additional period of incarceration, because the only basis for revocation was the
erroneous conviction for heroin distribution. However, because we find that the jury properly
-5- convicted appellant of heroin distribution, that conviction provided a legally sound basis to revoke
appellant’s probation. Accordingly, we find that the court did not err in convicting appellant of
violating probation.
CONCLUSION
We hold that any error in admitting evidence of appellant’s association with the “Grim
Reaper” nickname was harmless. Therefore, we affirm appellant’s conviction for distributing
heroin, and his resulting conviction for violating probation.
Affirmed.
-6-