Braley, J.
It appears in the record that the plaintiff and vendor and the Ayer-Kempton Corporation, the purchaser, on January 10, 1920, entered into the following contract.
“It is hereby agreed between both parties that the Vendor has sold to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser has purchased from the Vendor, all the following numbers as seen by the Purchaser at Montreal on Jan. 8th, 1920, at the following prices, terms, and conditions. The Purchaser agrees to take all that the Vendor received from its Mills during 1920 and what it has in stock at the present moment of these numbers. All bales to be packed in gunny bagging. All prices are f.o.b. Montreal. The Vendor is to ship in quantities to suit itself, but in carloads wherever possible as accumulated. No complaints are to be made by the purchaser as to quality, unless any number should be misclassified. The purchaser agrees to pay all the Vendor’s demand drafts attached, to B/L as drawn on the Purchaser whenever these drafts are presented, and not to hold drafts for arrival of goods. These demand drafts are also to be paid in U. S. currency. Shipments are to begin as soon as possible and the Vendor will start making shipment at once. . .....
[390]*390#4006 16jc per lb. 4008 15c yy yy 4010 8c yy yy 4004 35c yy yy 510 25c yy yy 515 15c yy yy 6266 15c yy yy 4012 25c yy yy .220 7c yy yy 6286 18c yy yy
“No quantities are guaranteed, it being the purport of this Contract that the Purchaser is to take all of these numbers tendered to it by the Vendor. Last shipment to be made as early as possible in January 1921 to complete what the Vendor receives on its contract with its Mills up to Deer. 31/20. While the Vendor has furnished the Purchaser with the approximate quantities it received in 1919, no quantities are guaranteed of any of these numbers, but the Vendor will ship all that it receives from its Mills to the Purchaser during 1920.
“The Purchaser also undertakes and binds itself to provide the Vendor with a Fidelity Bond at once for $3,000. for the faithful performance and carrying out of this Contract.
“This contract is therefore signed in duplicate in Montreal this Tenth day of January, 1920, and for convenience sake it is sent to the Purchaser to sign at Meriden, but the completion of the contract is at Montreal, the Head Office of the Vendor Company.”
The contract was made in Montreal, Canada, where it was to be performed, and the law of Canada governs its interpretation and application in the case at bar. Hall v. Chase, 143 Mass. 129. Nashua Savings Bank v. Sayles, 184 Mass. 520. American Malting Co. v. Souther Brewing Co. 194 Mass. 89, 95. The defendant as surety executed and delivered to the plaintiff January 19, 1920, a bond stipulating that if the principal named in the contract, the Ayer-Kempton Corporation, “shall faithfully perform said contract according to its terms, convenants and conditions then this obligation shall be void, otherwise to remain in full force. [391]*391and effect.” And the present action is brought to recover damages for an alleged breach of the bond caused by the failure of the principal to perform its contract with the plaintiff.
It having been decided that the contract and bond were valid, the case was referred to an auditor to determine whether there had been a breach of the conditions of the bond, and if so to assess damages. G. L. c. 235, §§ 9, 10. Fisk v. Gray, 100 Mass. 191. The auditor having found for the plaintiff, the case upon the coming in of his report was heard without a jury on the report, and additional evidence introduced by the parties. The judge found for the plaintiff.
It is contended by the defendant as matter of law, that its first request, that upon all the evidence the plaintiff cannot recover, which covers generally all the questions raised by the remaining requests, should have been given. It is urged in argument that, unless there was evidence warranting a finding that the purchaser failed to perform the contract, the plaintiff cannot recover. The auditor finds that all shipments of rags under the contract were made and invoiced, and all bills were made out to, and drafts therefor were paid by, the Ayer-O’Connell Manufacturing Company, the majority of its capital stock being held by the Ayer-Kempton Corporation. We shall hereinafter refer to the Ayer-Kempton Corporation as the Corporation, and to the AyerO’Connell Manufacturing Company as the Company. During the period named in the contract the officers of the Company and of the Corporation were the same. The Company in carrying on business was treated and used as a subsidiary department of the Corporation. The headings of the letters used in correspondence concerning business transactions by the Company were in these words, “The AyerO’Connell Manufacturing Company Division of the Ayer-Kempton Corporation, Manufacturers of Platers Supplies,' Meriden, Conn. ...” and U. S. Ayer, the president of the Corporation and of the Company on or about January 8, 1920, had visited the plaintiff’s place of business and examined bales of the grades of rags in which the plaintiff dealt. The auditor finds that so far as the business of the two [392]*392corporations was concerned the Company was treated as a' subsidiary or department of the Corporation. If these conditions are considered with the correspondence and course of dealing between the parties as shown by the record, a finding was warranted that shipments by the plaintiff to the Company were understood'to be, and were accepted as, deliveries to the Corporation. Finnish Temperance Society Sovittaja v. Finnish Socialistic Publishing Co. 238 Mass. 345, 355.
The shipments began on or about January 24, 1920, and ended on or about July 16, 1920. But no further shipments were made because of the refusal of the Company to accept and pay for goods after July 16, 1920. This condition of affairs led to a lengthy correspondence in which some possible adjustment was discussed and counsel were consulted by the parties. The controversy was closed by a letter of the Company to the plaintiff dated October 22, 1920, in which the Company stated that, having been advised by counsel that no obligation binding on the Corporation existed because the execution of the contract was unauthorized, “we will refuse to accept any further shipments or drafts,” and the plaintiff replied October 25, 1920, threatening suit and that the matter would be referred to its counsel.
The refusal to accept further shipments was a breach of the contract, entailing a loss to the plaintiff in excess of the penal sum of the bond. It is alleged in the answer however that the goods shipped were below the standard, grade and classification stipulated in the contract, and were in no way suited or adapted to the purposes for which they were to be used of which the plaintiff well knew, and that, the plaintiff having failed to perform the contract, the defendant’s obligation on the bond had ceased. The plaintiff wrote the Company August 25, 1920, saying in part, “We expect to have a carload of rags to ship you some time next week. There will be anywhere from 40 to 50 bales in this carload, so kindly make your financial arrangements accordingly.” The Company on August 25, 1920, wrote the plaintiff that “in the car shipped us on July 30th, we find that in the twelve bales No. 4006, which is classified as nothing but clean, Light Prints, [393]
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Braley, J.
It appears in the record that the plaintiff and vendor and the Ayer-Kempton Corporation, the purchaser, on January 10, 1920, entered into the following contract.
“It is hereby agreed between both parties that the Vendor has sold to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser has purchased from the Vendor, all the following numbers as seen by the Purchaser at Montreal on Jan. 8th, 1920, at the following prices, terms, and conditions. The Purchaser agrees to take all that the Vendor received from its Mills during 1920 and what it has in stock at the present moment of these numbers. All bales to be packed in gunny bagging. All prices are f.o.b. Montreal. The Vendor is to ship in quantities to suit itself, but in carloads wherever possible as accumulated. No complaints are to be made by the purchaser as to quality, unless any number should be misclassified. The purchaser agrees to pay all the Vendor’s demand drafts attached, to B/L as drawn on the Purchaser whenever these drafts are presented, and not to hold drafts for arrival of goods. These demand drafts are also to be paid in U. S. currency. Shipments are to begin as soon as possible and the Vendor will start making shipment at once. . .....
[390]*390#4006 16jc per lb. 4008 15c yy yy 4010 8c yy yy 4004 35c yy yy 510 25c yy yy 515 15c yy yy 6266 15c yy yy 4012 25c yy yy .220 7c yy yy 6286 18c yy yy
“No quantities are guaranteed, it being the purport of this Contract that the Purchaser is to take all of these numbers tendered to it by the Vendor. Last shipment to be made as early as possible in January 1921 to complete what the Vendor receives on its contract with its Mills up to Deer. 31/20. While the Vendor has furnished the Purchaser with the approximate quantities it received in 1919, no quantities are guaranteed of any of these numbers, but the Vendor will ship all that it receives from its Mills to the Purchaser during 1920.
“The Purchaser also undertakes and binds itself to provide the Vendor with a Fidelity Bond at once for $3,000. for the faithful performance and carrying out of this Contract.
“This contract is therefore signed in duplicate in Montreal this Tenth day of January, 1920, and for convenience sake it is sent to the Purchaser to sign at Meriden, but the completion of the contract is at Montreal, the Head Office of the Vendor Company.”
The contract was made in Montreal, Canada, where it was to be performed, and the law of Canada governs its interpretation and application in the case at bar. Hall v. Chase, 143 Mass. 129. Nashua Savings Bank v. Sayles, 184 Mass. 520. American Malting Co. v. Souther Brewing Co. 194 Mass. 89, 95. The defendant as surety executed and delivered to the plaintiff January 19, 1920, a bond stipulating that if the principal named in the contract, the Ayer-Kempton Corporation, “shall faithfully perform said contract according to its terms, convenants and conditions then this obligation shall be void, otherwise to remain in full force. [391]*391and effect.” And the present action is brought to recover damages for an alleged breach of the bond caused by the failure of the principal to perform its contract with the plaintiff.
It having been decided that the contract and bond were valid, the case was referred to an auditor to determine whether there had been a breach of the conditions of the bond, and if so to assess damages. G. L. c. 235, §§ 9, 10. Fisk v. Gray, 100 Mass. 191. The auditor having found for the plaintiff, the case upon the coming in of his report was heard without a jury on the report, and additional evidence introduced by the parties. The judge found for the plaintiff.
It is contended by the defendant as matter of law, that its first request, that upon all the evidence the plaintiff cannot recover, which covers generally all the questions raised by the remaining requests, should have been given. It is urged in argument that, unless there was evidence warranting a finding that the purchaser failed to perform the contract, the plaintiff cannot recover. The auditor finds that all shipments of rags under the contract were made and invoiced, and all bills were made out to, and drafts therefor were paid by, the Ayer-O’Connell Manufacturing Company, the majority of its capital stock being held by the Ayer-Kempton Corporation. We shall hereinafter refer to the Ayer-Kempton Corporation as the Corporation, and to the AyerO’Connell Manufacturing Company as the Company. During the period named in the contract the officers of the Company and of the Corporation were the same. The Company in carrying on business was treated and used as a subsidiary department of the Corporation. The headings of the letters used in correspondence concerning business transactions by the Company were in these words, “The AyerO’Connell Manufacturing Company Division of the Ayer-Kempton Corporation, Manufacturers of Platers Supplies,' Meriden, Conn. ...” and U. S. Ayer, the president of the Corporation and of the Company on or about January 8, 1920, had visited the plaintiff’s place of business and examined bales of the grades of rags in which the plaintiff dealt. The auditor finds that so far as the business of the two [392]*392corporations was concerned the Company was treated as a' subsidiary or department of the Corporation. If these conditions are considered with the correspondence and course of dealing between the parties as shown by the record, a finding was warranted that shipments by the plaintiff to the Company were understood'to be, and were accepted as, deliveries to the Corporation. Finnish Temperance Society Sovittaja v. Finnish Socialistic Publishing Co. 238 Mass. 345, 355.
The shipments began on or about January 24, 1920, and ended on or about July 16, 1920. But no further shipments were made because of the refusal of the Company to accept and pay for goods after July 16, 1920. This condition of affairs led to a lengthy correspondence in which some possible adjustment was discussed and counsel were consulted by the parties. The controversy was closed by a letter of the Company to the plaintiff dated October 22, 1920, in which the Company stated that, having been advised by counsel that no obligation binding on the Corporation existed because the execution of the contract was unauthorized, “we will refuse to accept any further shipments or drafts,” and the plaintiff replied October 25, 1920, threatening suit and that the matter would be referred to its counsel.
The refusal to accept further shipments was a breach of the contract, entailing a loss to the plaintiff in excess of the penal sum of the bond. It is alleged in the answer however that the goods shipped were below the standard, grade and classification stipulated in the contract, and were in no way suited or adapted to the purposes for which they were to be used of which the plaintiff well knew, and that, the plaintiff having failed to perform the contract, the defendant’s obligation on the bond had ceased. The plaintiff wrote the Company August 25, 1920, saying in part, “We expect to have a carload of rags to ship you some time next week. There will be anywhere from 40 to 50 bales in this carload, so kindly make your financial arrangements accordingly.” The Company on August 25, 1920, wrote the plaintiff that “in the car shipped us on July 30th, we find that in the twelve bales No. 4006, which is classified as nothing but clean, Light Prints, [393]*393contained light prints, soiled bleached, clean bleached, and unbleached, clean and soiled gray headings. Therefore, we are unable to use these goods to advantage, there being considerable waste on same. Also, the eleven bales 4008 classified as Clean Light Prints contain dark colored prints, oily rags, soiled prints and also soiled plain colored rags. The writer does not know whether this is your packing or mill packing, but they are absolutely not up to specifications of the goods as purchased from you. We would advise holding these goods, so that one of your representatives can call here and examine them carefully. Please do not make another shipment of material to us until this matter is satisfactorily adjusted.” The Company again wrote the plaintiff on August 28, 1920, stating in substance that its sheds “according to our Purchasing Department, [are] filled to the limit with material which has arrived during the past month. We also have fifty or sixty bales of your material which our Purchasing Department . . . has already written you about stating that they are not the class of goods we purchased. We also understand they have stated they do not desire a car shipped until an adjustment has been made or until your representative has seen the bales we now have. It would not be advisable for us to accept more material which is incorrectly packed .... You certainly want to have us complete the contract, and we will not be able to do so if some time or other a demand is slapped on us for something which we cannot meet that day. Two days later it might be easy for us.”
The plaintiff in reply stated that number 4006 should be nothing but clean light prints and number 4008 clean dark prints and asked the Company “to throw out any other matter in the bales” and that the plaintiff “would make good at invoice prices,” and asked that the goods be sorted. The plaintiff also notified the Company “of a possible shipment ... of another carload within a few days.” The Company in October, 1920, sorted the bales tagged as number 4006 and 4008 but the results of the examination were not disclosed to the plaintiff until put in evidence before the auditor who reports that the defendant claimed such mis[394]*394descriptions on the part of the plaintiff constituted breaches of the contract relieving the Corporation from liability.
The defence therefore is in substance that, by its antecedent failure to perform the contract, the plaintiff has no cause of action. Bowen v. Kimbell, 203 Mass. 364. Sipley v. Stickney, 190 Mass. 43. Anglim v. Sears-Roebuck Shoe Factories, 255 Mass. 334. But the questions, whether there had been anything more than an unintentional misdescription or mismarking of the bales in the shipment complained of which the plaintiff upon notice of the mistake agreed to reimburse the buyer for, and whether the plaintiff had materially failed to deliver bales in accordance with the entire contract which included rags of various grades and prices, were questions of fact and not of law upon which the judge’s general finding for the plaintiff is conclusive. Roach v. Lane, 226 Mass. 598, 605. Boston Supply Co. v. Rubin, 214 Mass. 217, 220. John B. Frey Co. Inc. v. S. Silk, Inc. 245 Mass. 534.
We have already said that the contract was made at Montreal, and in so far as material the law of Canada controls, and not, as the defendant contends, the law of the State of Connecticut, where the Corporation by its subsidiary carried on business.
The denial of all the requests reveals no reversible error of law and the exceptions must be overruled.
So ordered.