UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
VENKATA SMILE RATNA MODUKURI,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 23-3508 (TSC)
JENNIFER LARSON, et al.,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, a citizen of India, has sued Jennifer Larson, the Consul General of the U.S.
Consulate General in Hyderabad; Patrice A. Lacina, the Deputy Chief of Mission for the U.S.
Embassy in India; and Antony Blinken, the U.S. Secretary of State (“Defendants”). Plaintiff
alleges that Defendants have unreasonably delayed the adjudication of his visa application and
seeks relief under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) and Mandamus Act. Compl. ¶¶ 9–
12, 34, ECF No. 1. Defendants have moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims under Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 6 (“MTD”). For the reasons
set forth below, the court will GRANT Defendants’ Motion and dismiss this action.
I. BACKGROUND
The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) governs the issuance of visas to foreign
nationals seeking to enter the United States on a permanent (“immigrant”) or temporary
(“nonimmigrant”) basis. 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. Within that framework, the “H-1B”
nonimmigrant visa category allows prospective employers to sponsor visas for employees with
specialized knowledge. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(H). To initiate the visa application process, the
employer must certify the specialized nature of the job and their employment of the visa
Page 1 of 13 applicant. Id. § 1182(n)(1); 20 C.F.R. §§ 655.730(a), (c)(4); 8 C.F.R. § 214.2(h). Then, the
applicant must complete the application, which typically includes an in-person interview at the
local embassy or consulate. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182, 1201(a)(1), 1201(g), 1202(h); 22 C.F.R. § 42.62.
Once the process is complete, a consular officer “must issue the visa, refuse the visa, or . . .
discontinue granting the visa.” 22 C.F.R. § 41.121(a).
According to the Complaint, Plaintiff’s employer-side application was approved in May
2022, and in November 2022 he was interviewed at the U.S. Consulate General in Hyderabad.
Compl. ¶¶ 14–15. Immediately after the interview, the consular officer “informed Plaintiff that
the visa application was approved,” but followed up with emails “stating that his case continues
to undergo processing.” Id. ¶ 16. In April 2023, Plaintiff’s application was officially
categorized as “Refused.” Id. A visa refusal
means the consular officer determined that the applicant was not eligible for a visa after completing and executing the visa application and any required interview. It is possible that a consular officer will reconsider a visa application refused . . . at a later date, based on additional information or upon the resolution of administrative processing, and determine that the applicant is eligible. When a consular officer refuses a case . . . , she or he will convey to the applicant whether the applicant is required to provide any further documentation or information, or whether the case requires additional administrative processing.
Administrative Processing Information, U.S. Dep’t of State. 1 Since that time, “Plaintiff has
inquired as to the status of his visa application on numerous occasions and received no
meaningful responses.” Compl. ¶ 17.
1 Available at https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information- resources/administrative-processing-information.html. Courts in this jurisdiction have frequently taken “judicial notice of information posted on official public websites of government agencies.” Markowicz v. Johnson, 206 F. Supp. 3d 158, 161 n.2 (D.D.C. 2016).
Page 2 of 13 Plaintiff challenges the subsequent delay in further adjudication under the APA and the
Mandamus Act. Id. ¶¶ 14–34. The court addresses both claims jointly because “in cases
challenging agency delay, ‘the standards for obtaining relief’ under the Mandamus Act and the
APA are ‘essentially the same.’” Al-Gharawy v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 617 F. Supp. 3d 1,
17 (D.D.C. 2022) (quoting Vietnam Veterans of Am. v. Shinseki, 599 F.3d 654, 659 n.6 (D.C. Cir.
2010)). “The central question in evaluating a claim of unreasonable delay is whether the
agency’s delay is so egregious as to warrant mandamus.” Id. (quoting In re Core Commc’ns,
Inc., 531 F.3d 849, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). Plaintiff seeks an order “[m]andating that Defendants
process Plaintiff's visa application within fifteen (15) calendar days . . . or as soon as reasonably
possible.” Compl. ¶ 35.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a plaintiff
must establish that the court has subject matter jurisdiction over its claim. Moms Against
Mercury v. Food & Drug Admin., 483 F.3d 824, 828 (D.C. Cir. 2007). In evaluating such
motions, courts “assume the truth of all material factual allegations in the complaint and
‘construe the complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be
derived from the facts alleged.” Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir.
2011) (quoting Thomas v. Principi, 394 F.3d 970, 972 (D.C. Cir. 2005)). However, the court
may consider “any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint[,] and matters
of which [courts] may take judicial notice.” Equal Emp. Opportunity Comm’n v. St. Francis
Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997).
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a defendant may move to dismiss a
complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” But as with a 12(b)(1)
motion, courts “treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true” and “grant plaintiff the benefit Page 3 of 13 of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc.,
216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted). That said, “a
complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. And a court need not accept as
true “a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor “inferences . . . unsupported by the
facts set out in the complaint.” Trudeau v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir.
2006) (quotations omitted).
Defendants make five arguments for dismissal. First, that the Secretary of State is an
improper defendant because he “neither has an alleged role in re-adjudicating the Visa
Application, nor can favorably adjudicate an application for a visa.” MTD at 5. Second, that
Plaintiff has failed to establish the injury and redressability elements of standing. Id. at 6–15.
Third, that challenges to the refusal of visa applications are barred by the consular
nonreviewability doctrine. Id. at 15–19. Fourth, that Plaintiff’s claims cannot succeed because
the law does not identify a “clear, non-discretionary duty requiring a consular officer to
adjudicate, let alone re-adjudicate, any specific visa application.” Id. at 19; see id. at 19–26.
And fifth, that the alleged delay here is not unreasonable. Id. at 26–35.
III. ANALYSIS
Plaintiff has not named improper defendants or failed to establish his standing. Because
he has not plausibly alleged that any delayed re-adjudication of his refused application violated a
clear statutory duty, however, the Complaint must be dismissed. Accordingly, the court need not
decide whether consular nonreviewability applies in this case.
Page 4 of 13 A. Improper defendant
The Secretary of State is a proper defendant. MTD at 3–4. The redressability
requirement of standing turns on “whether the relief sought, assuming that the court chooses to
grant it, will likely alleviate the particularized injury alleged by the plaintiff.” Fla. Audubon
Soc’y v. Bentsen, 94 F.3d 658, 663–64 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Defendants argue that “action on a
specific Visa Application . . . is the exclusive province of a U.S. consulate.” MTD at 6. And it is
true that the INA “grants consular officers ‘exclusive authority to review applications for visas,
precluding even the Secretary of State from controlling their determinations.’” Baan Rao Thai
Rest. v. Pompeo, 985 F.3d 1020, 1024 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting Saavedra Bruno v. Albright,
197 F.3d 1153, 1156 (D.C. Cir. 1999)).
“Control over a consular officer’s visa determinations—that is, her decisions to ‘grant,
deny, or revoke immigrant and non-immigrant visas,’” however, “is not the same as control over
the timing by which the consular officer considers the applications presented to her.” Al-
Gharawy v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 617 F. Supp. 3d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2022) (quoting
Saavedra Bruno, 197 F.3d at 1156) (formatting modified). Plaintiff does not seek to compel a
particular decision on his application; only to compel that it be decided soon. See Compl. ¶ 35.
And Defendants do not contend that the Secretary of State lacks authority to “direct[] consular
officers ‘to conclude . . . matter[s] presented to [them]’ ‘within a reasonable time,’” nor have
they identified any authority supporting such a defense. Al-Gharawy, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 10
(quoting 5 U.S.C. § 555(b)). Accordingly, the Secretary need not be dismissed as a defendant.
B. Standing
Defendants’ remaining arguments against Plaintiff’s standing also fail. Their first
argument is that Plaintiff has not suffered a cognizable injury. MTD at 7–14. But courts in this
district routinely recognize the “particularized injury” of “a delay in adjudicating [a] visa Page 5 of 13 petition[].” Al-Gharaway, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 9; see, e.g., Babaei v. United States Dep’t of State,
No. CV 23-1244 (TJK), 2024 WL 1178453, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2024) (“As other judges in
this District have consistently held, visa applicants enjoy a procedural right to reasonably
expeditious agency action that is tethered to their concrete professional and financial interest.”)
(formatting modified). The INA mandates that “[a]ll nonimmigrant visa applications shall be
reviewed and adjudicated by a consular officer.” 8 U.S.C. § 1202(d). Plaintiff has alleged
concrete injuries resulting from the delay in that adjudication, including psychological distress,
loss of professional opportunities, and financial hardship. See Compl. ¶¶ 2–4. That is enough to
establish injury in fact.
Defendants’ second argument is that the relief requested here “cannot remedy Plaintiff’s
supposed injuries” because he “pleads nothing in the Complaint that forcing another decision
now would lead to a different result.” MTD at 14. That argument mistakes the injury and
remedy at issue in this case. Plaintiff seeks a “final adjudication of [his] application[]; not a
specific outcome.” Afghan & Iraqi Allies Under Serious Threat Because of Their Faithful
Service to the United States v. Pompeo, No. 18-cv-1388 (TSC), 2019 WL 367841, at *8 (D.D.C.
Jan. 30, 2019). Thus, the injuries associated with Defendants’ alleged unreasonable delay
“would be redressed by a decision, one way or the other.” Babaei, 2024 WL 1178453, at *3.
The court thus finds no defects in Plaintiff’s standing.
C. Consular nonreviewability
Defendants also move to dismiss this case under the consular nonreviewability doctrine,
which “shields a consular official’s decision to issue or withhold a visa from judicial review, at
least unless Congress says otherwise.” Baan Rao, 985 F.3d at 1024. Defendants argue that a
consular officer’s “refusal” of a visa application always constitutes a nonreviewable
“withholding of a visa.” MTD at 16. However, several courts in this district have rejected that Page 6 of 13 argument, concluding that such “refusal” may be reviewable where it appears to be “merely
provisional, with a final decision yet to come”—e.g., because “administrative processing”
remains ongoing. Al-Gharawy, 617 F. Supp. 3d at 16; see also Akrayi v. United States Dep’t of
State, No. 22-CV-1289, 2023 WL 2424600, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 9, 2023). That is the status
Plaintiff alleges here: His application was “placed in so-called ‘administrative processing.’”
Compl. ¶ 16.
The court need not decide this issue. “Dismissal based on consular nonreviewability . . .
is a merits disposition under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” Baan Rao, 985 F.3d at
1027. And because the court concludes that there are independent reasons to dismiss Plaintiff’s
claims, see infra Sections III.C.–D, it need not decide whether consular nonreviewability applies,
see Almaqrami v. Pompeo, 933 F.3d 774, 784 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (“[C]ourts may assume
without deciding that plaintiffs’ statutory claims are reviewable and proceed to the merits
notwithstanding consular nonreviewability.” (internal quotation omitted)); Zandieh v. Pompeo,
No. CV 20-919, 2020 WL 4346915, at *4 (D.D.C. July 29, 2020) (“[B]ecause it finds that the
delay asserted here is not unreasonable,” the court “need not decide whether plaintiffs’ claims
are reviewable.” (internal quotation omitted)).
D. Unreasonable delay
Plaintiff’s claims must be dismissed because they have failed to plausibly allege an
unreasonable delay as a matter of law. That conclusion is guided by the so-called “TRAC
factors” set forth in Telecommunications Research & Action Center v. FCC (TRAC), 750 F.2d
70, 80 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Both parties resist the TRAC factors’ applicability here—albeit for
different reasons. But their arguments mistake the law.
Defendants argue that “[a]bsent an independent statutory duty, the TRAC factors
themselves do not decide whether an agency has violated a clear duty to act for purposes of Page 7 of 13 mandamus jurisdiction.” MTD at 25. 2 In other words, because Plaintiff seeks mandamus relief,
to establish jurisdiction he “must identify a clear ‘non-discretionary act,’ or ‘a clear duty to
act[,]’ that the law compels an agency to take”—and if he does not, “an agency’s delay to act,
however long, cannot be unlawful or unreasonable.” MTD at 20–21 (first quoting Norton v. S.
Utah Wilderness All., 542 U.S. 55, 64 (2004); then quoting Am. Hosp. Ass’n, 812 F.3d at 189).
But the D.C. Circuit has squarely rejected that reasoning, explaining that “depending on the
circumstances,” the TRAC factors themselves may still govern the initial mandamus inquiry:
For example, in situations where plaintiffs allege that agency delay is unreasonable despite the absence of a specific statutory deadline, the entire TRAC factor analysis may go to the threshold jurisdictional question: does the agency’s delay violate a clear duty?
Am. Hosp. Ass’n, 812 F.3d at 190. Thus, even accepting Defendants’ premise that there is no
specific statutory deadline here, the TRAC factors still govern the court’s evaluation of whether it
has mandamus jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s unreasonable delay claim.
For his part, Plaintiff contends that “the fact-intensive nature of the inquiry into whether a
delay is unreasonable” means that it is “inappropriate to dismiss undue delay claims at the
motion to dismiss stage.” Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, at 15 (“Opp’n”). And to be
sure, deciding a claim of unreasonable delay is a “nuanced task requiring consideration of the
particular facts and circumstances before the court.” Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc.
v. Norton, 336 F.3d 1094, 1100 (D.C. Cir. 2003). “Nevertheless, the TRAC factors have been
applied at the motion to dismiss stage to determine whether a plaintiff’s complaint has alleged
2 “To show entitlement to mandamus, plaintiffs must demonstrate (1) a clear and indisputable right to relief, (2) that the government agency or official is violating a clear duty to act, and (3) that no adequate alternative remedy exists.” Am. Hosp. Ass’n v. Burwell, 812 F.3d 183, 189 (D.C. Cir. 2016). Because Plaintiff does not satisfy the first two parts of this test, the court does not reach the third.
Page 8 of 13 facts sufficient to state a plausible claim for unreasonable administrative delay.” Khan v. Bitter,
No. CV 23-1576, 2024 WL 756643, at *4 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2024) (internal quotation omitted)
(formatting modified). That is because, sometimes, the “plaintiff’s claimed delay in the
adjudication of [a] visa is not unreasonable as a matter of law under the [TRAC] factors.” Id. at
*3 (internal quotation omitted); see, e.g., Bagherian v. Pompeo, 442 F. Supp. 3d 87, 95 (D.D.C.
2020) (“An analysis of the TRAC factors as applied here leads this Court to the same
conclusion—that the twenty-five-month delay at issue here is not unreasonable as a matter of
law, given the circumstances.”).
Having concluded that it is appropriate to apply the TRAC factors, the court considers
each of them in turn:
(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a rule of reason; (2) where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with which it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply content for this rule of reason; (3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake; (4) the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or competing priority; (5) the court should also take into account the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and (6) the court need not find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is unreasonably delayed.
TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80 (internal quotations omitted). “[T]hese factors function not as a hard and
fast set of required elements, but rather as useful guidance as to whether a delay is ‘so egregious
as to warrant mandamus.’” Am. Hosp. Ass’n, 812 F.3d at 189 (quoting TRAC, 750 F.2d at 79).
i. Factors one and two “The first factor is the most important TRAC factor, and is typically considered together
with the second TRAC factor.” Arab v. Blinken, 600 F. Supp. 3d 59, 69 (D.D.C. 2022) (internal
quotation omitted). Their joint focus is “whether the agency’s response time complies with an
existing specified schedule and whether it is governed by an identifiable rationale.” Ctr. for Sci.
Page 9 of 13 in the Pub. Int. v. U.S. Food & Drug Admin., 74 F. Supp. 3d 295, 300 (D.D.C. 2014). As
Plaintiff acknowledges, Compl. ¶ 27, “no statutory or regulatory timeframe [exists] within which
the State Department or a consular officer must re-adjudicate visa applications,” Khan, 2024 WL
756643, at *4 (quotation omitted).
“Absent a congressionally supplied yardstick, courts typically turn to case law as a guide”
for the reasonableness of a delay. Id. (quotation omitted). “Even though courts have drawn no
bright lines to determine reasonableness, district courts have generally found that immigration
delays in excess of five, six, seven years are unreasonable.” Id. (formatting modified). By
contrast, courts in this district “consistently have held that two or three years does not constitute
an unreasonable delay.” Tekle v. Blinken, No. 21-CV-1655, 2022 WL 1288437, at *3 (D.D.C.
Apr. 29, 2022); see, e.g., Akrayi, 2023 WL 2424600, at *3 (“The delay in [visa] processing,
almost three years, does not reach the length that courts have found unreasonable.”); Sarlak v.
Pompeo, No. CV 20-35, 2020 WL 3082018, at *6 (D.D.C. June 10, 2020) (collecting cases);
Skalka v. Kelly, 246 F. Supp. 3d 147, 154 (D.D.C. 2017) (delay of about two years did not
“require judicial intervention”).
The first and second factors favor Defendants. The delay in this case began in April
2023, when Plaintiff’s visa application was refused without any subsequent action. Compl.
¶¶ 16–17. Plaintiff filed his Complaint about seven months later, in November 2023. If the
court considers the delay period as running until the issuance of this Opinion, it amounts to about
seventeen months. See, e.g., Mahmood v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. CV 21-1262, 2021
WL 5998385, at *6 (D.D.C. Dec. 20, 2021). That makes the delay of a length typically
considered reasonable in this district, and Plaintiff fails to cite any cases that have found a
similar delay unreasonable. See Opp’n at 20 (citing out-of-circuit cases involving delays of
Page 10 of 13 thirty-one, twenty-four, twenty-seven, and thirty-two months). And while Defendants fail to
provide any specific reasons for this delay (which weakens their position), they do refer
generally to the “scarce resources” that attend decisions about how to “prioritize the processing
of visa applications” in this context. MTD at 28 (quotations omitted). Those constraints,
consistent with what courts have recognized in other cases, tilt the first and second TRAC factors
in Defendants’ favor.
ii. Factors three and five The third and fifth TRAC factors are also often considered together; they “examine ‘the
nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by the delay,’ including whether ‘human health and
welfare’ might be implicated.” Khan, 2024 WL 756643, at *5 (quoting TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80).
The Complaint alleges that Plaintiff has suffered primarily professional harms—missing out on
“experience and learning opportunities” associated with working in the United States—along
with several attendant harms like emotional distress, strained relationships at work, and financial
losses. Compl. ¶¶ 2–4. But these hardships—difficult though they may be—are not generally
afforded much weight in this context. Plaintiff does not allege harms to human health or welfare,
such as “current and actual danger to the health of the individual and the health of their
progeny,” Alshawy v. United States Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., No. CV 21-2206, 2022 WL
970883, at *6 (D.D.C. Mar. 30, 2022) (quotations omitted), or “[p]rolonged separation from a
spouse, fiancé, or other immediate family member,” Khan, 2024 WL 756643, at *5. The
burdens associated with Plaintiff’s life being put “on hold” are shared by almost everyone
awaiting visa adjudication and “[a]t most . . . weigh only slightly in support of finding an
unreasonable delay.” Palakuru v. Renaud, 521 F. Supp. 3d 46, 53 (D.D.C. 2021). Similarly,
economic harms such as postponed career opportunities are more “tolerable” costs of delay than
Page 11 of 13 risks to health or welfare. TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. The third and fifth factors thus add little
weight to Plaintiff’s side of the scale.
iii. Factor four The fourth TRAC factor favors Defendants. They correctly observe that, in effect, the
result Plaintiff seeks “would be merely to expedite the consideration of [his] application ahead of
others.” MTD at 31. Although that result might be less disruptive than a permanent change to
Defendants’ policies, it could still undermine their priorities. “The agency is in a unique—and
authoritative—position to view its projects as a whole, estimate the prospects for each, and
allocate its resources in the optimal way.” In re Barr Lab’ys, Inc., 930 F.2d 72, 76 (D.C. Cir.
1991). “Processing capacity is presently a zero-sum game, granting plaintiffs’ request to
expedite would necessarily mean additional delays for other applicants—many of whom
undoubtedly face hardships of their own.” Murway v. Blinken, No. CV 21-1618, 2022 WL
493082, at *4 (D.D.C. Feb. 16, 2022) (quotation omitted). As a result, “[r]elief that would
simply reorder a queue of applicants seeking adjudication is generally viewed as inappropriate
when no net gain in such adjudications is achieved.” Tate v. Pompeo, 513 F. Supp. 3d 132, 149
(D.D.C. 2021) (quotation omitted). Plaintiff offers no reason to depart from that general rule
here. Accordingly, this factor weighs in Defendants’ favor.
iv. Factor six The sixth TRAC factor observes that “the court need not find any impropriety lurking
behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is ‘unreasonably delayed.’” TRAC,
750 F.2d at 80 (quoting Pub. Citizen Health Rsch. Grp. v. Food & Drug Admin., 740 F.2d 21, 34
(D.C. Cir. 1984)) (quotation omitted). Plaintiff concedes, however, that “there is no evidence
that Defendants have engaged in any improper conduct.” Opp’n at 18. This factor is therefore
inapplicable.
Page 12 of 13 * * *
On balance, the TRAC factors favor Defendants. Under the first and second, the length of
Defendants’ delay is within the range that courts have consistently declined to consider
unreasonable as a matter of law. Under the third and fifth, Plaintiff has not alleged that the delay
has caused any significant harm to his health or welfare. And under the fourth factor, the relief
Plaintiff seeks would disrupt the government’s priorities and allow Plaintiff to jump the queue of
similarly situated people awaiting further action on their visa applications. Although the court
acknowledges the difficulties that Plaintiff faces because of the delay, as a matter of law, it
cannot conclude that Plaintiff has alleged specific facts giving rise to an inference of
unreasonable delay, a necessary threshold criterion for establishing this court’s mandamus
jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Complaint must be dismissed.
IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the court will GRANT Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 6. A
corresponding Order will accompany this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: July 22, 2024
Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge
Page 13 of 13