NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NOS. A-2106-18T3 A-2981-18T3 A-3513-18T3
M.M.B.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
C.J.B.,
Defendant-Appellant.1 __________________________
Argued telephonically June 30, 2020 – Decided July 30, 2020
Before Judges Messano and Vernoia.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Somerset County, Docket No. FM-18-0528-11.
Charles C. Rifici argued the cause for appellant (Rotolo Karch Law, attorneys; Charles C. Rifici, on the briefs).
1 We have used initials and fictionalized the first names of the children. R. 1:38-3(d). Jamie K. Von Ellen argued the cause for respondent (Gomperts Penza McDermott & Von Ellen, LLC, attorneys; Jamie K. Von Ellen and Marisa Lepore Hovanec, of counsel; Marisa Lepore Hovanec, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
We consolidated three appeals brought by defendant, C.J.B., that
challenge six orders entered in the Family Part. Defendant contends, in part,
these orders erroneously and unfairly modified the divorce settlement agreement
(DSA) he entered into with his ex-wife, plaintiff M.M.B., now known as M.M.
When the parties divorced in 2012, after nearly eleven years of marriage and the
birth of two children — a son, Paul, born in December 2002, and a daughter,
Alice, born in 2004 — the DSA provided for joint legal custody with plaintiff
as the parent of primary residence.
Critical to these appeals, the DSA also required both parties to "confer
with each other" on matters affecting the children's health, welfare, and
education "with a view to adopt and follow those policies which are in the best
interests of the children[,]" and to have "full and free direct access to the
children's doctors . . . and other professionals[.]" The DSA further stated that
defendant "shall have the option to determine the reasonableness and necessity
of any treatment and will not unreasonably withhold his consent to such
A-2106-18T3 2 treatment." In 2014, the parties executed an addendum to the DSA, whereby
plaintiff was given sole decision-making authority regarding the education of
Alice, in recognition of her "special needs" and in exchange for waiving any
financial contribution from defendant.
I.
A.
The nature and degree of each parent's involvement in decisions regarding
the medical care of the children prior to 2017 is disputed. However, between
January 2017 and September 2018, plaintiff filed several motions seeking relief
from what she generally characterized as defendant's unreasonable opposition
to necessary medical or psychiatric treatment for the children. We provide some
detail surrounding these motions because, although the orders that resulted are
not the subjects of this appeal, they provide necessary context.
In March 2017, the judge issued a preliminary decision on the first of these
motions, in which plaintiff sought "sole-decision making authority as it relate[d]
to medical and psychological treatment" of Alice. The judge denied that request,
however, he appointed Dr. Suneeta Sayyaparaju, a psychiatrist recommended by
Alice's school, to perform an independent evaluation, and he ordered both
parties to cooperate to the extent required by the doctor. The judge also ordered
A-2106-18T3 3 plaintiff to furnish defendant with the names of all "doctors and professionals"
who had treated both children since the final divorce. 2 Dr. Sayyaparaju's report
found Alice's
symptoms are consistent with an unspecified anxiety disorder. Given her poor eating and bowel related patterns, a Binge Eating Disorder and Encopresis need to be considered strongly.
[Alice] struggles to engage effectively in traditional individual psychotherapy. She has great difficulty sharing her internal thoughts and emotions, often shutting down and refusing to speak, despite several trials of therapy with different providers.
Given [Alice] has attempted trials of traditional psychotherapy and has made little to no progress, it would be in her best interest to consider psychiatric medication management to address underlying symptoms of anxiety. With medication, [she] will likely achieve anxiety relief allowing for better engagement and progress with psychotherapy.
In April 2017, plaintiff filed a second motion to grant her sole medical
and psychological decision making for Alice or, alternatively, conduct a plenary
hearing on the issue. Defendant again opposed the request. A different judge
heard oral argument, and, in a thorough written decision that detailed each
2 The judge's initial decision was not formalized in an order; however, the parties accepted its terms, which were formally incorporated by reference into an order entered by the second judge in response to a subsequent motion brought by plaintiff. A-2106-18T3 4 party's assertions and arguments, the judge concluded that based on Dr.
Sayyaparaju's evaluation, there was no "reason to further delay [Alice's]
psychiatric treatment. While . . . mindful of [d]efendant's concerns," the judge
noted that defendant was "not a doctor qualified to treat [Alice] and [defendant]
agreed to the terms included in [the first judge's] decision that gave Dr.
Sayyaparaju significant discretion."
However, the judge was reluctant to give plaintiff sole decision-making
authority, and, so, he ordered that plaintiff provide defendant with seventy-two
hours advance notice of any proposed medical treatment, and defendant was to
timely respond with any objections. If the parties continued to disagree, the
judge ordered them to schedule a conference with the "relevant doctor to discuss
the appropriate course of conduct." With the consent of both parties, the judge's
amended June 21, 2017 order required them "to participate in psycho -education
with Dr. Sayyaparaju and to perform any and all tasks recommended by the
doctor," and to sign authorizations with Dr. Sayyaparaju, as well as a licensed
clinical social worker, Laura Roth, "to enable the treatment provider to discuss
communications with each parent with the other[.]"
Less than one month later, plaintiff filed a third motion, again asserting
defendant was obstructing necessary medical and psychiatric treatment for both
A-2106-18T3 5 children. She sought sole decision-making authority, appointment of a guardian
ad litem (GAL), and a plenary hearing on the issue. Defendant again opposed
the application.
In his written statement of reasons supporting his September 29, 2017
order, the judge again denied plaintiff's requested relief. He summarized the
parties' conflicting assertions but determined that, unlike the factual
circumstances that existed in Nufrio v. Nufrio, 341 N.J. Super. 548 (2001), he
did not conclude "that the parties are unable to cooperate to the degree that they
adversely affect their children's well-being. Both parties concede that [Paul]
needs professional help, but they disagree as to the course of treatment." The
judge also determined that the parties "ha[d] different approaches to medical
treatment for [Alice,]" but that defendant "ha[d] not unreasonably interfered
with [her] medical treatment." The judge concluded that plaintiff had failed to
establish "changed circumstances" warranting modification of the DSA. As it
relates to these issues, the terms of the September 29, 2017 order mirrored those
contained in the judge's earlier June order.
Plaintiff filed a fourth motion less than one month later, seeking
reconsideration, particularly as to her request for a plenary hearing and
appointment of a GAL. Once again, the judge denied most of plaintiff's
A-2106-18T3 6 requested relief, finding defendant's actions "constitute[d] a conservative,
reasoned approach to medical decision-making." Nonetheless, the judge
ordered that Paul begin psychiatric treatment with Dr. Jason A. Minion, who had
conducted an evaluation of the child. The court's January 12, 2018 order
provided:
a. Both parties will provide Dr. Minion with written consent for [Paul] to begin psychiatric treatment. . . .
b. Both parties will abide with Dr. Minion's determinations regarding [Paul]'s course of psychiatric treatment including, but not limited to, the dosage of medicine and the type of medicine. . . .
c. If either party disagrees with Dr. Minion's course of treatment, they may obtain a separate expert, at their own cost, who will provide Dr. Minion with a medical reason as to why treatment should be modified. . . .
d. If both parties disagree with Dr. Minion's treatment, they may jointly present their objections and request a modification. If [Paul] should change psychiatrists, the above detailed restrictions will continue. . . .
e. Neither party shall attempt to create additional procedures beyond those explicitly created by Dr. Minion. . . .
f. Neither party shall cancel an appointment as a result of his or her unavailability provided the other parent or another responsible adult is available to take [Paul]. . . .
g. Each parent has the right to be present at Dr. Minion's office at the time of [Paul]'s appointment. . . .
A-2106-18T3 7 h. Dr. Minion shall be provided with any collateral documentation he may request, which either party deems responsive, with a copy of same to be simultaneously provided to the other party.
Plaintiff filed an appeal from the September 2017 and January 2018 orders,
which she later withdrew.
Events in the summer of 2018 spawned the orders at issue in these appeals.
Dr. Minion, who had seen Paul at the Child Development Center (CDC), left for
another position in July. Noting that another psychiatrist had not yet been
appointed to replace him, Dr. Minion wrote that that Dr. Kathleen S. Fadden, a
pediatrician at the CDC, could continue to see Paul, and the parties could seek
out another child psychiatrist. Dr. Minion urged the parties' "prompt attention"
to the matter.
However, by mid-August, despite receiving a list of potential child
psychiatrists from Dr. Minion and Paul's autism coordinator, defendant refused
to choose until he spoke with the doctor, who was on vacation. Dr. Fadden saw
Paul in September 2018, with both parents present. Her notes reflect that
prescribing sertraline, a drug Alice was taking, was discussed, but that "parent
A-2106-18T3 8 did not want it prescribed – psychiatry consult discussed."3 Dr. Fadden
diagnosed Paul with "[a]utism spectrum disorder associated with
neurodevelopmental, mental or behavioral disorder, requiring substantial
support[,] . . . [a]ttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), . . . [and]
[o]bsessive behavior . . . ." The parties' conflicting interpretations of Dr.
Fadden's recommendations led plaintiff to ask the doctor to clarify whether Paul
would benefit from psychiatric treatment and a trial on sertraline. Dr. Fadden's
response was unequivocal:
[Paul] has obsessive behavior that interferes with functioning that I do not think behavior therapy alone can treat at this point. Since sertraline (which helps his sister) can help children, it can be attempted by a psychiatrist or by myself in conjunction with his psychotherapist. For now, a [board certified behavior analyst] can use behavioral strategies for him to function in school and vocational programming with carry over to home.
In the interim, plaintiff had filed a fifth motion asking the court to appoint
a GAL and order a psychiatrist to replace Dr. Minion. Defendant again opposed
the motion and filed a cross-motion seeking modification of parenting time and
other relief. In her reply certification, plaintiff highlighted "four significant
3 The notes do not state which parent voiced opposition to prescribing the drug, but it is undisputed that the notes reflect defendant's position. A-2106-18T3 9 changes in circumstances" since the filing of her last motion, the most
noteworthy of which was Dr. Minion's withdrawal from Paul's treatment.
Additionally, plaintiff noted Paul's clinical social worker, Laura Roth, was
terminating her sessions with the child for "personal reasons." Plaintiff enclosed
an email from defendant to Ms. Roth, stating, "[i]f any document or statement
from you ends up in [plaintiff]'s legal proceedings against me (even though you
promised in writing not to get involved in legal proceedings), I will assume that
we are free to subpoena you." Plaintiff asserted that Ms. Roth's "personal
reasons" were a lack of "the necessary legal, financial[,] and emotional resources
to deal with the [d]efendant."
Plaintiff asserted Dr. Fadden's recommendations, and defendant's refusal
to accept them, were another changed circumstance warranting appointment of
a GAL. Plaintiff attached the session notes and correspondence we discussed
above. Finally, plaintiff described the results of recent behavioral testing
performed on Paul by his school, and an escalating downward spiral in Paul's
behavior at home and school. 4
4 Plaintiff also stated that defendant refused to consent to Dr. Sayyaparaju's recommended change in medication for Alice. A-2106-18T3 10 A third Family Part judge heard oral argument on plaintiff's motion and
defendant's cross-motion over two days. Among other things, defense counsel
disagreed with the judge's assertion that Paul "needs to have some psychiatric
assistance at this . . . time," and, pointing to the language in the DSA, stated
defendant was "the arbiter of the reasonableness" of all treatment for the
children. Although the judge clearly signaled his intention to order a psychiatric
evaluation of Paul and appointment of a psychiatrist for further treatment as
necessary, the argument carried over to a second day, primarily to address
defendant's request to modify parenting time.
During the second day of arguments, the judge indicated his intention to
deny plaintiff's request to appoint a GAL because it would "interpose . . . another
layer of decision-making in between the parents which further removes them
from the decision making." He gave defendant an opportunity to select one of
several psychiatrists whose names were on a list supplied by Dr. Minion to both
parties. Defense counsel chose Dr. Pamela Moss, who was not on the list, but
had treated Paul in the past. Plaintiff agreed and urged the judge to contact the
doctor regarding the appointment.
The judge's December 5, 2018 order (December 2018 order) denied
plaintiff's request to appoint a GAL but provided:
A-2106-18T3 11 The Court . . . appoints Dr. Pamela Moss . . . as [Paul]'s psychiatrist by consent of the parties. The parties shall forthwith contact Dr. Moss and pay the required fee and initiate therapy. . . . The parties shall execute written consent for [Paul] to begin psychotherapy. Both parties will abide by Dr. Moss's determinations regarding [Paul]'s course of treatment, including but not limited to, the type of medication and dosage of medication. A recommendation will be considered given, if the doctor suggests a specific course of treatment using language including but not limited to "recommends," "suggests," "you should consider," etc. If such recommendation is made, both parties must execute their consent for said treatment within [seventy-two] hours of notification thereof.
The order further provided, by consent, for the appointment of Dr. Susan
Blackwell-Nehlig, Paul's "therapist at school" as his "psychologist/therapist for
counseling outside the school," and applied all the "treatment protocols"
applicable to Dr. Moss to Dr. Blackwell-Nehlig. The judge also granted
defendant's request to modify his parenting time schedule with Paul , something
to which plaintiff consented. A few days later, the judge notified the parties that
Dr. Moss accepted the appointment, and the judge set the date for Paul's first
session with the doctor.
Nevertheless, defendant sought to adjourn the first appointment because
of his professional schedule. Defense counsel asked the court to intercede,
because plaintiff had objected to re-scheduling. He also asked the judge to
A-2106-18T3 12 "advise Dr. Moss she is able to freely speak with [defendant] prior to [the]
appointment[.]"
However, the doctor wished to see the child alone on the first visit.
Counsel forwarded the judge conflicting versions of defendant's interaction with
the doctor's staff. Defense counsel urged the judge to permit rescheduling of
the appointment so his client could be present. He wrote in a December 20,
2018 letter to the judge,
In ongoing meetings with Dr. Moss, [defendant]'s presence may not be required due to the [c]ourt's order. However, this is [Paul]'s first appointment with Dr. Moss so it is crucial fairness and integrity of the process be provided to [defendant] and that he be permitted to attend, regardless as to whether or not either party is seen by Dr. Moss. He should be permitted to ensure [p]laintiff does not seize an unfair advantage by being present without him.
The judge ordered both parties to be present with counsel for a conference,
which was eventually held on January 9, 2019.
In the interim, on December 20, 2018, Dr. Moss wrote to the judge
declining the court's appointment "as it would be too disruptive to [her]
practice[.]" Referencing two telephone conversations between defendant and
her office, Dr. Moss wrote:
During [defendant]'s conversations . . . he was verbally aggressive, demanding[,] and inappropriate. He,
A-2106-18T3 13 without provocation[,] launched into demeaning and devaluing [plaintiff], for example, claiming she had a psychiatric disorder and insinuating ill will on her part. Despite being asked to stop this line of talk, he persisted. [Defendant] then demanded to speak with me prior to the evaluation and demanded the evaluation process be altered. He would not accept my instructions given to him by my secretary. [Defendant] was obstructionistic [sic] in the setting up of his son's evaluation.
Dr. Moss also refuted two specific assertions contained in defense counsel's
initial letter to the court. She wrote that plaintiff "in no way influenced the
scheduling process[,]" and, "at no time" had the doctor's office "suggest[ed] that
[Dr. Moss] required [the] court['s] permission to speak with" defendant. The
judge forwarded Dr. Moss's letter to the parties the day before the January 9
conference.
The judge began the conference by marking the above correspondences
into evidence as court's exhibits. There was no objection by counsel. Moreover,
defense counsel did not dispute the contents of Dr. Moss's letter. Instead, he
attributed his client's behavior on the phone as "unfortunately the result of just
being totally frustrated after dealing with this for two-and-a-half years." Noting
Dr. Moss's appointment was at his suggestion, defense counsel admitted he "was
very unhappy to have read [her] letter[,]" and thought "it was a bad day for
[defendant] and frustrating." Defense counsel told the judge he was "not
A-2106-18T3 14 opposed" to appointment of a GAL "acceptable to both sides[,]" but defendant
lacked funds for the appointment. Counsel also posited Dr. Merritt A. Hubsher
as an alternate psychiatrist. 5 Counsel requested that the court not make any
changes to the "custodial arrangement as relates to legal or medical [decision -
making] . . . without a hearing[.]" Plaintiff's counsel urged the court to give her
client sole medical decision-making authority as to the children. She argued
that the record was clear and no hearing was necessary.
Rejecting defendant's argument that the plaintiff needed to make another
motion, or that the material in the record was "hearsay," the judge concluded
defendant had obstructed necessary psychiatric treatment for Paul. The judge
stated,
[a]ll I have to do is read Dr. Moss'[s] letter . . . into the record, and say that's proof positive by the expert that you selected, the [p]laintiff agreed to, who previously treated P[aul] saying in [a] very significant . . . detailed manner that [defendant] is an obstructionist and that he abused her staff. He would not follow her protocols.
The judge found Dr. Moss's letter was an independent observation consistent
with plaintiff's allegations regarding defendant's behavior. The judge
5 Dr. Hubsher had seen Paul years earlier, but his suggestion of the possible use of medication resulted in defendant's refusal to consent to any further t reatment by the doctor. A-2106-18T3 15 designated plaintiff "the parent of sole medical decision-making" for the
children. Plaintiff's counsel advised the judge it was acceptable for the court to
designate Dr. Hubsher, and defendant concurred with that choice.
The court's January 9, 2019 order (the January 2019 order) appointed Dr.
Hubsher as Paul's psychiatrist, and reiterated what constituted a
"recommendation" from the doctor as set forth in the December 2018 order. The
order designated plaintiff as sole medical decision-maker for the children
"without any need for consent or approval from . . . [defendant] . . . as to any
medical evaluations and treatment, including without limitation, prescribed
medications." Defendant filed a notice of appeal from the December 2018 and
January 2019 orders (A-2106-18).
B.
The filing of defendant's first appeal was not the end of the dispute in the
Family Part, nor even the beginning of the end, but in Churchillian terms, it may
be considered the end of the beginning of the controversy. Dr. Hubsher declined
the appointment, and plaintiff notified defense counsel that although another
psychiatrist had been identified to evaluate and perhaps treat Paul, she would
not identify the doctor. Plaintiff's counsel sent defense counsel a questionn aire,
which the doctor requested defendant complete, and warned, "[i]f [defendant]
A-2106-18T3 16 attempts to contact the evaluator or otherwise thwart the evaluation, [plaintiff]
will seek intervention of the court." Defense counsel objected, claimed none of
the prior orders gave plaintiff authority to withhold the name of the doctor, and
indicated defendant would not complete the form until he was provided with
plaintiff's submissions to the doctor, the doctor's notes and the "reason and
conditions of evaluation."
Defendant then filed an application for an order to show cause (OTSC)
seeking to stay the January 2019 order pending appeal, a declaration that
plaintiff had violated litigant's rights after Dr. Hubsher's declination of the
assignment, and counsel fees. The judge entered an order on February 19, 2019,
setting a return date of March 6, 2019, and a schedule for the parties to file
additional papers.
On the return date, the judge identified two "baskets" of issues, i.e.,
defendant's request for a stay of the January 2019 order and plaintiff's selection
of a replacement psychiatrist for Paul. As to the first, defendant argued the
judge relied on hearsay in granting plaintiff sole decision-making authority, and
there were genuine factual disputes which required a plenary hearing.
A-2106-18T3 17 According to defendant, the judge should either grant a stay, or vacate the order
and hold a plenary hearing. 6
The judge expressed concern that staying the January 2019 order pending
appeal would effectively deny Paul any treatment, since it was likely Paul would
be eighteen before the appeal was decided. However, the judge found that
defendant was entitled to know the identity of and interact with the replacement
psychiatrist plaintiff selected, if a protocol was in place. The judge found it
necessary to establish a protocol to ensure Paul's treatment would not be
disrupted by the parents' disputes, while also ensuring the parents' right to know
and participate in treatment that the doctor found appropriate. Concluding
defendant failed to meet the standards for issuing a stay under Crowe v. De
Gioia, 90 N.J. 126 (1982), and Garden State Equality v. Dow, 216 N.J. 314
(2013), the judge declined to stay or vacate the January 2019 order, but granted
defendant a plenary hearing "for [t]he [c]ourt to determine whether or not the
plaintiff should continue to have the status as the sole parent of medical
decision-making authority."
6 Citing an in-chambers, off-the-record conversation between counsel and the judge, defense counsel asserted that another judge should conduct the plenary hearing because the judge had already "pre-judg[ed]" the outcome. A-2106-18T3 18 The judge's March 6, 2019 order (the March 2019 order) reflected this oral
ruling, and also required plaintiff to disclose the identity of the "presently
unnamed psychiatrist" consulted for Paul's potential treatment "once a protocol
for parental contact and exchange of information/documentation between the
parties and the psychiatrist has been established, either by . . . consent . . . or by
further [o]rder of the [c]ourt following" a March 27 case management
conference. The order also required plaintiff to provide defense counsel with
copies of everything "sought by, and provided to, the potential successor
psychiatrist[.]"
Defense counsel notified the judge that he objected to the court's
consideration of a protocol for contact and information exchange because
plaintiff never filed a cross-motion to the OTSC. Counsel also argued the judge
lacked jurisdiction to schedule or hold a plenary hearing, conduct case
management conferences, or establish any protocol because of the pending
appeal. See R. 2:9-1(a) (generally vesting jurisdiction with the appellate
division upon filing an appeal). Defense counsel reiterated that the judge should
recuse himself from any further proceedings and requested that the judge file an
amended order and statement of reasons regarding his exercise of continued
jurisdiction.
A-2106-18T3 19 We denied defendant's request to file an emergent motion for a stay of the
March 2019 order, after which, defendant filed a notice of appeal of the March
2019 order (A-2981-18).
C.
Within days thereafter, defendant filed a motion in the Family Part seeking
vacation of the March 2019 order and the judge's recusal. Defense counsel's
certification claimed that in chambers, during the March 6 proceedings, the
judge raised his voice and told defense counsel that "if [they] wanted a hearing,
[they] would get [their] hearing and [they] would lose." Three days later,
defendant filed an OTSC seeking a stay of the March 2019 order pending appeal,
or, alternatively, vacation of the order. Defense counsel wrote to the vicinage
assignment judge and presiding judge of the Family Part, seeking their
intercession to "correct the procedural anomaly caused by the" March 2019
order, which he alleged was entered despite the court's lack of jurisdiction. In
subsequent correspondence, defense counsel stated that defendant never
requested a plenary hearing while the appeal was pending, and that to the extent
the judge understood him to have made such a request, it was withdrawn.
On March 27, the parties appeared before the judge for the scheduled case
management conference and defendant's OTSC. The judge interpreted our
A-2106-18T3 20 rejection of defendant's request for emergent relief as implicit approval of his
ability to move forward. He denied the OTSC but adjourned any further action
until he decided defendant's recusal motion and conducted a case management
conference on April 12. On April 5, 2019, again applying the Crowe standards,
the judge entered an order (the OTSC order) and written statement of reasons
denying a stay of further proceedings in the Family Part pending appeal.
Defendant again sought our emergent intervention to stay the March 2019 order
pending appeal, which we again denied. Defendant's application to the Supreme
Court was similarly denied.
The parties and counsel appeared before the judge on April 12. The judge
denied defendant's motion for recusal. Defense counsel affirmed that defendant
"ha[d] opted not to go forward with the plenary hearing[.]" Defendant initially
objected to discussing protocols for information sharing and contact with Paul's
proposed psychiatrist because the judge "lack[ed] subject matter jurisdiction[,]"
and defense counsel withdrew any prior proposals regarding a protocol. The
judge, citing our and the Supreme Court's prior refusals to intervene on an
emergent basis, disagreed. Not having a proposed protocol from defendant, the
judge adopted plaintiff's protocol, finding it allowed for defendant's knowledge
and active involvement in the children's health and welfare.
A-2106-18T3 21 On April 17, 2019, the judge entered an order denying defendant's recusal
motion (the recusal order) and a case management order (the CM order). The
CM order included plaintiff's proposed protocol. We denied defendant's
application for an emergent stay of the orders, as did the Supreme Court.
Defendant filed a notice of appeal of the OTSC order, recusal order, and CM
order (A-3513-18).7
II.
In A-2106-18, defendant contends the judge misconstrued defendant's
rights under the DSA and prior orders by appointing Dr. Moss as Paul's
psychiatrist because Dr. Minion never recommended that Paul needed
psychiatric treatment. Defendant alternatively argues that the judge could not
have appointed a psychiatrist, or modified defendant's rights under the DSA
regarding medical decision-making, without holding a plenary hearing because
genuine material facts existed. Additionally, defendant contends that the judge
improperly shifted the burden of proof to defendant during the proceedings
leading to the December 2018 and January 2019 orders, relied on inadmissible
7 We need not detail the motion practice before our court that both parties pursued, except to say that we ordered consolidation of the three appeals, denied defendant's motion for summary disposition in A-2981-18, and denied plaintiff's motion to dismiss the appeals and/or remand the matters to the trial court. A-2106-18T3 22 evidence to eliminate defendant's medical decision-making authority, and
denied defendant due process, because defendant had inadequate notice that the
judge would consider modification of the DSA or define what a doctor's
"recommendation" meant. Defendant also argues that the judge never addressed
the statutory best interests' factors contained in N.J.S.A. 9:2-4 prior to modifying
the DSA, and the judge exerted duress and undue influence upon defendant to
obtain his agreement to Dr. Moss's appointment. We reject all these contentions
and affirm the December 2018 and January 2019 orders.
"We review the Family Part judge's findings in accordance with a
deferential standard of review, recognizing the court's 'special jurisdiction and
expertise in family matters.'" Thieme v. Aucoin-Thieme, 227 N.J. 269, 282–83
(2016) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998)). The trial judge's
factual findings and legal conclusions are not disturbed unless we are convinced
they are "so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with" the evidence
presented. Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412. "A more exacting standard governs our
review of the trial court's legal conclusions[,] . . . [which] we review . . . de
novo." Thieme, 227 N.J. at 283 (citing D.W. v. R.W., 212 N.J. 232, 245–46
(2012)).
A-2106-18T3 23 Initially, it is defendant who misconstrues the terms of the DSA and prior
orders regarding whether the court had already decided Paul needed psychiatric
treatment. Contrary to defendant's assertions, the DSA did not give him carte
blanche to reject medical treatment of whatever sort for the children. He was
not, as defense counsel asserted at one of the hearings, the final "arbiter" of
conflicts that arose regarding medical treatment.
The DSA gave defendant "the option to determine the reasonableness and
necessity of any treatment" for the children, but it also provided that he would
"not unreasonably withhold his consent to such treatment." Plaintiff's incessant
motion practice was an effort to demonstrate that defendant, not plaintiff, was
violating the terms of the DSA. Defendant points to prior orders entered by the
first two judges to demonstrate they rejected plaintiff's efforts and reaffirmed
his authority to categorically reject treatment for the children. That is not so.
Although the March 2017 decision made by the first judge denied plaintiff
sole decision-making authority, it reflects the judge's rejection of defendant's
assertion that Alice did not need any medical intervention and that plaintiff's
home environment was the cause of Alice's alleged medical or psychiatric
conditions. Indeed, the first judge ordered Alice be evaluated by Dr.
A-2106-18T3 24 Sayyaparaju, whose report clearly recommended treatment and medication to
address her conditions.
So, too, the second judge's January 12, 2018 order rejected defendant's
assertion that Paul did not need psychiatric treatment, but rather explicitly
determined that both parties were to "provide Dr. Minion with written consent
for [Paul] to begin psychiatric treatment." Defendant contends Dr. Minion's
final correspondence, with the suggested referral to Dr. Fadden, who was not a
psychiatrist, was an implicit determination that Paul did not need psychiatric
care. Not only is that a strained interpretation of Dr. Minion's suggestion that
the parties give their "prompt attention" to selection of another psychiatrist and
his forwarding of a list of possible doctors, it ignores the substanc e of Dr.
Fadden's letter, which clearly indicated Paul needed psychiatric treatment.
In short, the third judge, whose orders we review, neither misconstrued
the prior orders or the terms of the DSA in entering the December 2018 order,
nor was he required to hold a plenary hearing as to whether Paul needed
psychiatric care. The prior order clearly said he did, and it required the parties
to provide their consent and appointed Dr. Minion to evaluate and provide the
treatment. Dr. Minion's withdrawal did not create a factual dispute as to whether
Paul needed treatment. Defendant's claim that he agreed under duress to Dr.
A-2106-18T3 25 Moss's appointment because the judge exerted undue influence lacks sufficient
merit to warrant discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Defendant's challenge is more accurately aimed at the judge's decision to
modify the DSA and provide plaintiff with sole medical-decision making
authority via the January 2019 order. Initially, we recognize that the parties'
agreement may be modified if the party seeking modification shows both
changed circumstances, and the agreement is no longer in the best interests of
the child. Finamore v. Aronson, 382 N.J. Super. 514, 522–23 (App. Div. 2006);
Abouzahr v. Matera-Abouzahr, 361 N.J. Super. 135, 152 (App. Div. 2003). The
change in circumstances must "affect the welfare of the child[]." Hand v. Hand,
391 N.J. Super. 102, 105 (App. Div. 2007) (citations omitted).
"[A] plenary hearing is . . . important when the submissions show there is
a genuine and substantial factual dispute regarding the welfare of children." J.G.
v. J.H., 457 N.J. Super. 365, 372 (App. Div. 2019) (quoting K.A.F. v. D.L.M.,
437 N.J. Super. 123, 138 (App. Div. 2014)). We review the judge's decision to
grant or deny a plenary hearing for an abuse of discretion, with deference to the
Family Part judge's expertise. Costa v. Costa, 440 N.J. Super. 1, 4 (App. Div.
2015).
A-2106-18T3 26 Defendant contends there was a factual dispute requiring the judge to have
conducted a plenary hearing about the representations contained in Dr. Moss's
letter prior to entry of the January 2019 order. However, defense counsel never
contested the facts contained in Dr. Moss's letter. He never denied that his client
had in fact been abusive toward the doctor or her staff. Instead, he told the judge
defendant's conduct was the result of "frustrat[ion]." We agree with the judge
that there was little to warrant a plenary hearing at that moment in time. The
judge was rightly focused on providing Paul with psychiatric treatment,
something that ceased when Dr. Minion withdrew many months earlier.
The record fully supports the judge's conclusion on January 9, 2019, that
the joint decision-making envisioned by the terms of the DSA was no longer in
the children's best interests. We acknowledge that the judge did not "specifically
place on the record the factors which justif[ied] any custody arrangement not
agreed to by both parents." N.J.S.A. 9:2-4; see also Bisbing v. Bisbing, 230 N.J.
309, 322 (2017). However, the court clearly had the authority and "obligation
to protect children enmeshed in parental disputes." Milne v. Goldenberg, 428
N.J. Super. 184, 200 (App. Div. 2012) (citing Vannucchi v. Vannucchi, 113 N.J.
Super. 40, 47 (App. Div. 1971)). As we held in the broader context of joint legal
custody, the prime criteria for such a joint relationship "centers on the ability of
A-2106-18T3 27 th[e] parents to agree, communicate, and cooperate in matters relating to the
health, safety[,] and welfare of the child[,] notwithstanding animosity or
acrimony they may harbor toward each other." Nufrio, 341 N.J. Super. at 550.
The record clearly supported the judge's conclusion that joint decision -
making was no longer viable, and that plaintiff had demonstrated a significant
change of circumstances affecting the welfare of the children. The January 2019
order was an attempt by the judge to immediately address Paul's urgent needs,
and we cannot conclude that the remedy — giving plaintiff sole decision-making
authority — was an abuse of the judge's discretion.
We also reject defendant's other arguments challenging the December
2018 and January 2019 orders. Defendant contends the judge shifted the burden
of proof to him to prove that Paul did not need psychiatric care i nstead of
requiring plaintiff to prove the child did. As already noted, the second judge's
January 2018 order clearly provided that Paul was to receive psychiatric care,
and defendant was required to consent to the treatment, including medication.
We are also unpersuaded by defendant's contention that his due process
rights were violated because he was not on notice that his joint decision-making
rights were at risk. Plaintiff's motion that led to the December 2018 order sought
appointment of a GAL and a replacement psychiatrist for Paul. During the oral
A-2106-18T3 28 argument on the motion, the judge clearly indicated that while he was not going
to grant that relief at that time, he was going to require appointment of a
replacement for Dr. Minion, rejecting defendant's arguments to the contrary.
The judge accepted defendant's recommendation to appoint Dr. Moss. In
colloquy with counsel, the judge warned that continued inability to cooperate on
issues regarding the children's medical needs could result in the appoin tment of
one of the parties as sole decision-maker.
As already noted, when the parties reconvened on January 9, 2019, much
had occurred in the interim. Defendant was not ignorant of those events, because
defense counsel had corresponded with the judge, urging re-scheduling of Paul's
first appointment because of defendant's business schedule. Counsel
represented that plaintiff's objection to re-scheduling required the court's
intervention. Dr. Moss's letter, however, refuted this claim. Moreover, defense
counsel's letter stressed the importance of his client's presence at the first session
and his client's opposition to plaintiff obtaining any "unfair advantage" by
defendant's absence. There is no dispute in the record that the doctor's policy
was to see Paul alone, without either parent.
Defendant was aware of all this before receiving a copy of Dr. Moss's
letter the day before the January hearing. We reject any claim that he lacked
A-2106-18T3 29 notice, or that plaintiff's failure to file yet another motion was necessary to
provide adequate due process to defendant. The Family Part has broad equitable
powers to enforce its own orders. Sagi v. Sagi, 386 N.J. Super. 517, 526 (App.
Div. 2006). The essence of the December 2018 order was to compel Paul's
continued psychiatric treatment, and the January 2019 order was the judge's
reasoned attempt to enforce that earlier order.
To the extent we have not specifically addressed defendant's other
arguments regarding the December 2018 and January 2019 orders, they lack
sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
We affirm in A-2106-18.
III.
The March 2019 order resulted from defendant's application for an OTSC
seeking a stay of the court's earlier orders pending appeal. Shortly before the
return date, plaintiff's counsel indicated a new, unnamed psychiatrist might be
willing to treat Paul and requested defendant complete a questionnaire in
advance of any evaluation, which he refused to do. Counsel represented that the
unnamed psychiatrist saw Paul, made an initial evaluation and recommended
further testing. She clearly stated that there would be no medications prescribed
"until after the evaluation is fully completed." As a result, defense counsel wrote
A-2106-18T3 30 to the judge, requesting an expedited hearing on the OTSC "before
implementation of this treatment[,]" citing plaintiff's "aggressive, secretive
fashion" in securing psychiatric treatment with a "doctor [who] is not [c]ourt -
[o]rdered." As noted, the judge denied defendant's request for a stay and the
March 2019 order required plaintiff to provide defendant with the name of the
psychiatrist, subject to adoption of a protocol for information sharing. The judge
also ordered a plenary hearing "to determine whether [p]laintiff should remain
sole parent of medical decision-making authority[.]"
Defendant's challenges to the March 2019 order are two-fold. He argues
that the judge lacked jurisdiction while his appeal was pending to order a
protocol for the parental exchange of information regarding the then unnamed
psychiatrist plaintiff had consulted to treat Paul, or to order a plenary hearing.
Defendant also contends that his due process rights were violated because he
was not provided adequate notice that the court would make these substantive
rulings. We reject these claims and affirm.
"[A]s a general rule, once an appeal is filed, the trial court loses
jurisdiction to make substantive rulings in the matter." McNair v. McNair, 332
N.J. Super. 195, 199 (App. Div. 2000) (citing Rolnick v. Rolnick, 262 N.J.
Super. 343, 365–66 (App. Div. 1993)). With the exception of clerical errors, the
A-2106-18T3 31 trial court may not reconsider or amend or modify its judgment once an appeal
is filed. Kiernan v. Kiernan, 355 N.J. Super. 89, 92 (App. Div. 2002). However,
"[t]he rules of court nevertheless confer authority upon the trial court to continue
to deal with the matter in limited ways. The trial court, for example, has
continuing jurisdiction to enforce judgments and orders notwithstanding that
they are being challenged on appeal." McNair, 332 N.J. Super. at 199 (citing R.
2:9-1(a); R. 1:10).
Here, the provisions of the March 2019 order compelling plaintiff to
provide information to defendant about the unnamed psychiatrist, subject to
agreement on a protocol, were intended to enforce the court's earlier December
2018 and January 2019 orders that re-initiated Paul's previously ordered
psychiatric treatment. Despite the pending appeal, the judge had jurisdiction to
enforce the prior orders.
The judge also was attempting to address concerns raised by defense
counsel about plaintiff's lack of transparency regarding the doctor's identity. He
ordered plaintiff to furnish defendant with the information after the parties
adopted consensual protocols for information sharing. This provision was a
reasonable attempt to address defendant's concerns while at the same time
enforcing the orders providing Paul with necessary psychiatric care.
A-2106-18T3 32 Whether the judge's decision to order a plenary hearing exceeded the
limits of his jurisdiction need not be addressed because the issue is moot.
"Mootness is a threshold justiciability determination rooted in the notion that
judicial power is to be exercised only when a party is immediately threatened
with harm." Betancourt v. Trinitas Hosp., 415 N.J. Super. 301, 311 (App. Div.
2010) (citing Jackson v. Dep't of Corr., 335 N.J. Super. 227, 231 (App. Div.
2000)). "Courts normally will not decide issues when a controversy no longer
exists, and the disputed issues have become moot." Ibid. (citing DeVesa v.
Dorsey, 134 N.J. 420, 428 (1993) (Pollock, J., concurring)).
No plenary hearing took place because defendant made clear that his prior
request for a plenary hearing was conditioned on the judge vacating the orders
already on appeal. Defendant subsequently affirmed that he did not wish to
proceed with a plenary hearing while the appeal was pending, and none took
place. This was reflected in a subsequent order. The issue is moot.
We affirm the March 2019 order, the subject of A-2981-18.
IV.
Defendant contends the judge lacked jurisdiction to enter the CM order
because of the pending appeal. He also argues that the judge's denial of
A-2106-18T3 33 defendant's recusal motion, or his refusal to appoint a three-person panel to hear
the motion, see N.J.S.A. 2A:15-50, requires reversal. 8 We again disagree.
The CM order implemented a protocol for the scheduling of medical
appointments for the children, attendance by the parties at those appointments,
the parties' communication with the medical provider and re-affirmed plaintiff's
sole medical-decision making authority. For the reasons already expressed, the
judge did not lack jurisdiction to implement his prior orders through entry of the
CM order simply because defendant's appeal of those prior orders was pending.
Turning toward the recusal motion, we set some parameters for our
review. Rule 1:12-2 provides, "[a]ny party, on motion made to the judge before
trial or argument and stating the reasons therefor[e], may seek that judge's
disqualification." The motion may be granted where the judge "has given an
opinion upon a matter in question in the action[,]" R. 1:12-1(d), or for any
8 Although the OTSC order entered on April 5, 2019, which denied defendant's request for a stay pending appeal, is contained in the notice of appeal filed in A - 3513-18, defendant makes no specific argument about the order in his brief. "An issue not briefed on appeal is deemed waived." Sklodowsky v. Lushis, 417 N.J. Super. 648, 657 (App. Div. 2011) (citing Jefferson Loan Co. v. Session, 397 N.J. Super. 520 (App. Div. 2008)). To the extent defendant includes the OTSC order's denial of a stay pending appeal as included in his general argument that the judge improperly exercised jurisdiction while the appeal was pending, we address the contention in the next paragraph. A-2106-18T3 34 "reason which might preclude a fair and unbiased hearing and judgment, or
which might reasonably lead counsel . . . to believe so." R. 1:12-1(g).
Motions for recusal must be made "directly to the judge presiding over the
case." State v. McCabe, 201 N.J. 34, 45 (2010) (citing R. 1:12-2; Magill v.
Casel, 238 N.J. Super. 57, 63 (App. Div. 1990)). "They are entrusted to the
sound discretion of the judge and are subject to review for abuse of discretion."
Ibid. (citing Panitch v. Panitch, 339 N.J. Super. 63, 66, 71 (App. Div. 2001)).
It is unnecessary to prove actual prejudice on the part of the court, but rather "the mere appearance of bias may require disqualification. . . . However, before the court may be disqualified on the ground of an appearance of bias, the belief that the proceedings were unfair must be objectively reasonable."
[Pannitch, 339 N.J. Super. at 67 (quoting State v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89, 279 (1997)).]
The basis of defendant's motion was the judge's allegedly improper
comments during the in-chambers conference on March 6, 2019. Defendant
claimed the judge 1) improperly attempted to argue the merits of the appeal of
the January 2019 order; 2) became agitated and raised his voice at defense
counsel; 3) gave his opinion on a matter before him by stating that if defendant
wanted a plenary hearing as to medical decision-making power, he could have
one, but he would lose. This was countered by plaintiff's counsel's certification
A-2106-18T3 35 in opposition to the motion, which agreed that the judge raised his voice and
said defendant would likely lose a plenary hearing. Counsel then clarified the
judge said that because defendant had repeatedly "failed to provide a proffer of
what evidence [he] would produce on [defendant's] behalf that is different or
contrary to what was already presented and considered."
In considering the motion, the judge denied any bias against defendant.
He reiterated the bases for his decisions to that point. The judge acknowledged
telling defense counsel that he would likely lose the plenary hearing he was then
requesting because defendant had not offered any evidence that disputed the
facts regarding his interactions with Dr. Moss. The judge reiterated his sole
purpose in granting plaintiff sole decision-making authority was to get Paul the
medical treatment he desperately needed.
Intemperate comments by the judge, indeed, comments contrary to the
Judicial Code of Conduct, "do not, by themselves, necessarily equate to bias."
Id. at 68 (citing State v. Leverette, 64 N.J. 569, 571 (1974)). Indeed, we think
it is significant that even after he provided plaintiff with sole medical decision -
making authority, the judge entered orders that compelled her to provide
defendant with information and established protocols to assure defendant would
have reasonable input in the medical care of the parties' children.
A-2106-18T3 36 We also do not think the judge was prejudging the results of a future
plenary hearing. As we already expressed, defendant failed at the time, and has
continued to fail in his filings before us, to demonstrate genuine factual disputes
exist regarding his interactions with Dr. Moss. Nor has he raised a genuine
factual dispute about the medical treatment recommended for Paul at the time.
N.J.S.A. 2A:15-50 permits a judge in his or her discretion to "appoint
[three] disinterested persons" to consider his or her disqualification in an action
for, among other things, having "given his [or her] opinion upon a matter in
question in such action[.]" N.J.S.A. 2A:15-49(c). Defendant requested this
relief as alternative relief in his recusal motion. The statute may be invoked
"[i]n the event that a judge himself feels in his discretion that it would be bett er
for others to hear and decide a motion to recuse[.]" Magill, 238 N.J. Super. at
64. The statute by its terms is addressed to the court's discretion, and we cannot
conclude, for the reasons already stated, that the judge mistakenly exercised his
discretion.
We affirm the CM order and the recusal order, the subjects of A-3513-18.
Finally, defendant argues the judge erred by not awarding him counsel
fees incurred as a result of all the proceedings, and that he is entitled to fees on
A-2106-18T3 37 appeal. Given our conclusions, the argument lacks sufficient merit to warrant
discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed in A-2106-18; A-2981-18; A-3513-18.
A-2106-18T3 38