BERRY, J.
(After Stating the Facts.) — The specific wrong by the defendant of which the plaintiff complains, after a general statement relating to the track, is that “in particular [the defendant] did negligently and carelessly permit said rails to become so worn out and weak and insufficient, on the seventh day of January, 1886, at a point in Montana territory, near Monida station, that the rails there became broken, on the passage over them of the train in which the plaintiff was thai day riding”; that on that day “the defendant, well knowing the [475]*475condition of its said track,” ran its ears npon it, and, at a “point near Monida aforesaid,” where the rails were worn out, and too weak to support the train, and by reason of such weak .and worn-out condition of said rails “there” or at that point .the car in which the plaintiff was riding “was thereby and by reason of the said ruinous condition of the track at that place run off the track,” and the plaintiff was injured. No defect in the ears or other machinery is alleged, nor is there any misconduct on the part of the persons in charge of the train either alleged or shown; but the sole grievance is that the track at that point was.ruinous and weak, and the defendant, knowing it, still ran its trains; that this weakness of the track threw off the car, and caused the injury. There is no direct evidence "that a rail was broken. No one seems to have seen a broken Tail. Nor is there any evidence of special defect in the track •at that point. A careful review of the evidence would indicate that the track, where the accident occurred, was as good, if not better, than at other parts of the road; but the issue is tendered •and joined as to a defect in the track, and that such defect was idle cause of the accident. To sustain the position of the plaintiff as to the weak and ruinous condition of the track at this time and place, the following questions were asked by the plaintiff of Timothy Farrel, the conductor of the wrecked train, and evidence given under objection, duly made by the defendant, •as to each question and answer. “Q. What caused this wreck? A. I don’t hardly know what caused the wreck. I •suppose it was a broken rail. Q. Was the track laid with new iron or steel shortly after the accident? A. Not for some time. I believe it was some time late in the following fall. Q. What, if any, was the difference in the new rails, that were laid 'then' — what is the difference in the size of the new rails and the old ones ? A. There is considerable difference in the size and heft both. Q. Which is the heaviest ? A. The last iron laid was considerably heavier than the iron it replaced. Q. 'Gan you give the comparative difference? Is one twice as heavy as the other? A. I don’t think it is twice as large. Q. Have you observed any broken rails along there since the new track was laid? A. .No, sir; not to my personal knowledge. Q,. Was not one of the causes of the track being rough (with[476]*476out reference to any particular place) because the ends of the rails were battered down? A. I expect it was. Q. Have you had your train wrecked at any other time since this accident — the accident in which the plaintiff was injured? A. Yes, sir. Q. How many times ? A. Twice that I remember. Q. On the same road? A. Yes, sir. Q. How near to this place did they happen? A. One was about fifty miles, and the other about eight miles, from it. Q. How long after this wreck? A. One was about six months, and the other about a year; one happened before, and the other after, this wreck. Q. Was the last one before or after this iron was laid? A. It was after.” The defendant moved to strike out the answers of the witness as to the two wrecks before and after the accident in question as immaterial and irrelevant, which motion was refused, and-the defendant duly excepted. We think the testimony was improper, and should have been rejected. These two wrecks were too remote, both in time and place, from the wreck in question; and besides, it was not shown from what cause they occurred. They have no proximate relation to the condition of the track at the time and place of accident. No fact was stated by this witness as a ground for his opinion that it was a broken rail that caused the wreck, and we have no intimation as to the grounds of his belief. That there was a broken rail, and that the wreck was caused by it, were facts to be found by the jury; and the opinion of a witness, not based on competent facts, should not have been given to them. Aside from this “supposition” of the witness Farrel, who was himself injured at the accident, too much to take notice, there is no evidence that a rail was broken at all. Nor was the fact that in the fall of the same year, but more than eight months after the accident, the whole road ivas re-ironed, and heavier rails placed upon it, competent evidence of the cause of this accident. What the motive was is not shown by the act itself, or otherwise. There were many reasons, each of which is equally presumable, which may have induced this re-ironing; each of which reasons may have been wholly disconnected with any weak or ruinous condition of the track at the time and place of accident. Even granting that the road as a whole, eight or more months after the seventh day of January, 1886, required [477]*477strengthening in view of the nses it was to be put to, still those defects may have been at great distances from the place of the accident, or from canses not at all existing at that place. Any possible relation of this evidence is too remote in character, time, and place from the acts in question. (Morse v. Railroad Co., 30 Minn. 465, 16 N. W. 358.) This evidence may not have influenced the jury, but we cannot see that it did not.
A more serious error was in giving the first charge to the jury at the request of the plaintiff, that “if the car was overturned by reason of any defect in said car, or of the track on which it was running, .... this is in itself presumptive evidence of negligence on the part of the defendant; and the burden is on the defendant to show that there has been no negligence whatever, and that the overturning has resulted from a cause which reasonable care and foresight could not prevent.”
1. It was not any defect in the car that was in issue. Suppose the car had been derailed by a broken axle, that would raise no presumption that the track was ruinous and weak, or that the defendant had knowledge of its condition.
2. Nor was it “any defect” which the track might have which the jury were to consider, but only the defects charged. It was in evidence that the weather was very cold at that time and place — the thermometer was twenty-eight degrees below zero; also that broken rails are more frequent when the weather is cold. But no issue has been, made upon a defect so caused; nor of the defendant’s knowledge or want of knowledge of such defect. Yet the charge is that such or any other defect in the track is presumptive evidence of negligence of the defendant in what constituted “the real cause of the accident,” whatever it was, and lays on it the burden of showing that there was no negligence whatever. That is very unreasonable. It is as though the jury were told the same thing in case an enemy had drawn the spikes, thereby causing the car to be derailed. It is impossible to see how such a fact, even if the jury thought the defendant careless in such a case, could be presumptive evidence of the defendant’s negligence in letting its track become weak and ruinous.
The second charge was also equally erroneous. The court charged “that the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to show [478]
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BERRY, J.
(After Stating the Facts.) — The specific wrong by the defendant of which the plaintiff complains, after a general statement relating to the track, is that “in particular [the defendant] did negligently and carelessly permit said rails to become so worn out and weak and insufficient, on the seventh day of January, 1886, at a point in Montana territory, near Monida station, that the rails there became broken, on the passage over them of the train in which the plaintiff was thai day riding”; that on that day “the defendant, well knowing the [475]*475condition of its said track,” ran its ears npon it, and, at a “point near Monida aforesaid,” where the rails were worn out, and too weak to support the train, and by reason of such weak .and worn-out condition of said rails “there” or at that point .the car in which the plaintiff was riding “was thereby and by reason of the said ruinous condition of the track at that place run off the track,” and the plaintiff was injured. No defect in the ears or other machinery is alleged, nor is there any misconduct on the part of the persons in charge of the train either alleged or shown; but the sole grievance is that the track at that point was.ruinous and weak, and the defendant, knowing it, still ran its trains; that this weakness of the track threw off the car, and caused the injury. There is no direct evidence "that a rail was broken. No one seems to have seen a broken Tail. Nor is there any evidence of special defect in the track •at that point. A careful review of the evidence would indicate that the track, where the accident occurred, was as good, if not better, than at other parts of the road; but the issue is tendered •and joined as to a defect in the track, and that such defect was idle cause of the accident. To sustain the position of the plaintiff as to the weak and ruinous condition of the track at this time and place, the following questions were asked by the plaintiff of Timothy Farrel, the conductor of the wrecked train, and evidence given under objection, duly made by the defendant, •as to each question and answer. “Q. What caused this wreck? A. I don’t hardly know what caused the wreck. I •suppose it was a broken rail. Q. Was the track laid with new iron or steel shortly after the accident? A. Not for some time. I believe it was some time late in the following fall. Q. What, if any, was the difference in the new rails, that were laid 'then' — what is the difference in the size of the new rails and the old ones ? A. There is considerable difference in the size and heft both. Q. Which is the heaviest ? A. The last iron laid was considerably heavier than the iron it replaced. Q. 'Gan you give the comparative difference? Is one twice as heavy as the other? A. I don’t think it is twice as large. Q. Have you observed any broken rails along there since the new track was laid? A. .No, sir; not to my personal knowledge. Q,. Was not one of the causes of the track being rough (with[476]*476out reference to any particular place) because the ends of the rails were battered down? A. I expect it was. Q. Have you had your train wrecked at any other time since this accident — the accident in which the plaintiff was injured? A. Yes, sir. Q. How many times ? A. Twice that I remember. Q. On the same road? A. Yes, sir. Q. How near to this place did they happen? A. One was about fifty miles, and the other about eight miles, from it. Q. How long after this wreck? A. One was about six months, and the other about a year; one happened before, and the other after, this wreck. Q. Was the last one before or after this iron was laid? A. It was after.” The defendant moved to strike out the answers of the witness as to the two wrecks before and after the accident in question as immaterial and irrelevant, which motion was refused, and-the defendant duly excepted. We think the testimony was improper, and should have been rejected. These two wrecks were too remote, both in time and place, from the wreck in question; and besides, it was not shown from what cause they occurred. They have no proximate relation to the condition of the track at the time and place of accident. No fact was stated by this witness as a ground for his opinion that it was a broken rail that caused the wreck, and we have no intimation as to the grounds of his belief. That there was a broken rail, and that the wreck was caused by it, were facts to be found by the jury; and the opinion of a witness, not based on competent facts, should not have been given to them. Aside from this “supposition” of the witness Farrel, who was himself injured at the accident, too much to take notice, there is no evidence that a rail was broken at all. Nor was the fact that in the fall of the same year, but more than eight months after the accident, the whole road ivas re-ironed, and heavier rails placed upon it, competent evidence of the cause of this accident. What the motive was is not shown by the act itself, or otherwise. There were many reasons, each of which is equally presumable, which may have induced this re-ironing; each of which reasons may have been wholly disconnected with any weak or ruinous condition of the track at the time and place of accident. Even granting that the road as a whole, eight or more months after the seventh day of January, 1886, required [477]*477strengthening in view of the nses it was to be put to, still those defects may have been at great distances from the place of the accident, or from canses not at all existing at that place. Any possible relation of this evidence is too remote in character, time, and place from the acts in question. (Morse v. Railroad Co., 30 Minn. 465, 16 N. W. 358.) This evidence may not have influenced the jury, but we cannot see that it did not.
A more serious error was in giving the first charge to the jury at the request of the plaintiff, that “if the car was overturned by reason of any defect in said car, or of the track on which it was running, .... this is in itself presumptive evidence of negligence on the part of the defendant; and the burden is on the defendant to show that there has been no negligence whatever, and that the overturning has resulted from a cause which reasonable care and foresight could not prevent.”
1. It was not any defect in the car that was in issue. Suppose the car had been derailed by a broken axle, that would raise no presumption that the track was ruinous and weak, or that the defendant had knowledge of its condition.
2. Nor was it “any defect” which the track might have which the jury were to consider, but only the defects charged. It was in evidence that the weather was very cold at that time and place — the thermometer was twenty-eight degrees below zero; also that broken rails are more frequent when the weather is cold. But no issue has been, made upon a defect so caused; nor of the defendant’s knowledge or want of knowledge of such defect. Yet the charge is that such or any other defect in the track is presumptive evidence of negligence of the defendant in what constituted “the real cause of the accident,” whatever it was, and lays on it the burden of showing that there was no negligence whatever. That is very unreasonable. It is as though the jury were told the same thing in case an enemy had drawn the spikes, thereby causing the car to be derailed. It is impossible to see how such a fact, even if the jury thought the defendant careless in such a case, could be presumptive evidence of the defendant’s negligence in letting its track become weak and ruinous.
The second charge was also equally erroneous. The court charged “that the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to show [478]*478the negligence of the defendant, but it is sufficient for that purpose, prima facie, if he show he suffered injury without his fault, while lawfully traveling in the ear of defendant; and that the cause of that injury was probably the negligence of the defendant; and that whether it is so or. not is in the knowledge-of defendant, for then the defendant must show what the real’ cause of the injury was; and if the defendant does not choose-to give the explanation, the jury would be authorized to find that the real cause of the injury was the negligence of the defendant in the particular case specified in the complaint.” This-is wrong for many reasons. It tells the jury that whatever may-have been the cause of the accident, whether as alleged in the-complaint, or from any other cause, however remote, if the defendant was "probably” negligent in it, then the jury, without any further proof, may find against the defendant on the facts in issue. To show that the plaintiff was injured by a broken axle; that such axle, on inspection, appeared much worn, and' that the defendant probably knew it; or that the engineer was-probably intoxicated, and so caused the accident — certainly-could raise no presumption as to the condition of the track, nor-of the company’s knowledge of that condition. The company-may be equally ignorant with the plaintiff as to what the jury may think is "probably” the '"'real cause” of an accident, or of what is in fact “the real cause.” But this instruction is to the-effect that,' whether the company has or has not any knowledge,, if still it is probably negligent in something else, which might, have been the cause of the accident, it must nevertheless show what the real cause was, or the case as charged will stand confessed. No rule of law, we think, will sustain that position-(Wood on Master and Servant, see. 419; Wharton on Negligence, sec. 421; Railroad Co. v. Scott, 64 Tex. 549; note to Railroad Co. v. Brice, 1 S. W. 483, 28 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cas. 551; Ely v. Railway Co., 77 Mo. 34.)
A point is made by the defendant that the plaintiff at tha time of the accident was riding on a pass, which had conditions, that in case of injury to the holder would protect the defendant from liability. The effect of such a provision upon a pass is not, under the evidence, a question in this case. The pass was apparently adopted by both parties as a convenient way to carry [479]*479out a contract of employment. The terms of that pass were no part of that agreement. Its object was only to enable the plaintiff, by its means, to pass over the road. The agreement was that the plaintiff should serve the defendant as its traveling auditor; go from station to station on this and other lines of road, upon the cars of defendant, without charge to the plaintiff; for which he was to have an agreed compensation. With or without the pass he was to do, and would have done, so far as appears, precisely what he was doing at the time of the accident. He was a servant of the company, on duty in the defendant’s business, and riding upon and under his contract of employment, but of which contract neither the pass nor its conditions were a part. The relations between the parties were those of master and servant, and the only ride of the liability of the defendant to the plaintiff is the rule of the liability of the employer to the employee. That rule is “that when a servant enters into the employ of another he assumes all the risks ordinarily incident to the business. He is presumed to have contracted with reference to all the hazards and risks ordinarily incident to the employment; and he cannot recover for injuries resulting from such ordinary risks.” (Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 826; Noyes v. Smith, 28 Vt. 59, 65 Am. Dec. 222.) The servant seeking to recover for an injury takes the burden upon himself of establishing negligence on the part of the master, and due care on his own part; and he is met with two presumptions, both of which he must overcome, in order to entitle him to a recovery: 1. That the master discharged his duty to him by providing suitable instrumentalities for the business; •and this involves something more than proof of the mere fact that the injury resulted from a defect in those appliances. The burden is imposed on him of showing that the master had notice of the defect, or that, in the exercise of ordinary care, which he is bound to observe, he would have known it. 2. When this is established, he is met by another presumption, the force of which he must overcome, and that is that he assumes all the ordinary hazards of the business. To overcome this presumption he must show that the injury did not arise from an obvious defect in the instrumentalities of the business, or from hazard incident to the business, or from causes known by him to exist, [480]*480or which he might have lmown by the exercise of ordinary care. Failing to overcome these presumptions, he cannot recover. (Wood on Master and Servant, sec. 382, and eases cited.) The jury in this case should have been so instructed, instead of being permitted to act upon the instruction given to them by the court. There was no evidence in the case to overcome either of these presumptions; and for this, as well as for the other reasons above stated, the judgment must be reversed. Judgment reversed, and a new trial ordered.