Mr. Justice Miller
delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts in the language above reported, he continued:
In accordance with the opinion of the presiding justice a decree was made setting aside the assessment of the tax and enjoining the city and its officers from collecting it.
We are of opinion that both this court and the Supreme Court of Wisconsin are committed to a contrary doctrine.
The case of
Dows
v.
The City of
Chicago, 11 Wall. 108, 109, 110, was a bill in equity in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois, brought by Dows, a citizen of New York, to restrain the city of Chicago from collecting a tax upon the shares of stock which he owned in a national bank located in that city. He alleged that the tax was illegal because his shares were assessed at a higher rate than other moneyed capital in the city ; and because, not being a resident of Chicago, but_ of New York, his personal property belonged to his domicile, and any tax levied on it by the city of Chicago was void.
The bill was dismissed on demurrer, on the ground that a court of equity had no jurisdiction to give relief, for the reasons stated in the. bill. It will be observed that in that case, as in this, the tax was resisted as a tax on the person on account of personal property, on the ground that the party assessed did not reside within the city, and the corporation, therefore, had no power to tax him.
The property for which the tax was assessed was in each case intangible property. In the first case it was bank shares, the certificates of which were undoubtedly held at the residence of Dows in New York, and in the present case it was for money loaned on mortgages.
Looking at the case then made by the bill, one in which the assessment of the tax was not only irregular but void, the court, in the language of Mr. Justice Field, said:
“ Assuming the tax to be illegal and void, we do not think any ground is presented by the bill justifying the interposition of a court of equity to enjoin its collection. The illegality of the tax and the threatened sale of the shares for its payment constitute of themselves alone no ground for such interposition. There must be some special circumstances attending a threatened injury of this kind, distinguishing it from a common trespass, and bringing the case under some recognized head of equity jurisdiction before the preventive remedy of injunction can be invoked. It is upon taxation that the several States chiefly rely to obtain the means to carry on their respective governments, and it is of the utmost importance to all of them that the modes adopted to enforce the taxes levied should be interfered with as little as possible. Any delay in the proceedings of the officers upon whom the duty is devolved of collecting the taxes may derange the operations of government, and thereby cause serious detriment to the public. No court of equity will, therefore, allow its injunction to issue to restrain their action, except where it may be necessary to protect the rights of the citizen whose property is taxed, and he has no adequate remedy by the ordinary processes of the law. It must appear that the enforcement of the tax would lead to a multiplicity of suits, or produce irreparable injury, or, where the property is real estate, throw a cloud upon the title of the complainant, before the aid of a court of equity can be invoked. In the cases where equity has interfered, in the absence of these circumstances, it will be found, upon examination, that the question of jurisdiction was not raised, or was waived.”
The opinion contains an examination of the adjudged cases, by which the proposition is sustained, in one of which, that of
Cook County
v. Chicago,
Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Co., 35 Ill 460, 465, the general principle is well stated by the Supreme Court of Illinois, namely, “that while a court of equity would never entertain a bill to restrain the collection of a tax, except m cases where the tax was unauthorized by law, or where it was assessed on property not subject to taxation, it had never held that jurisdiction would be taken in those excepted cases, without special circumstances, showing that the
collection of the tax would be likely to produce- irreparable injury, or cause a multiplicity of suits.”
In the case of
Hannewinkle
v. Georgetown, 15 Wall. 547, 548, the principle is thus stated: “ It has been the settled law of the country for a great many years that an injunction bill to restrain the collection of a tax, on the sole ground of the illegality of the tax, cannot be maintained.. There must be an allegation of fraud, that -it creates a cloud upon the- title, that there is apprehension of a multiplicity of suits, or some cause presenting a case of equity jurisdiction. This was decided as early as the days of Chancellor Kent, in
Mooers
v.
Smedley,
6 Johns. Ch. 28, and has been so held from that time onward.”
In the
State Railroad Tax Cases,
92 U. S. 575, 614, these decisions' are reviewed with others; and the' whole question very fully considered, as the importance of. the cases and the ability of the counsel who argued them required.; and after citing the language in
Dows
v.
Chicago,
and
Hannewinkle
v.
Georgetown,
the court adds’: “We do not propose to lay down in these cases any absolute limitation of the powers of a court of equity in restraining the collection of illegal taxes ■; but we may say, that, in addition to illegality, hardship, or irregularity, the cáse must be brought within some of the recognized foundations of equitable jurisdiction, and that mere errors or excess in valuation or hardship or injustice of the law, or any grievance which can be remedied by a suit at law, either before or after payment of the taxes, will not justify a court of equity to interpose by injunction to stay collection of a tax.”
An intimation in the opinion in that case to the effect that, in cases, of taxes assessed by counties, towns, or cities, a more liberal use of the control of courts of equity may be necessary, has been cite'd in the brief in. the present case as affording ground for sustaining the injunction' here. But no class of cases was there mentioned as justifying this interference, and it is evident that the mere facts that the tax vas levied by a local corporate body, and was also illegal, were not in themselves supposed to be sufficient; for-the cases cited in the sentences preceding that remark, of
Dows
v.
Chicago
and
Hannewinkle
v.
Georgetown,
were both cases of taxes by towns,
to which the doctrine of the restricted powers of a' court of equity was applied.
The rule against the interference of a court of equity, and the exceptions to the rule, are restated with careful accuracy in the very recent case in this court of the
Union Pacific Railway Co.
v.
Cheyenne,
113 U. S.
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Mr. Justice Miller
delivered the opinion of the court. After stating the facts in the language above reported, he continued:
In accordance with the opinion of the presiding justice a decree was made setting aside the assessment of the tax and enjoining the city and its officers from collecting it.
We are of opinion that both this court and the Supreme Court of Wisconsin are committed to a contrary doctrine.
The case of
Dows
v.
The City of
Chicago, 11 Wall. 108, 109, 110, was a bill in equity in the Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illinois, brought by Dows, a citizen of New York, to restrain the city of Chicago from collecting a tax upon the shares of stock which he owned in a national bank located in that city. He alleged that the tax was illegal because his shares were assessed at a higher rate than other moneyed capital in the city ; and because, not being a resident of Chicago, but_ of New York, his personal property belonged to his domicile, and any tax levied on it by the city of Chicago was void.
The bill was dismissed on demurrer, on the ground that a court of equity had no jurisdiction to give relief, for the reasons stated in the. bill. It will be observed that in that case, as in this, the tax was resisted as a tax on the person on account of personal property, on the ground that the party assessed did not reside within the city, and the corporation, therefore, had no power to tax him.
The property for which the tax was assessed was in each case intangible property. In the first case it was bank shares, the certificates of which were undoubtedly held at the residence of Dows in New York, and in the present case it was for money loaned on mortgages.
Looking at the case then made by the bill, one in which the assessment of the tax was not only irregular but void, the court, in the language of Mr. Justice Field, said:
“ Assuming the tax to be illegal and void, we do not think any ground is presented by the bill justifying the interposition of a court of equity to enjoin its collection. The illegality of the tax and the threatened sale of the shares for its payment constitute of themselves alone no ground for such interposition. There must be some special circumstances attending a threatened injury of this kind, distinguishing it from a common trespass, and bringing the case under some recognized head of equity jurisdiction before the preventive remedy of injunction can be invoked. It is upon taxation that the several States chiefly rely to obtain the means to carry on their respective governments, and it is of the utmost importance to all of them that the modes adopted to enforce the taxes levied should be interfered with as little as possible. Any delay in the proceedings of the officers upon whom the duty is devolved of collecting the taxes may derange the operations of government, and thereby cause serious detriment to the public. No court of equity will, therefore, allow its injunction to issue to restrain their action, except where it may be necessary to protect the rights of the citizen whose property is taxed, and he has no adequate remedy by the ordinary processes of the law. It must appear that the enforcement of the tax would lead to a multiplicity of suits, or produce irreparable injury, or, where the property is real estate, throw a cloud upon the title of the complainant, before the aid of a court of equity can be invoked. In the cases where equity has interfered, in the absence of these circumstances, it will be found, upon examination, that the question of jurisdiction was not raised, or was waived.”
The opinion contains an examination of the adjudged cases, by which the proposition is sustained, in one of which, that of
Cook County
v. Chicago,
Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Co., 35 Ill 460, 465, the general principle is well stated by the Supreme Court of Illinois, namely, “that while a court of equity would never entertain a bill to restrain the collection of a tax, except m cases where the tax was unauthorized by law, or where it was assessed on property not subject to taxation, it had never held that jurisdiction would be taken in those excepted cases, without special circumstances, showing that the
collection of the tax would be likely to produce- irreparable injury, or cause a multiplicity of suits.”
In the case of
Hannewinkle
v. Georgetown, 15 Wall. 547, 548, the principle is thus stated: “ It has been the settled law of the country for a great many years that an injunction bill to restrain the collection of a tax, on the sole ground of the illegality of the tax, cannot be maintained.. There must be an allegation of fraud, that -it creates a cloud upon the- title, that there is apprehension of a multiplicity of suits, or some cause presenting a case of equity jurisdiction. This was decided as early as the days of Chancellor Kent, in
Mooers
v.
Smedley,
6 Johns. Ch. 28, and has been so held from that time onward.”
In the
State Railroad Tax Cases,
92 U. S. 575, 614, these decisions' are reviewed with others; and the' whole question very fully considered, as the importance of. the cases and the ability of the counsel who argued them required.; and after citing the language in
Dows
v.
Chicago,
and
Hannewinkle
v.
Georgetown,
the court adds’: “We do not propose to lay down in these cases any absolute limitation of the powers of a court of equity in restraining the collection of illegal taxes ■; but we may say, that, in addition to illegality, hardship, or irregularity, the cáse must be brought within some of the recognized foundations of equitable jurisdiction, and that mere errors or excess in valuation or hardship or injustice of the law, or any grievance which can be remedied by a suit at law, either before or after payment of the taxes, will not justify a court of equity to interpose by injunction to stay collection of a tax.”
An intimation in the opinion in that case to the effect that, in cases, of taxes assessed by counties, towns, or cities, a more liberal use of the control of courts of equity may be necessary, has been cite'd in the brief in. the present case as affording ground for sustaining the injunction' here. But no class of cases was there mentioned as justifying this interference, and it is evident that the mere facts that the tax vas levied by a local corporate body, and was also illegal, were not in themselves supposed to be sufficient; for-the cases cited in the sentences preceding that remark, of
Dows
v.
Chicago
and
Hannewinkle
v.
Georgetown,
were both cases of taxes by towns,
to which the doctrine of the restricted powers of a' court of equity was applied.
The rule against the interference of a court of equity, and the exceptions to the rule, are restated with careful accuracy in the very recent case in this court of the
Union Pacific Railway Co.
v.
Cheyenne,
113 U. S. 516, 525.
As to the decisions of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, its language, in the case of
Quinney
v.
The Town of Stockbridge,
33 Wisc. 505, is as emphatic as that of this court. “ The complainant,” says the court, “ charges the seizure of certain personal property belonging to plaintiffs by the treasurer, under and by virtue of the warrant for the collection of the taxes, and asks an injunction to prevent the treasurer from selling the same. It is well settled, in this court at least, that the writ of injunction will not be granted for such a purpose, and that the illegal seizure and threat of the officer to sell the goods and chattels of the plaintiff, constitute no ground for equitable interference.” In the case of
Van Cott
v.
Supervisors of Milwaukee County,
18 Wisc.
247,
which, like the present case, was a bill to enjoin the collection of a tax on personal property, and in nearly every other respect is like this, except that the county of Milwaukee was defendant there, and here it is the city, the same court gave the reasons for the rule adopted by it in the following language : “ Our reasons, in brief, are, that by the wrong such as is complained of here no irreparable mischief is threatened, no cloud is thrown over the title to real estate, which a court •of equity may be called upon to remove, and the plaintiff has an ample remedy at law. To say nothing of the special remedies given by statute, which, with diligence and attention on the part of the tax-payer, will always prove effectual,* and nothing of the remedies by
certiorari, mandamus,
prohibition, &c., as heretofore applied in such cases, it seems to us that the remedy by action against the assessors, in cases where they exceed their jurisdiction, and the right which the party always has to recover back the money paid for taxes illegally imposed, if collected by distress and sale of his goods, or if, upon levying a warrant,, he pays to save his property, constitute a complete answer to the application of a court of equity to . restrain or
prevent the collection.” It is then shown that the corporation, being liable in an action to i’ecover back the tax wrongfully exacted, the return of this sum is, both in law and equity, full compensation.
There is nothing to take the case before us out of the principle here laid dowii, and the decision of the highest court of "Wisconsin, that the remedy at law is ample, must command our respect.
In the latest case in Michigan,
Youngblood
v.
Sexton,
32 Mich. 406, Cooley, J., says: “ It was decided at an early day in this State that equity had no jurisdiction to restrain the collection of.a personal tax, even conceding it to be illegal,-the ordinary legal remedies being ample for the parties’ protection,” citing
Williams
v.
Detroit,
2 Mich. 560, and
Henry
v.
Gregory,
29 Mich. 68. He also shows by additional citations that the same principle has been asserted in the courts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, California, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Ohio, Missouri, New York, and Maryland.
In the case before us we see no reason for departing from the settled doctrine both of this court and of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin.
There is nothing here presented which brings the case under any of the recognized heads of equity jurisdiction, and the mischiefs which must attend the exercise of the right to contest in the courts of equity every tax'which is asserted to be illegal or unauthorized, are too serious to justify any such departure.
The question on which the judges of the Circuit Court divided is, therefore, answered in the negative, and as that court has no equitable jurisdiction in the case its decree is
jReversed and the ease remanded, with directions to dismiss the bill.