Lord, C. J.
This is a suit to have the defendant decreed to convey to the plaintiff the legal title to certain land described in [541] the complaint, for which he holds a pre-emption patent from the United States, dated October 6,1875. The plaintiff claims title to the same land under a deed executed by the State of Oregon to him, as swamp land, in pursuance of an act of the legislature, commonly known as the “State Swamp Land Act,” of October 26, 1870, upon his compliance, as alleged, with the provisions of that act. The complaint shows that the defendant is in possession of the land in question; that it has not been listed or patented to the State of Oregon by the secretary of the interior, whose duty it is so to do, primarily, under the Act of Congress of March 12, I860, entitled, “An act to extend the provisions of an act to enable the State of Arkansas and other States to reclaim the swamp lands within their limits to Oregon and Minnesota, and for other purposes;” but that the State selected this land, together with other lands, as swamp lands, January 10, 1872; filed a notice of the State’s claim, and a list of the selections, including the land in controversy, in the office of the surveyor-general for Oregon, December 1, 1872, and in the United States land office in Klamath County; and all other acts and things as required by the State swamp land act as aforesaid. The plaintiff’s deed from the State is dated July 5,1882. It is also alleged that the said land is swamp; that the defendant well knew it to be such when he settled upon it as land subject to preemption, but that he falsely and fraudulently stated that said land was subject to private entry, etc., and procured the affidavits of James Hudson and Dennis Crowley, “ that the defendant had resided upon, cultivated, and improved the said described land as by the pre-emption laws of the United States required,” which affidavits were false and fraudulent, and well, known so to be by the defendant at the time, etc.; “that the register of the United States land office at Linkville, Oregon, relying upon the defendant’s statement that said land was subject to private entry, and relying upon the said proof of settlement and improvement of said land, and believing the same to be true, permitted the defendant to enter upon .said land, and thereafter to receive the patent therefor, to the great injury of the plaintiff;” “that the plaintiff is the owner of the equitable title to said land, and [542] that the defendant ought, in equity, to convey to him the legal title to the same,” etc.
As the first and main objection raised and relied upon is, in our judgment, decisive of this case, it is unnecessary to make further reference to the facts in the pleadings. That objection is that the facts stated do not present a case requiring equitable relief, or that the remedy of the plaintiff, if any, is complete at law. This will require some reference to the swamp land act of Congress, which we shall assume to be known without incorporating its provisions here. The swamp land act is a grant in preesenti, by which the title to such lands passed at once to the State, upon the adoption of the Act of Congress of March 12, 1S60, extending the provisions of that act to Oregon. It has been so held by the Supreme Court of the United States (Railroad v. Smith, 9 Wall. 95; French v. Fyan, 93 U. S. 169; Martin v. Marks, 97 U. S. 345), and of this State (Gaston v. Stott, 5 Or. 488), and of the several States of the Union. (Owens v. Jackson, 9 Cal. 322; Kernan v. Griffith, 27 Cal. 87; Whiteside Co. v. Burchell, 31 Ill. 68; Keller v. Brickey, 78 Ill. 133; Fore v. Williams, 35 Miss. 533; Fletcher v. Pool, 20 Ark. 100; Hendry v. Willis, 33 Ark. 833; Allison v. Halfacie, 11 Iowa, 450; State v. Bank, 106 Ind. 436.) This view of the character of the grant has recently been sustained in Wright v. Roseberry, 121 U. S. 488; 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 985, by Mr. Justice Field, giving the opinion of the court, in which he shows, after an able and exhaustive examination, that the construction of the swamp land act as a grant in preesenti has been maintained by the law officers of the government, by the land department, and by the repeated adjudications of the Supreme Court.
It must be taken, then, as settled law, that the Swamp Land Act of Congress of March 12, 1860, is a grant in preesenti to the State of Oregon of the lands situated within its limits, of the land described, and that the legal title to such lands is in the State, or its grantees, to whom it has lawfully conveyed them. Nor is this point contested by counsel for the plaintiff. They admit that the swamp land act was a present grant, which passed [543] immediately to the State the title to all the swamp lands within its borders; but they claim, under the second section of that act, the identification of such lands as were swamp was confided to the secretary of the interior; and that until he shall make such identification, by the issuance of a patent, the State or its grantees is powerless, in a court of law, to assert title to any of such lands against any person holding a patent to the same from the government of the United States, for the reason that such patent is conclusive of the legal- title, and cannot be impeached or avoided by parol testimony in a court of law.'
Now, the theory on which the suit is brought is that the legal title to the land in dispute, and alleged to be swamp, is in the defendant Tobin; it asks that he be declared a trustee of the legal title for the plaintiff, and that he be decreed to convey the same to him. This is inconsistent Avith the vieAv that the swamp land act Avas a present grant of such lands to the State. Nothing can be plainer, if the land be swamp, as alleged and claimed, than that the title to it, under the act of Congress, is in the State, or the plaintiff as its grantee, and out of the United States, and that the patent to the defendant Tobin is a nullity, and conveyed nothing. Unless the United States has title to the thing granted, its patents can convey no title. Mr. Justice Field said: “ It is common knowledge that patents of the United States for lands which they had previously granted, reserved for sale or appropriated,- are Amid.” (Wright v. Roseberry, supra.) It Avill not do to say, to avoid the effect of the contradiction involved, that the title of the State is incapable of proof until the quality of the land to Avhich it attaches is identified and patented by the secretary; for then a court of equity would be as poAverless to furnish relief as a court of laAV. Besides, that would imply that the secretary could defeat the grant by his failure or negligence to identify and patent the lands granted; and that the State was powerless, either through its legislature or courts, to prevent its rights from being defeated. Nor'will it doto say that the secretary may issue a patent for land as a pre-emption claim which had years before been granted to the State as swamp; that such patent is not' [544] open to collateral attack in an action of ejectment; or that it is conclusive evidence of title in the holder of such patent, as against the State or its grantees, which can only be impeached by a proceeding in equity. Such a patent is absolutely void, and may be collaterally impeached in any action. The conclusive presumptions which attend patents of the United States as conveyances of title is only indulged when the United States has title to the subject-matter conveyed,.and its officers authority to execute or issue patents for such land. “If the lands had been previously disposed of,” saiu Mr. Justice Field, “or if Congress had made no provision for their sale, or had reserved them, the department would have no jurisdiction to transfer them, and its attempted conveyance of them would be inoperative and void, no matter with what seeming regularity the forms of law may have been observed. The action of the department, in that event, would be like the action of any other special tribunal not having jurisdiction of a case which it had assumed to decide. Matters of this kind, disclosing a want of jurisdiction, may be considered by a court of law. In such case the objection to the patent reaches beyond the action of the special tribunal, and goes to the existence of a subject upon which it was competent to act..... A patent may be collaterally impeached iu any action, and its operation as a conveyance defeated, by showing that the department has no jurisdiction to dispose of the lands; that is, that the law does not provide for selling them, or that they had been reserved for sale, or dedicated to special purposes, or had been previously transferred to others. In establishing any of these particulars, the judgment of the department upon matters properly before it is not assailed, but its authority to act at all is denied, and shown to never have existed.” (Smelting v. Kemp, 104 U. S. 641—646.) When the selections are made, and approved by the secretary, or the patent issued, all the authorities agree that it relates to the date of the grant, and in such ease, the patent is evidence of the identification of the land as swamp, and confirmatory of the title granted by the act. Its effect is, as Mr. Justice Field said, to “establish definitely the extent and boundaries of the swamp and overflowed lands in any [545] township, and thus render it unnecessary to resort to oral evidence on that subject.....The determination of the secretary upon these matters, as shown by the patent, would be conclusive as against any collateral attacks; he being the officer to whose supervision and control the matter is especially confided.” ( Wright v. Roseberry, 121 U. S. 500; 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 985.) As a consequence, then, it results that it is only when the action of the land department is within the scope of its authority, as in the instance just cited, or in the issuance of a patent for the sale of any of the public lands subject to sale by pre-emption or otherwise, that such a patent is conclusive of the legal title. But this doctrine of the conclusive presumption which attends the patent has no application when the action of the land department is without the scope of its authority or jurisdiction to act, as in the issuance of a patent for lands not subject to sale, reserved, or which have been previously granted away. In such cases, the action of the land department would be like that of any other special tribunal which assumed to act without jurisdiction ; the patent, as an attempted conveyance of title, would be inoperative and void, and open to collateral assault in any action.
In this connection, it may perhaps be important to bear in mind the different functions which a patent may perform. Under the swamp land act, the patent is only confirmatory of the title already granted to the State, and, when issued, becomes record evidence of the title, although adding nothing to the title itself. In many other cases, it is a conveyance of title of whatever interest the government has to convey. This distinction is thus stated in Langdeau v. Hanes, 21 Wall. 521, in which the court say: “In the legislation of Congress a patent has a double operation. It is a conveyance by the government, when the government has any interest to convey; but where it is issued upon the confirmation of a claim of a previously existing title, it is documentary, having the dignity of a record of the existence of that title, or of such equities respecting the claim as to justify its recognition and confirmation.” But in either case, whether the patent be a conveyance of title of public land sub[546] ject to sale, or confirmatory of title already passed by act of Congress granting it, the patent derives its conclusive force and effect at law from the fact that the land department acted within the scope of its authority, and had jurisdiction under the law to do what was done.
With this explanation we are now prepared to examine the authorities cited by counsel to sustain the view that the remedy is in equity and not at law.
The case of Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. 72, so far as it has any bearing on the matter here involved, only decides that the action of the land office in issuing a patent for any of the public land subject, to sale by pre-emption is conclusive of the legal title when its action is within the scope of its authority; that is, when the land office has jurisdiction under the law to convey the land, and the power of equity to interfere when fraud or mistake intervene.
In Railroad Co. v. Smith, 9 Wall. 95, the secretary of the interior had not furnished the State of Missouri with any list of its swamp lands, nor had the State received any patent for the same. The question presented was whether the grant by the Act of .Congress of June 10,1852, to Missouri, of lands to aid in the construction of certain railroads, covered the swamp and overflowed lands granted to the State by the Act of September 28, 1850. The defendant Smith, the State’s grantee, had been permitted, on the trial below, to introduce evidence, against objection, tending to prove that the lands in suit were wet, and unfit for cultivation, at the date of the Swamp Land Act of 1850. After some reference to the nature of the grant, the duty of the secretary of the interior to identify and ascertain the character of the land, and furnish the State with the evidence of it, the court said: “Must the State lose the land, though clearly swamp land, because the officer had neglected to do this? The right of the State did not depend on his action, but on the act of Congress; and, though the State might be embarrassed in the assertion of this right by the delay or failure of the secretary to ascertain and make out lists of these lands, the right of the State could not be defeated by that delay.” And the court further [547] said that, as the secretary had no satisfactory evidence under his control to make out these’ lists, he must, if he attempted it, rely on witnesses whose personal knowledge enabled them to report as to the character of the tracts claimed to be swamp and overflowed. “Why,” asks the court, “should not the same kind of testimony, subject to cross-examination, be competent, when the issue is made in a court of justice to show that they are swamp and overflowed ? The matter to be shown is one of observation and examination; and whether arising, before the secretary, whose duty it was primarily to decide it, or before the court, whose duty it became, because the secretary had failed to do it, this was clearly the best evidence to be had, and was sufficient for the purpose.” Note how these facts parallel with the facts stated by the complaint. Although the swamp lands were granted to the State more than a quarter of a century ago, the secretary, upon whom the law primarily devolved the duty, has failed or neglected to identify or ascertain the character of the lands, and furnish the State with the evidence of it. The State, in 1870, passed an act providing for their identification and sale, etc., and the plaintiff holds the State’s deed to the lands in question as swamp. As the same reason arises upon the facts in this case as that, in the language of the court, “ why should not the same testimony, subject to cross-examination, be competent, when the issue is made in a court of justice, to show that the lands are swamp? The matter to be shown in either case is one of observation and examination; and there is no reason why such evidence should be excluded, and the State’s rights embarrassed, by the non-action of the secretary?”
In French v. Fyan, 93 U. S. 169, the circumstances under which the parol evidence was admissible to show that the lands claimed were swamp and overflowed was considered by the court, and stated with great precision. That was an action of ejectment for swamp and overflowed lands, and the only question raised related to the refusal of the court below to receive oral testimony to impeach the validity of a patent issued by the United States to the State of Missouri for the land in question, under the Act of 1850, the purpose of the testimony being to [548] show that the land in controversy was not, in point of fact, swamp land, within the meaning of that act. The land had been certified in 1854 to the Missouri Pacific Railroad Company as a part of the land granted to aid in the construction of its road by the Act of June 10, 1852, and the plaintiff had become vested with the title of the company. To overcome this title, the defendant gave in evidence the patent to the State, under the swamp land act, under which he claimed by regular conveyances. The plaintiff then offered to prove, by witnesses who had known the character of the land in dispute since 1849, that it was never wet and unfit for cultivation. The court below refused to receive the testimony, and this is assigned as error. The court say: “This court has decided more than once that the swamp land act was a grant in prcssenti, by which the title to those lands passed at once to the State in which they lay, except as to States admitted to the Union after its passage. The patent, therefore, which is the evidence that the lands contained in it had been identified as swamp lands under that act, relates back and gives certainty to the title of the date of the grant. As that act was passed two years prior to the act granting lands to the State of Missouri for the benefit of the railroad, the defendant had the better title on the face of the papers, notwithstanding the certificate to the railroad company for the same land was issued three years before the patent to the State, under the Act of 1850; for while the title under the swamp land act, being a present grant, takes effect as of the date of that act, or of the admission of the State into the Union, when this occurred afterwards, there can be no claim of an earlier date than that of the Act of 1852, two years later, for the inception of the title of the railroad company.” As to the admissibility of the parol testimony offered to show that the land in the patent was not swamp land, the court say: “ The second section of the swamp land act declares ‘ that it shall be the duty of the secretary of the interior, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, to make out accurate lists and plats of the land described as aforesaid, and transmit the same to the governor of the State, and at the request of the governor, cause a patent to be issued to the State there[549] for. . . .’ It was under the power conferred by this section that the patent was issued under which defendant holds the land. We are of opinion that this section devolved upon the secretary, as the head of the department which administered the affairs of the public lands, the duty, and conferred on him the power of determining what lands were of the description granted by that act, and made his office the tribunal, whose decision on that subject was to be controlling.”
Here the defendant has not only the older and better title on the face of the papers, but he deraigned his title from a patent issued under the swamp land act to the State. No one can deny but what the land department, in issuing that patent to the State, was acting within the scope of its authority; and that the secretary, as the head of it, in ascertaining and identifying the land described in the patent as swamp, was discharging a duty which the law devolved upon him. Parol evidence, therefore, was inadmissible to impeach the patent, but was conclusive of the legal title within the principle decided in Johnson v. Towsley, 13 Wall. 72, that “when the law has confided to a special tribunal the authority to hear and determine certain matters arising in the course of its duties, the decision of that tribunal, within the scope of its authority, is conclusive upon all others.”
But this gives no support to the theory that the remedy of the plaintiff is in equity, upon the facts presented. Taking these to be true, the point of his contention is that the land in controversy had passed from the United States before the defendant’s patent was issued. The object of parol evidence in his case is to show that the lands were swamp within the Act of 1860; and when that fact is established, it would follow that such land could not be subject to pre-emption, or be public lands at the disposal of the United States. In such case, the judgment of the land department as to matters properly before it is not attacked, but its authority to act at all is denied, and shown never to have existed. And in French v. Fyan, the court further remarked, in commenting upon Railroad v. Smith, supra, upon which reliance was placed for the admission of parol testimony: “ The admission was placed expressly upon the grounds that the [550] secretary of the interior had neglected or refused to do his duty; that he had made no selections or lists whatever, and would issue no patents, although many years had elapsed since the passage of the act.” “There was no means, as this court has decided, to compel him to act; and if the party claiming under the State, in that case, could not be permitted to prove that the land which the State had conveyed to him as swamp land was in fact such, a total failure of practice would occur, and the entire grant of the State might be defeated by this neglect or refusal of the secretary to do his duty.”
The result of these two last cases cited, French v. Fyan and Railroad Co. v. Smith, is thus stated by Mr. Justice Field: “ That whenever the secretary of the interior has acted and certified the lists required by the Act of 1850, and issued the patent, his determination is so far conclusive as to the character of the land that it cannot be collaterally attacked. But where he has failed to make such list, and issue the patent, it is competent for the State, or parties claiming from her, to prove, by parol testimony, that the land is of the character mentioned in the Act of 1850 which passed to her.” (Savings Union v. Irwin, 28 Fed. Rep. 711.) The facts stated by the plaintiff present a case where the secretary has failed to make such a list, and issue the patent; and under the authority and reasoning of the cases cited, it is competent for the State, or the plaintiff as her grantee, to prove by parol testimony that the land, is of the character mentioned in the Swamp Land Act of 1860, which passed to the State. When this fact is established, any subsequent patent of the United States for the same laud must be void, and is examinable at law as well as in equity. In Wright v. Roseberry, supra, which is a more elaborate and authoritative exposition of the law on this subject, the result of these decisions is thus summed up by Mr. Justice Field: “That the grant of 1850 is one in prcesenti, passing the title to the lands as of its date, but requiring the identification of the lands to render the title perfect; that the action of the secretary in identifying them is conclusive against collateral attack, as the judgment of a special tribunal, to which the determination of the matter is intrusted. [551] But, when that officer has neglected or failed to make the identification, it is competent for the grantees of the State to prevent their rights from being defeated, to identify the land in any other appropriate mode which will- effect that object.”
Like other States in which • such swamp lands were situated, the State of Oregon has enacted laws to identify and dispose of "them, and for that purpose provided for their survey and sale, and the issue of patents or deeds to the purchasers. Subsequent to the Act of 1850, there has been legislation of Congress designed to remedy or counteract the evils arising from the delay of the secretary, which has recognized the nature of the grant as one in prcesenti, and the paramount character of the title of the State. The plaintiff is the grantee of the State by deed, and no question is raised as to his deed not having been issued in conformity to the requirements of the act of the legislature for the sale of swamp lands. “ The patent of the State,” said Mr. Justice Field, “is the conveyance of whatever interest she had at the time in the land; and if it were within the description of swamp and overflowed land, her interest was paramount to that of the United States, unless their title antedates the Act of 1850.” (Savings Union v. Irwin, supra.) As the State of Oregon derives its title to the swamp lands within its territories from the Act of 1860, if the lands in controversy are within the description of swamp and overflowed land, as alleged, the conveyance of the State passed her title to them to the plaintiff, which is paramount to that of the grantee of the United States, unless the title of such grantee antedates 1860. This is not pretended; the admitted facts are otherwise. In such a case, “where a party, whether plaintiff or defendant, asserts title to premises in controversy from a paramount source, or by a prior conveyance from a common source,” the doctrine of the conclusive effect to be given to the action of the land department in the issuance of a patent has no application. “ The doctrine that all presumptions, are to be indulged in support of proceedings upon which a patent is issued, and which is not open to collateral attack in an action of ejectment, has no application where it is shown that the land in controversy had, before the [552] initiation of the proceedings upon which the patent was issued, passed from the United States. The previous transfer is a fact which may be established in an action at law, as well as in a suit at equity.” (Wright v. Roseberry, supra, 519.) Again, in the same case, it is said: “ It would be a most extraordinary doctrine if the holder of a conveyance of land from a State were precluded from establishing his title simply because the United States may have subsequently conveyed the land to another, and especially from showing that years before they had granted the property to the State, and thus were without title at the time of their subsequent conveyance. As this court said in New Orleans v. U. S. 10 Peters, 662, 731: “It would be a dangerous doctrine to consider the issuing of a grant as conclusive evidence of .the right in the power which issued it. On its face it is conclusive, and cannot be controverted, but if the thing granted was not in the grantor, no right passes to the grantee. A grant has been frequently issued by the United States for land which had been previously granted, and the second grant has been held to be inoperative.” As a consequence, it must result that when the government has no title to the thing granted, or its officers no ¡authority to issue the grant, such grant or patent must be absolutely void; and in such cases, “ the validity of the grant,” said Chief Justice Marshall, “is examinable at law.” (Polk v. Wendall, 9 Cranch, 87.)
If anything more could be wanting, the case of Wright v. Roseberry, supra, is decisive of the point that the remedy of the plaintiff is complete at law. In that case the action was in ejectment to recover a certain tract of land. It was alleged to be swamp and overflowed laud, and the title to it, therefore, passed to the State by the Act of Congress of September 28, 1850. The complaint was in the usual form in such actions. All the defendants denied the allegations in the complaint, and set up other defenses, etc. The plaintiffs asserted title to the premises as swamp and overflowed lands by conveyances from parties who had purchased them from the State. The defendants claimed the premises through patents from the United States, issued under the pre-emption laws, or parties from whom [553] they derived their interest. It is sufficient to say that the trial resulted -in a judgment for the defendants, which, on appeal to the Supreme Court, was affirmed; that court holding “that because the commissioner of the general land office had not certified the lands in controversy to the State as swamp and overflowed when the action was commenced, in 1870, there was no title in the State by the grant of 1850 which could be enforced; thus making the investure of title depend upon the act of the commissioner, instead of the act of Congress.” For the error in thus holding, Mr. Justice Field said, for the court: “The case must go back for a new trial, when the parties will be at liberty to show whether or not the lands in controversy were in-fact swamp and overflowed on the day that the Swamp Land Act of 1850 took effect. If they are proved to have been such lands at that date, they were not afterwards subject to preemption by settler's. They were not afterwards public lands at the disposal of the United States. Parties settling upon such lands must be deemed to have done so with notice of the title of the State, and after the segregation map was deposited with the surveyor-general of the State, with notice, also, that they were actually segregated and claimed by the State as such lands.” In all substantial particulars, this case is on all fours with the facts of the case in hand, and is decisive that the remedy at law is complete and adequate.
The plaintiff, by deed, which is prima facie evidence that the land embraced by it is of the character represented, derives title from the State under the Swamp Land Act of 1860. The secretary of the interior has not certified the lists required by the act, and issued the patent to the State; but the State, in pursuance of legislation, has filed notice of its claim, and the segregation thereof as swamp, including the land in dispute. The defendant claims title by patent from the United States, under the preemption laws, upon proceedings subsequent to the Act of 1860. The case of Wright v. Roseberry, supra, distinctly decides that the issue of patents for lands, under the pre-emption laws, upon claims initiated subsequent to the swamp land grant to the State, is not conclusive at law, as against parties claiming under [554] such grant, in an action for their possession. Evidence is admissible to determine whether or not the lands in fact were swamp and overflowed at the date of the swamp land grant, and if proved to be such, the rights of subsequent claimants under other laws are subordinate thereto. (See, also, Savings Union v. Irwin, supra, 711; Richter v. Riley, 22 Cal. 639.) Assuming the facts stated as true, if a court of law is authorized to take cognizance, and it is competent to render a judgment which affords a plain, adequate, and complete remedy, the plaintiff has no ground for equitable interference, and the jurisdiction should be rejected. This is understood to be the undeviating practice of this court, when the objection has been raised at the proper time, and insisted upon, as here. In Phipps v. Kelley, 12 Or. 216, it was said: “A strictly legal right, unaffected by any equitable incident, for which there is a legal remedy, adequate and speedy for its enforcement or protection, is not properly a subject-matter under the legitimate province of equity, and of which equity could take cognizance without. depriving the defendant of his constitutional rights to a trial by jury. This is a highly valued right, to which the people are attached, or the legal settlement of disputed questions of fact, and which they have secured by constitutional guaranty, to the end that no one should be deprived of it except for proper and specified cause.”
The requirements of the law, therefore, make it our duty to affirm the decree dismissing the complaint, and it is so ordered.