1 Reported in 289 N.W. 399.
This is an appeal from an order of the district court for Murray county sustaining a demurrer to defendant's answer on the ground that facts constituting a defense were not pleaded.
The complaint consists of four causes of action to recover under four life insurance policies issued by defendant to plaintiff for total and permanent disability benefits. Defendant paid these benefits from 1932 to 1937. Thereafter it refused. This action was instituted to recover the amount of the unpaid benefits. Plaintiff founds his claim upon the provisions of the policies which read:
"Section 3. Benefits in Event of Total And Permanent Disability before Age 60.
"Total Disability. — Disability shall be considered total when there is any impairment of mind or body which continuously renders it impossible for the Insured to follow a gainful employment.
"Permanent Disability. — Total disability shall, during its continuance, be presumed to be permanent;
"(a) If such disability is the result of conditions which render it reasonably certain that such disability will continue during the remaining lifetime of the Insured;"
Upon proof of total and permanent disability as defined above, the insured is entitled to certain benefits under the policies.
Defendant by answer alleged that plaintiff was not permanently and totally disabled within the meaning of the policies for the reason that during the period for which plaintiff claims benefits he was suffering from diabetes which he voluntarily allowed to exist. There was also an allegation that plaintiff failed to avail himself of the treatment advised and explained by his physician. The answer then alleges:
"That said treatment [insulin and dietary measures] does not subject the patient to any surgical operations, and is neither dangerous, nor painful, nor detrimental to the patient; * * *"
Plaintiff's demurrer was sustained.
At the outset it must be stated that unless the definition of total disability previously quoted requires the insured to submit to medical treatment, then the policy contracts do not elsewhere contain such a stipulation.
Defendant argues that the word "impossible" as used in the provision defining "total disability" imposes a condition precedent to recovery upon plaintiff to take insulin and to resort to dietary measures. The basis is that if treatment were thus taken it would be no longer impossible for the insured to follow a gainful employment since the effect of the diabetes would be removed. In our view, "impossible" simply specifies that the nature of the illness or disability must be such that its effect on the physical organism is to destroy the ability to carry on employment duties. It has reference to the physical ability rather than to the nature and extent of treatment to which the claimant must submit. Consequently, insofar as the express provisions of the policy contracts are concerned, it may be impossible for the insured to engage in employment because of a curable disability. The precise meaning of "impossible" as used in the provision is not free from doubt. But "the language of a policy, being that selected by the insurer and for its benefit, must be clear and unambiguous, and any reasonable doubt as to its meaning must be resolved in favor of the insured." 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed. Supps.) § 4659; Maze v. Equitable L. Ins. Co. 188 Minn. 139,246 N.W. 737. This fortifies the construction placed upon the word. If defendant's view were adopted, the policy would be reduced to one simply insuring against incurable disability only. Surely such a restricted agreement was not intended.
Since policies do not require submission to medical treatment, the question now arises, must plaintiff still resort to medical measures before a mature claim to benefits ripens? We think not. The reasons are manifold.
The policy contracts were drawn by the insurer. If it desired to incorporate into its policies the obligation to submit to reasonable
curative measures, it could very easily have done so. But it did not. Construing the contract, as we must, more strictly against the drafting party, 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed.
Supps.) § 4659, and cases, the agreement is simply one to pay benefits to the insured in case of total and permanent disability irrespective of curability. The policies as written define the rights and duties of the contracting parties and should be construed to mean what has been written. We do not see any reason for reading into the policies by operation of law a condition precedent to liability when the insurer who drafted the contracts did not care to or at least did not incorporate such a provision. The settled policy of the law has been to hesitate to require a person to undergo treatment which he has neither the desire nor inclination to participate in. When the parties, as here, have reduced the agreement to writing and thus defined the obligations, there is more reason to recognize this policy than in some other situations.
Since the contracts leave the question open, the insured has the right to determine what course of conduct he will adopt. There is nothing inherently wrong in plaintiff's refusal. He may be unwise, but that does not afford a legal reason to impose an obligation upon plaintiff which the insurer did not demand at the time the contract was made.
Defendant urges that the doctrine of avoidable consequences is applicable and that plaintiff cannot recover benefits since he voluntarily permits his condition to exist. Analogy is drawn to breach of contract, tort, and workmen's compensation cases. In the situation before us we do not think the doctrine operates. McCormick, Damages, § 33, p. 129, states the rule as follows:
"Where the defendant has already committed an actionable wrong, whether tort or breach of contract, then this doctrine limits the plaintiff's recovery by disallowing only those items of damages which could reasonably have been averted. For any injury or loss not thus avoidable, the plaintiff may still recover."
In the situation herein involved, the breach of contract was defendant's refusal to continue payments under the policies.
It is for an amount equivalent to these unpaid benefits that this action was instituted. In other words, they represent the amount of damage plaintiff has suffered by the breach. They are not in an amount in excess of the actionable breach. There is not involved in this case the question of increasing damage after breach. What is being demanded is the equivalent to the agreed performance. How, then, can the doctrine be applicable? By the policies, defendant undertook to pay benefits if and when plaintiff became disabled. It did not require submission to treatment. Plaintiff's refusal to take insulin is not increasing the damage after breach. It is simply a refusal to do what there is not a duty to perform and for which defendant did not demand the obligation to perform. Clearly, this is a situation distinguishable from that wherein a breach of contract occurs and then plaintiff by unreasonable conduct increases the loss. In such case there can be no doubt but that he is under a disability to recover for the loss attributable to him. Wavra v. Karr, 142 Minn. 248, 172 N.W. 118; McCormick, Damages, p. 130, § 34. But to adopt a rule requiring plaintiff here to reduce the amount defendant has agreed to pay would constitute a forced modification of the contracts.
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1 Reported in 289 N.W. 399.
This is an appeal from an order of the district court for Murray county sustaining a demurrer to defendant's answer on the ground that facts constituting a defense were not pleaded.
The complaint consists of four causes of action to recover under four life insurance policies issued by defendant to plaintiff for total and permanent disability benefits. Defendant paid these benefits from 1932 to 1937. Thereafter it refused. This action was instituted to recover the amount of the unpaid benefits. Plaintiff founds his claim upon the provisions of the policies which read:
"Section 3. Benefits in Event of Total And Permanent Disability before Age 60.
"Total Disability. — Disability shall be considered total when there is any impairment of mind or body which continuously renders it impossible for the Insured to follow a gainful employment.
"Permanent Disability. — Total disability shall, during its continuance, be presumed to be permanent;
"(a) If such disability is the result of conditions which render it reasonably certain that such disability will continue during the remaining lifetime of the Insured;"
Upon proof of total and permanent disability as defined above, the insured is entitled to certain benefits under the policies.
Defendant by answer alleged that plaintiff was not permanently and totally disabled within the meaning of the policies for the reason that during the period for which plaintiff claims benefits he was suffering from diabetes which he voluntarily allowed to exist. There was also an allegation that plaintiff failed to avail himself of the treatment advised and explained by his physician. The answer then alleges:
"That said treatment [insulin and dietary measures] does not subject the patient to any surgical operations, and is neither dangerous, nor painful, nor detrimental to the patient; * * *"
Plaintiff's demurrer was sustained.
At the outset it must be stated that unless the definition of total disability previously quoted requires the insured to submit to medical treatment, then the policy contracts do not elsewhere contain such a stipulation.
Defendant argues that the word "impossible" as used in the provision defining "total disability" imposes a condition precedent to recovery upon plaintiff to take insulin and to resort to dietary measures. The basis is that if treatment were thus taken it would be no longer impossible for the insured to follow a gainful employment since the effect of the diabetes would be removed. In our view, "impossible" simply specifies that the nature of the illness or disability must be such that its effect on the physical organism is to destroy the ability to carry on employment duties. It has reference to the physical ability rather than to the nature and extent of treatment to which the claimant must submit. Consequently, insofar as the express provisions of the policy contracts are concerned, it may be impossible for the insured to engage in employment because of a curable disability. The precise meaning of "impossible" as used in the provision is not free from doubt. But "the language of a policy, being that selected by the insurer and for its benefit, must be clear and unambiguous, and any reasonable doubt as to its meaning must be resolved in favor of the insured." 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed. Supps.) § 4659; Maze v. Equitable L. Ins. Co. 188 Minn. 139,246 N.W. 737. This fortifies the construction placed upon the word. If defendant's view were adopted, the policy would be reduced to one simply insuring against incurable disability only. Surely such a restricted agreement was not intended.
Since policies do not require submission to medical treatment, the question now arises, must plaintiff still resort to medical measures before a mature claim to benefits ripens? We think not. The reasons are manifold.
The policy contracts were drawn by the insurer. If it desired to incorporate into its policies the obligation to submit to reasonable
curative measures, it could very easily have done so. But it did not. Construing the contract, as we must, more strictly against the drafting party, 3 Dunnell, Minn. Dig. (2 ed.
Supps.) § 4659, and cases, the agreement is simply one to pay benefits to the insured in case of total and permanent disability irrespective of curability. The policies as written define the rights and duties of the contracting parties and should be construed to mean what has been written. We do not see any reason for reading into the policies by operation of law a condition precedent to liability when the insurer who drafted the contracts did not care to or at least did not incorporate such a provision. The settled policy of the law has been to hesitate to require a person to undergo treatment which he has neither the desire nor inclination to participate in. When the parties, as here, have reduced the agreement to writing and thus defined the obligations, there is more reason to recognize this policy than in some other situations.
Since the contracts leave the question open, the insured has the right to determine what course of conduct he will adopt. There is nothing inherently wrong in plaintiff's refusal. He may be unwise, but that does not afford a legal reason to impose an obligation upon plaintiff which the insurer did not demand at the time the contract was made.
Defendant urges that the doctrine of avoidable consequences is applicable and that plaintiff cannot recover benefits since he voluntarily permits his condition to exist. Analogy is drawn to breach of contract, tort, and workmen's compensation cases. In the situation before us we do not think the doctrine operates. McCormick, Damages, § 33, p. 129, states the rule as follows:
"Where the defendant has already committed an actionable wrong, whether tort or breach of contract, then this doctrine limits the plaintiff's recovery by disallowing only those items of damages which could reasonably have been averted. For any injury or loss not thus avoidable, the plaintiff may still recover."
In the situation herein involved, the breach of contract was defendant's refusal to continue payments under the policies.
It is for an amount equivalent to these unpaid benefits that this action was instituted. In other words, they represent the amount of damage plaintiff has suffered by the breach. They are not in an amount in excess of the actionable breach. There is not involved in this case the question of increasing damage after breach. What is being demanded is the equivalent to the agreed performance. How, then, can the doctrine be applicable? By the policies, defendant undertook to pay benefits if and when plaintiff became disabled. It did not require submission to treatment. Plaintiff's refusal to take insulin is not increasing the damage after breach. It is simply a refusal to do what there is not a duty to perform and for which defendant did not demand the obligation to perform. Clearly, this is a situation distinguishable from that wherein a breach of contract occurs and then plaintiff by unreasonable conduct increases the loss. In such case there can be no doubt but that he is under a disability to recover for the loss attributable to him. Wavra v. Karr, 142 Minn. 248, 172 N.W. 118; McCormick, Damages, p. 130, § 34. But to adopt a rule requiring plaintiff here to reduce the amount defendant has agreed to pay would constitute a forced modification of the contracts.
Our view is substantiated by Jefferson Standard L. Ins. Co. v. Hurt, 254 Ky. 603, 606, 607, 72 S.W.2d 20, 21, which was an action to recover certain disability benefits provided for by a life policy issued to Hurt. Hurt claimed he "became totally and permanently disabled by disease." Defendants claimed Hurt "must to minimize liability submit to reasonable and proper treatment to which a reasonably prudent man would ordinarily submit." The court there said: "But we have never gone so far as to apply the doctrine of minimizing damages * * * to a policy of insurance." Accord, see Shane v. Equitable L. Assur. Soc. 22 Tenn. App. 85, 118 S.W.2d 570, 573.
The analogy to tort cases where the doctrine of avoidable consequences is well established is not apt. There the law seeks
only to impose on the tortfeasor liability for the actual injury he has inflicted. Here, however, plaintiff is seeking simply the promised benefits. The exact counterpart in the case of a tort is the injury actually inflicted by defendant and for which the law holds him responsible.
In workmen's compensation cases, the object of the law is to provide benefits to the injured employe during disability irrespective of the employer's fault. The law does not contemplate benefits if the employe can be restored to industrial capacity. This is the rationale of Foster v. Schmahl, 197 Minn. 602, 268 N.W. 631, wherein it was held that a workman who was industrially blind without glasses was not totally disabled, since by the use of them the disability could be removed. The situation before us differs in nature and principle from the compensation cases.
While it might be that the insurer could compel by appropriate provisions submission to medical treatment at the insured's expense, yet, absent this, we do not think such a requirement should be placed upon that party. In both workmen's compensation and tort cases expenses for medical treatment are part of the recovery.
Neither is the suggestion sound that for reasons of public policy the insured should be compelled to submit to medical treatment. There is nothing morally or legally wrong in the plaintiff's conduct. If the policy had provided for benefits for total and permanent disability regardless of whether the insured submitted to medical treatment, would such a provision be void as contrary to public policy? We do not think so. Why, then, should public policy require that there be read into the contract this additional provision not included by the parties?
Any analogy to self-inflicted injuries is necessarily inapt. Such an act has long been considered violative of sound public policy. Coverage under an insurance policy for that reason would not include a disability from such a source. Likewise, there would be bad faith on the part of the insured. There is a substantial difference between inflicting a self-injury and being afflicted with a disability from causes which the individual does not select or
desire but who, when so afflicted, simply refuses to endure the trouble, expense, and often trying experiences incident to medical treatment. In the case of self-inflicted disability, the act itself is contrary to public policy regardless of insurance. But what is there contrary to public policy in a man pursuing a course of conduct such as that here after disability has been initially caused by circumstances beyond his control? Clearly, there is nothing. Why, then, should the mere fact that he has insurance suddenly clothe his conduct as contrary to public policy?
We have not overlooked the cases cited by defendant. Discussion in detail is without purpose. It is sufficient to state that authorities are in conflict as to whether an insured in order to recover disability benefits must first submit to such surgical treatment as a reasonable man would. See 4 Newark L.Rev. 8, 21; 23 Minn. L.Rev. 384. Cases dealing with the precise problem here for decision appear to be meager. However, for the reasons stated, the views expressed are adopted, but with deference to the one line of decisions represented by Cody v. John Hancock Mut. L. Ins. Co. 111 W. Va. 518, 163 S.E. 4,86 A.L.R. 354, and note, which compel the insured to submit to such minor surgical operations as a reasonable man would undergo.
As we understand defendant's position, if the allegations relied upon here do not establish nondisability within the meaning of the policy, then defendant admits disability. There was no error below.
The order appealed from is affirmed.