AFFIRM; Opinion Filed April 8, 2014.
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-12-00636-CR
CEDRIC DERRELL MILLAGE, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 296th Judicial District Court Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 366-80247-07
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Moseley, Francis, and Lang Opinion by Justice Moseley A jury convicted Cedric Derrell Millage of two counts of aggravated sexual assault, and
the trial court sentenced him to life in prison. In four issues, Millage asserts: (1) the trial court
should have dismissed the second prosecution of him on double jeopardy grounds; (2) his trial
counsel was ineffective; (3) the trial court should have excluded the complainant’s in-court
identification of Millage because she previously had been subjected to hypnosis; and (4) he was
denied his Sixth Amendment right to present a full defense. The background of the case and the
evidence adduced below are well known to the parties; thus, we do not recite them here.
Because all dispositive issues are settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R.
APP. P. 47.2(a), 47.4. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. BACKGROUND
On September 21, 2000, the victim, who used the pseudonym Miranda, was raped by a
man. The facts of the assault—other than the issue of identity—are not at issue in this appeal
and, therefore, we do not recite them in detail.
The investigator working on the case was David Wilson. After the assault, Wilson
showed Miranda a photo lineup that did not contain Millage’s picture. (Millage was not a
suspect at that time). Miranda did not identify anyone in the lineup as the attacker. In 2002, the
police showed Miranda a second photo lineup that also did not include Millage’s picture; again,
she did not identify anyone as the attacker. Likewise, the initial DNA results from the rape kit
performed on Miranda did not identify any suspects.
Miranda described the vehicle that her attacker drove as a small, dark-colored SUV.
Miranda provided the police with a few numbers and letters that she thought were on the license
plate. Later, Miranda was hypnotized using forensic hypnosis; Wilson testified the police were
trying to determine whether she could remember the license plate number on the SUV. But after
the hypnosis session, Miranda was unable to provide additional information about the license
plate.
In 2005, Wilson began to reexamine Miranda’s case. Wilson testified that in 2005, he
“went to a school and I heard of a new process to recover DNA off of victims and suspects. . . .
With that information, I took the clothes back out of evidence.” He sent Miranda’s shirt, jacket,
and panties to Orchid Cellmark Laboratories, a laboratory that conducts DNA testing. As a
result of the testing, Wilson identified Millage as a suspect.
In November 2006, Miranda was shown another photo lineup, which included Millage’s
picture (the “third photo lineup”). Miranda did not identify Millage as her attacker; in fact, she
–2– identified a different person. Finally, in 2011, Miranda saw Millage in person. At that time, she
recognized him as the attacker.
LAW & ANALYSIS
A. Double Jeopardy
Wilson retired from the police department approximately three years before the case
proceeded to trial. When he retired, he gave his casebook to the district attorney. During
discovery before the first trial, the State informed defense counsel that there were no photo
lineups that included Millage’s picture and that Miranda could not identify the perpetrator of the
offense. However, the Friday before the first trial began, the State found the third photo lineup
in Wilson’s files.
The State informed the defense about the third photo lineup on the following Monday and
provided a copy of the lineup on Monday after the trial began. Once the defense learned about
the third photo lineup, and that Miranda was going to identify Millage as the attacker, the
defense decided it would need an expert to testify about eyewitness identifications. Because the
expert the defense would want to use was not available to participate in the first trial, the defense
moved for a mistrial.
During a hearing on the defense’s motion for mistrial, defense counsel stated: “And I’m
not blaming - - we are not blaming the prosecution for this. Quite frankly, I think that these
disclosures were made by Detective Wilson - - to him yesterday for the first time during the
trial.” The prosecutor stated:
Your Honor, there was no discovery order in this case. I - - since about August, I’ve been asking [defense counsel] if he wanted to come in and get a copy of our file. Finally, he told me that he just wanted to know about the photo lineups, so I told him about the three - - there were three photo lineups that were shown to the victim early on, with three different suspects; and she wasn’t able to identify anybody in that one.
–3– The prosecutor then informed the Court that he found out about the third photo lineup on
Friday afternoon before trial at approximately 4:00 p.m. The third photo lineup was conducted
in November 2006, nearly five years before the trial. The trial judge granted the defense’s
motion for mistrial, and agreed that the prosecutors were not to be blamed for the error.
Before the second trial began, Millage filed a pre-trial application for writ of habeas
corpus seeking relief from double jeopardy and a motion to dismiss the indictment. The trial
court conducted a hearing. No testimony was offered, although the trial court did admit portions
of the transcript from the first trial addressing the mistrial. Defense counsel stated during the
habeas corpus hearing that he was “not casting any aspersions on the attorneys for the state.” At
the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court stated it did “not find that the State acted
intentionally or in a manner to goad the Defendant into asking for a mistrial. I think the Defense
at the time that we were proceeding with this saw it that way. The Court denies the writ.”
In his first issue, Millage asserts the trial court erred by not dismissing the second
prosecution on double jeopardy grounds. We review a trial court’s ruling on a pretrial writ of
habeas corpus for an abuse of discretion. Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d 317, 323 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006). In conducting this review, we view the facts in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s ruling and defer to the trial court’s implied factual findings that are supported by the
record. Id. at 325–26.
Millage argues that the district attorney’s office intentionally failed to produce the third
photo lineup or, alternatively, Wilson intentionally withheld the third photo lineup. He asserts
that the court of criminal appeals’ opinion in Ex Parte Masonheimer, 220 S.W.3d 494 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007) applies to the facts before us. He argues that Masonheimer held that where the
State, which includes “the entire prosecution team,” intentionally withholds Brady evidence, the
defendant suffers the same harm as when the State intentionally goads or provokes the defendant
–4– into moving for a mistrial. He asserts that Wilson was part of the prosecution team and that the
prosecution team intentionally withheld Brady evidence, which caused the first trial to end in a
mistrial. Therefore, he argues, under Masonheimer, the second trial was barred by double
jeopardy.
In Masonheimer, the court of criminal appeals “required intentional conduct by the State,
which resulted in harm to the defendant.” The Masonheimer court held that re-prosecution of the
defendant was jeopardy barred because “the State had intentionally failed to disclose exculpatory
evidence with the specific intent to avoid the possibility of an acquittal.” Washington v. State,
326 S.W.3d 701, 705 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (citing Masonheimer, 220
S.W.3d at 509).
In this case, the defense conceded that the exculpatory evidence was not withheld with
the specific intent to avoid the possibility of Millage’s acquittal. Rather, the defense clearly told
the trial court that it did not “blame” the prosecutors for failing to disclose the third photo lineup
sooner, an assessment with which the trial court agreed. Further, there was no evidence before
the trial court at the motion for mistrial or on the defense’s application for a writ of habeas
corpus that indicated that Wilson (or anyone else) intentionally withheld the evidence. Rather, it
appeared the State did not realize it had the third photo lineup, which was in Wilson’s file that
had been given to the prosecutor’s office approximately three years earlier when Wilson retired.
Viewing the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, no action by the
prosecution or Wilson indicates that either had the intent to withhold Brady material, goad
Millage into a mistrial, or avoid the possibility of his acquittal. See Masonheimer, 220 S.W.3d at
507. Rather, at the time that it sought the mistrial, defense counsel specifically stated “we are
not blaming the prosecution for this.” The trial court at that time stated: “And I also want to
point out that I’m not blaming you, [counsel for State and defense]. It is just a fact of - - well,
–5– even the District Attorney’s office has changed over since then.” We conclude the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by denying Millage’s application for a writ of habeas corpus. We
overrule Millage’s first issue.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his second issue, Millage argues his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to renew
his motion to dismiss based on double jeopardy when Wilson testified at the second trial that he
provided all his materials to the prosecutor years before the first trial. Millage asserts that
Wilson’s testimony—that when he retired from the Plano Police Department in 2009, he gave his
casebook to the district attorney’s office—indicates the district attorney’s office suppressed the
third photo lineup until after the first trial commenced. Because the information about Wilson
giving his casebook to the prosecutor’s office was not before the trial court when it ruled on
Millage’s motion for mistrial and application for a writ of habeas corpus, Millage argues his
attorney should have renewed the motion to dismiss when this information came out in the
second trial.
To successfully assert an ineffective assistance of counsel challenge, an appellant must
show that (1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2)
a reasonable probability exists that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. See Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 110 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). An
ineffective assistance claim must be “firmly founded in the record,” and the record must
“affirmatively demonstrate” the claim has merit. Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005). Generally, a silent record providing no explanation for counsel’s actions will
not overcome the strong presumption of reasonable assistance. See Rylander, 101 S.W.3d at
110–11. Direct appeal is usually an inadequate vehicle for raising such a claim because the
record is generally undeveloped. Id. This is true with regard to the question of deficient
–6– performance—in which counsel’s conduct is reviewed with great deference, without the
distorting effects of hindsight—where counsel’s reasons for failing to do something do not
appear in the record. Id. “[T]rial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain
his actions before being denounced as ineffective.” Id. at 111. Absent such an opportunity, an
appellate court should not find deficient performance unless the challenged conduct was “so
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d
436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
Although Millage filed a motion for new trial, his motion did not allege that his counsel
was ineffective, and he did not otherwise develop a record explaining why counsel engaged in
the challenged conduct. The record is silent as to counsel’s strategy or reasons for not raising the
double jeopardy issue during the second trial. This Court will not speculate as to what counsel’s
trial strategy might have been with regard to the alleged error. Moreover, we cannot say that
counsel’s conduct in failing to make the objection about which Millage now complains is “so
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” See Garcia, 57 S.W.3d at
440; accord Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 430 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The silent record in
this case cannot overcome the presumption of effective assistance of counsel. See Goodspeed,
187 S.W.3d at 392.
Even if we were to determine that Millage showed his counsel’s performance fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness, there is no evidence that a reasonable probability exists
that, but for counsel’s alleged error, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See
Rylander, 101 S.W.3d at 110. The trial court had already considered Millage’s motion and
denied it. Nothing in the record indicates that Wilson’s testimony during the second trial would
have caused the trial court to grant Millage’s motion the second time the issue was raised. We
overrule Millage’s second issue.
–7– C. In-Court Identification Testimony
In his third issue, Millage asserts the trial court erred by not excluding Miranda’s in-court
identification of him during the trial because she previously was subjected to hypnosis. We
review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. Cameron
v. State, 241 S.W.3d 15, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see also Tumlinson v. State, 757 S.W.2d
440, 444 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1988, pet. ref’d) (concluding the trial court acted within its
discretion by excluding an audiotape of a hypnosis session of the defendant). The trial court
does not abuse its discretion unless its determination lies outside the zone of reasonable
disagreement. Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We uphold the
trial court’s ruling if it was correct on any theory reasonably supported by the evidence and
applicable to the case. See Willover v. State, 70 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Millage argues the State did not meet its heavy burden to show that Miranda’s testimony
identifying Millage as the attacker was trustworthy. The State replies that Miranda’s testimony
was not hypnotically enhanced and, even if it was, it was reliable.
The leading Texas case on the issue of hypnotically enhanced testimony is Zani v. State,
758 S.W.2d 233 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). In Zani, the court of criminal appeals stated that the
proponent of hypnotically refreshed testimony bears a heavy burden. Outside of the jury’s
presence, the proponent must demonstrate to the trial court, by clear and convincing evidence,
that the testimony is trustworthy. In assessing the trustworthiness, the trial court should be alert
to the four-prong dangers of hypnosis: hypersuggestibility, loss of critical judgment,
confabulation, and memory cementing. Zani, 758 S.W.2d at 243.
We do not believe Zani applies to the case before us. In Zani, the only witness to a
murder was hypnotized approximately 13 years after the murder occurred, and the hypnosis was
intended to help identify the perpetrator. Immediately after the hypnosis session, the witness
–8– identified the defendant as the perpetrator. The timeframe was reversed in the case before us,
and the purpose of the hypnosis was different. Here, Miranda was hypnotized after the assault
occurred, the hypnosis was intended to help determine the letters and numbers on the
perpetrator’s license plate, and Miranda was unable to identify any of the persons in the photo
lineup showed to her after the hypnosis (the lineup did not contain Millage’s picture). It was not
until nearly 11 years after the hypnosis session that Miranda identified Millage. In the
intervening years, Miranda was shown a lineup that included Millage’s picture, but she selected a
different person as the attacker, which further indicates the hypnosis did not impact her ability to
identify the attacker. The facts before us are significantly different than those before the court in
Zani. We conclude that Miranda’s testimony was not hypnotically enhanced, and we need not
consider the Zani factors. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by not excluding the in-
court identification on this basis. We overrule Millage’s third issue.
D. Exclusion of Testimony for “Lab Bias”
In his final issue, Millage argues he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to present a
full defense when the trial court refused to allow his DNA expert to testify regarding “lab bias.”
We again review the trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of
discretion. Cameron, 241 S.W.3d at 19.
One point that was contested during the trial was the conclusion drawn by Orchid
Cellmark Laboratories, the laboratory that conducted the DNA testing. The defense sought to
show that the laboratory first identified an allele in the DNA found on Miranda’s clothing as a
“good allele,” which would have eliminated Millage as a contributor to the DNA, but later called
it a “stutter,” which would not have eliminated Millage as a potential contributor.
The defense presented its DNA expert, Dr. Greg Hampikian, to testify about “lab bias.”
Outside of the jury’s presence, he testified to his opinion about lab bias. Hampikian’s testimony
–9– was: “That context can influence experts, including myself. That I have studied that effect and
that I think there have been . . . I mean, I have heard contradictory conclusions about this 10
allele, for example.” When defense counsel asked Hampikian what opinion he would be giving
and whether his opinion was that context can influence experts, Hampikian responded: “Yeah. I
don’t know what questions I’m going to be asked, to be honest. I don’t have a prepared opinion
on that. I think it is a real allele. . .” He did not know whether he was going to be asked whether
context can influence experts, but “I’ve heard contextual bias; and since that’s one of my areas of
expertise, that would be a legitimate area for me.” Hampikian had the following exchange with
the trial judge:
THE COURT: Let me ask you again. Do you have any evidence or opinions as with regard to contextual bias about any particular analyst in this particular case? THE WITNESS: Nothing firm. Now, I have some general impressions that I think I have shared. THE COURT: Like contextual bias among analysts generally? THE WITNESS: Yes. THE COURT: Nothing specific in this case or the methodologies in this case? THE WITNESS: All human beings, including myself; and I will testify to that.
Defense counsel then asked the witness whether it was his “general opinion that context
can influence experts” and whether that would be the opinion he would be offering. Hampikian
confirmed that was his opinion that he would be offering. He also confirmed he had no “direct
evidence of anybody doing anything wrong” in the Millage case.
Concerning the admissibility of expert testimony, rule of evidence 702 provides: “If
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”
TEX. R. EVID. 702. The proponent of the evidence must show by clear and convincing proof,
–10– that the evidence is sufficiently relevant and reliable to assist the jury in accurately understanding
other evidence or in determining a fact in issue. Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 765 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007). Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any
fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than
it would be without the evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 401.
Hampikian’s proposed testimony regarding “lab bias” was not relevant to the issues
before the jury. Hampikian confirmed he had no evidence of lab bias in this case, but stated that
every person has biases. Absent any evidence of lab bias in this case, the substance of
Hampikian’s proposed testimony—that “context can influence experts” and “[a]ll human beings”
have bias—was more appropriate for cross-examination than for expert testimony. Because
Hampikian’s testimony about “lab bias” was not relevant to this case, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by excluding this testimony. We overrule Millage’s fourth issue.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Jim Moseley/ JIM MOSELEY JUSTICE
Do Not Publish TEX. R. APP. P. 47 120636F.U05
–11– S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
CEDRIC DERRELL MILLAGE, Appellant On Appeal from the 296th Judicial District Court, Collin County, Texas No. 05-12-00636-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. 366-80247-07. Opinion delivered by Justice Moseley. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Justices Francis and Lang participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 8th day of April, 2014.
/Jim Moseley JIM MOSELEY JUSTICE
–12–