THIRD DIVISION DILLARD, P. J., GOBEIL and HODGES, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
February 20, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A19A1871. MOSBY v. THE STATE. A19A2054. MOSBY v. THE STATE.
GOBEIL, Judge.
In Case No. A19A1871, Mosby appeals from his convictions on one count of
child molestation and one count of sexual battery. Following the denial of his motion
for a new trial, Mosby contends that (1) the trial court erred in overruling his special
demurrer to the child molestation charge; (2) the trial court erred by denying his plea
in abatement because the indictment was not returned in open court; and (3) the
evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for sexual battery.
In Case No. A19A2054, Mosby appeals from his convictions on seven counts
of child molestation and two counts of aggravated child molestation. Following the
denial of his motion for a new trial, Mosby contends that the trial court erred by (1) overruling his general demurrer as to one of the aggravated child molestation counts;
(2) overruling his special demurrer as to five counts in the indictment; and (3)
denying his plea in bar as to one of the child molestation counts.
As explained more fully below, in Case No. A19A1871, we affirm the
judgment of conviction and remand the case for resentencing. In Case No.
A19A2054, we affirm in part and reverse in part and remand the case for
resentencing.
In Mosby v. State, 319 Ga. App. 642 (738 SE2d 98) (2013) (“Mosby I”), we
reversed the Superior Court of Gwinnett County’s order overruling Michael Mosby’s
special demurrer to 14 counts of a 15-count indictment (the “2011 indictment”)
charging Mosby with committing multiple counts of sexual offenses against four of
his daughters. Additionally, we reversed the trial court’s denial of Mosby’s motion
to dismiss and plea in bar, concluding that several counts were barred by the
applicable statutes of limitation. Id. at 646-647 (2) (b)-(d).
Following remand and in accordance with our opinion in Mosby I,1 the State
reindicted Mosby on several counts, and charged him with additional counts of sexual
1 In Mosby I, we noted that “our holding does not preclude the State from reindicting Counts 1 through 14 upon the return of this case to the trial court.” 319 Ga. App. at 645 (1) (footnote omitted).
2 offenses in a separate indictment. The case proceeded to a stipulated bench trial on
both indictments, Mosby was found guilty of numerous offenses, and he now appeals.
On appeal from a bench trial, we view the evidence in favor of the factfinder’s conclusion, giving due regard to the trial court’s opportunity to judge witness credibility. We no longer presume the defendant is innocent, but only determine if the evidence is sufficient to sustain the convictions.
Landine v. State, 295 Ga. App. 761, 761-762 (673 SE2d 124) (2009) (citation and
punctuation omitted). See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d
560) (1979). So viewed, the evidence showed that Mosby repeatedly molested his
four daughters, Be. T, A. S. M., A. T., and Br. T, in various ways over a period of
several years, from approximately 2000 to 2009.
Indictment No. 13B-1649-6 (the “February 2013” indictment) charged Mosby
with committing one count each of child molestation (Count 1) and sexual battery
(Count 2) against Be. T. Indictment No. 13B-1968-6 (the “March 2013 indictment”)
charged Mosby as follows: as to A. S. M., three counts of child molestation (Counts
1, 2, and 5), six counts of aggravated child molestation (Counts 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10),
and one count of incest (Count 4); as to A. T., one count of child molestation (Count
11); as to Be. T., three counts of child molestation (Counts 12, 13, and 15); and, as
3 to Br. T., one count each of aggravated child molestation (Count 14) and child
molestation (Count 16).
Mosby challenged the form sufficiency of the indictments by filing numerous
pretrial motions, including special and general demurrers, motions to dismiss, and
pleas in abatement. In November 2013, the trial court conducted a three-day hearing
on the motions (the “November motions hearing”), and dismissed several counts of
the March 2013 indictment.2 The case proceeded to a bench trial on the remaining
counts of the indictments. In accordance with the parties’ stipulation, the trial court
conducted the bench trial using the transcript and evidence from the November
motions hearing. The defense called a single witness, Mosby’s ex-wife and the
mother of the four victims.
The ex-wife testified as to the family’s sleeping arrangements over the years.
She explained that the family had lived in a number of residences, and due to
financial constraints, each child did not have his or her own bedroom. She testified
that the family’s sleeping arrangements varied depending on her work schedule and
the children’s extracurricular activities. At times, Mosby slept in a bed with the
2 Specifically, the trial court dismissed Counts 3-5 and 7-10 of the March 2013 indictment.
4 couple’s two sons, but he also slept in a bed with their daughters. She further testified
that A. S. M. often slept in a separate bedroom because she suffered from a chronic
illness, thus allowing Mosby access to the child.
Case No. A19A1871
The facts relevant to Case No. A19A1871 show that, on February 20, 2013, a
Gwinnett County grand jury returned an indictment charging Mosby with committing
(1) child molestation against Be. T. between March 1, 2009 and June 30, 2009 “by
touching her breasts and vagina with intent to arouse and satisfy the sexual desires
of said child and said accused” (Count 1); and (2) sexual battery against Be. T. on
January 1, 2009, by “unlawfully and intentionally mak[ing] physical contact with an
intimate part of the body, to wit: the breasts and vagina, of another person, to wit:
[Be. T.]” (Count 2).
1. Mosby contends that the trial court erred in overruling his special demurrer
to Count 1 of the February 2013 indictment because the State should have provided
a narrower date range. We find no reversible error.
“Generally, an indictment which fails to allege a specific date on which the
crime was committed is not perfect in form and is subject to a timely special
demurrer.” State v. Layman, 279 Ga. 340, 340-341 (613 SE2d 639) (2005) (citation
5 and punctuation omitted). However, where the State presents evidence to the trial
court to show that the State is unable to identify the specific date on which the
offense occurred, as, for example, when the victim is a child who is incapable of
adequately articulating exactly when the offense occurred, “the State is permitted to
allege that the crime occurred between two particular dates.” O’Rourke v. State, 327
Ga. App. 628, 631-632 (2) (760 SE2d 636) (2014). In a post-conviction appeal of a
trial court’s pretrial ruling denying a special demurrer, we apply a harmless error
standard of review. Id. at 633 (2). See also Andemical v. State, 336 Ga. App. 661, 665
(2) (786 SE2d 238) (2016) (a criminal defendant “must show that he was prejudiced
by being tried on a defective accusation; without harm, an erroneous overruling of a
special demurrer is not a basis for reversal”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
Here, the trial court conducted a hearing on Mosby’s special demurrer, at which
the State presented the testimony of Be. T. With the exception of an incident that
occurred on Christmas Day in 2006, Be. T., who was 19 years old at the time of the
hearing, and approximately 15 years old at the time of the offenses, was unable to
offer specific dates for the offenses committed against her as alleged in the February
2013 indictment. Instead, Be. T. approximated the dates of various offenses by
considering factors such as her grade in school and the location where the family
6 lived when certain offenses occurred. Regarding Count 1, Be. T. testified that she was
unsure of the precise date of this incident, but she recalled that it occurred sometime
near the end of the school year in 2009. She acknowledged that the school year ended
in May, but was unsure of the exact date.
Based on this testimony, Mosby contends that the State should have narrowed
the dates alleged in the indictment to eliminate the month of June 2009. As we noted
in Mosby I, in support of his special demurrer to the 2011 indictment, Mosby
“argu[ed] that he expected his defense to include evidence that he did not reside in
the family home at the time of several of the alleged offenses and, therefore, that the
State should be required to ‘vastly narrow the alleged date ranges so that he may
better defend himself against the allegations.’” 319 Ga. App. at 642 (punctuation
omitted). However, at the bench trial, Mosby did not present such a defense to Count
1 of the February 2013 indictment. Instead, he offered only the testimony of his ex-
wife to explain the family’s living arrangements during the relevant time periods, and
he stipulated to the admission of the transcript of the November 2013 motions
hearing, which included Be. T.’s testimony regarding the dates of the offenses.
Because the specific evidence regarding the date of the offense charged in Count 1
was in evidence and considered by the trier of fact, Mosby has failed to show
7 prejudice resulting from the range of dates included in the indictment. See O’Rourke,
327 Ga. App. at 633 (2) (affirming trial court’s overruling of special demurrer to
indictment which alleged a range of dates within which offense occurred, where
defendant failed to show that he was surprised or otherwise prejudiced by alleged
deficiency in indictment). Accordingly, the trial court’s overruling of Mosby’s special
demurrer is not reversible error.
2. Mosby filed a motion in abatement alleging that the February 2013
indictment was not returned in open court, and he supplemented this filing with a
motion to inspect the grand jury minutes. Mosby then filed a renewed motion to
inspect the grand jury minutes, plea in abatement, amended motion to dismiss for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction, and second amended plea in bar and motion to dismiss.
The trial court heard these motions at the November motions hearing, and denied the
same.
Mosby maintains that “[t]he State had the opportunity [to] present evidence in
an attempt to refute the plea of abatement claims but elected not to. Consequently, the
State failed to shoulder [its] burden and the trial court erred in denying [Mosby’s]
plea in abatement.” This argument is belied by the record.
8 An indictment must be returned in “open court,” meaning a “place where court
is being held open to the public with the judge and clerk present.” State v. Brown, 293
Ga. 493, 494 (1) (748 SE2d 376) (2013) (citations and punctuation omitted). In
reviewing Mosby’s plea in abatement, “[w]hen the evidence is uncontroverted and
no issues of witness credibility are presented, we review de novo the trial court’s
application of the law to undisputed facts.” Worthy v. State, 307 Ga. App. 297, 304
(3) (704 SE2d 808) (2010).
On its face, the February 2013 indictment indicates that it was “[r]eceived in
open court from the sworn Grand Jury bailiff and filed in office[,] [t]his 20th day of
February, 2013.” Further, the February 2013 indictment bears a file stamp indicating
that it was filed with the Clerk of Superior Court on February 20, 2013. See State v.
Thompson, 261 Ga. App. 828, 829 (2) (584 SE2d 7) (2003) (“A paper is said to be
filed when it is delivered to the proper officer, and by him received to be kept on file,
and a certificate of the clerk, entered upon the paper at the time it is filed is the best
evidence of such filing.”) (citation and punctuation omitted). Significantly, the deputy
clerk who signed the indictment verified that her signature appeared on the
indictment, indicating that it was returned in open court. Mosby has failed to point
to any evidence in the record supporting his contention that the indictment was not
9 returned in open court. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s denial of his plea in
abatement. Compare Brown, 293 Ga. at 494-496 (1) (determining that indictment was
not returned in open court because evidence showed that indictment was returned in
new courthouse that was not yet open to the public).
3. Mosby challenges the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to Count 2 of
the February 2013 indictment. Specifically, he contends that the evidence pointed to
unlawful sexual contact on a different date than the date alleged in the indictment.
Alternatively, Mosby argues that if this Court concludes that the evidence was
sufficient to support his conviction for sexual battery, we should merge the sexual
battery count with the child molestation count.
Under long-standing Georgia law, a date alleged in an indictment, without
more, is not a material allegation of the indictment, and, consequently, unless the
indictment specifically states that the alleged date is material, the State may prove that
the alleged crime was committed on any date within the statute of limitation. See
Bradford v. State, 285 Ga. 1, 4 (3) (673 SE2d 201) (2009).
Viewed in favor of the guilty verdict, the evidence shows that Be. T. arrived
home from school one day in 2009, near the end of the school year, and she sat on a
10 couch in the family’s living room.3 Mosby entered the room and Be. T. pretended to
be asleep. Mosby sat down next to her and began rubbing her thigh. Be. T. “stated
that she didn’t respond to the initial touch and she continued to pretend she was
asleep thinking he would stop” and described that she was “shocked to some extent.”
He then began rubbing her vagina on the outside of her pants and her breast over her
shirt. Mosby then moved his hand under her shirt and rubbed her breast over her bra.
He also unbuttoned her pants, pulled down her zipper, and began rubbing her vagina.
This evidence was sufficient to support the sexual battery conviction. See OCGA §
16-6-22.1 (b) (defining sexual battery as occurring when a person “intentionally
makes physical contact with the intimate parts of the body of another person without
the consent of that person”).
Nevertheless, the State concedes that Counts 1 and 2 of the February 2013
indictment were predicated on the same act of touching Be. T.’s breast and vagina,
and therefore, the convictions on those counts should merge for sentencing purposes.
Accordingly, Mosby’s conviction and sentence for sexual battery, set forth in Count
2 of the February 2013 indictment, is vacated. See Gunn v. State, 300 Ga. App. 229,
3 In lieu of Be. T. testifying at the bench trial, the parties stipulated to admitting her testimony from the November motions hearing, as well as the police report concerning the sexual battery, which was also admitted at that hearing.
11 230 (2) (684 SE2d 380) (2009) (concluding that two counts of sexual battery merged
into child molestation convictions where convictions were based on the same acts of
touching the victim’s vagina and breast).
Case No. A19A2054
4. Mosby contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss Count
14 of the March 2013 indictment. Specifically, Mosby contends Count 14 was an
illegal enlargement of Count 10 of the 2011 indictment, in an effort to circumvent this
Court’s ruling that the statute of limitation precluded prosecution on said count. We
disagree.
Count 10 of the 2011 indictment charged Mosby with committing aggravated
sexual battery against Br. T. by “unlawfully intentionally penetrat[ing] with a foreign
object, to wit: his fingers, the vagina of [Br. T.] without the consent of [Br. T.]”
between December 25, 2003, and December 31, 2003. Count 14 of the March 2013
indictment charged Mosby with committing aggravated child molestation against Br.
T. by “inserting his finger in her vagina, which did result in physical harm to [Br. T.]”
between January 1, 2003, and February 28, 2003.
At the November motions hearing, Br. T. testified that the January-February
2013 incident occurred when Mosby drove her to a Walmart to use a giftcard she had
12 received as a Christmas present. When she and Mosby left the store, he drove her to
an empty parking lot and “told [her] to lean back in [her] chair.” After she complied,
he put his finger in her vagina. She recounted to police that the incident caused her
pain. She was unable to specify the exact date that the incident occurred, but she
recalled that it was after Christmas, and possibly after she returned to school
following winter break. Additionally, Br. T. confirmed that the incident alleged in
Count 14 occurred in January 2003, and not in December 2003, as alleged in Count
10 of the 2011 indictment.
Count 10 of the 2011 indictment and Count 14 of the March 2013 indictment
allege different crimes, with different elements, committed within different date
ranges. We thus find no merit in Mosby’s contention that Count 14 impermissibly
expanded the charge in the prior Count 10 of the 2011 indictment to avoid the
relevant statute of limitation.
5. Mosby asserts that the trial court erred in overruling his general demurrer to
Count 6 of the indictment, which charged him with committing aggravated child
molestation involving an act of sodomy “by having sexual intercourse with [A. S.
M.],” in violation of OCGA § 16-6-4 (c). Because Count 6 failed to allege the facts
13 necessary to establish the offense of aggravated child molestation, we agree that the
trial court erred in overruling Mosby’s general demurrer.
To withstand a general demurrer, an “indictment must either (1) recite the
language of the statute that sets out all the elements of the offense charged, or (2)
allege the facts necessary to establish violation of a criminal statute.” Strickland v.
State, 349 Ga. App. 673, 675 (2) (824 SE2d 555) (2019) (citation and punctuation
omitted). Put another way, “if the accused can admit all the indictment or accusation
or citation charges and still be innocent of having committed any offense, the
indictment or accusation or citation is defective.” Id. (citation and punctuation
omitted).
“A person commits the offense of aggravated child molestation when such
person commits an offense of child molestation which act physically injures the child
or involves an act of sodomy.” OCGA § 16-6-4 (c). Here, Count 6 of the indictment
did not charge Mosby with committing aggravated child molestation by physically
injuring A. S. M., but charged him with committing aggravated child molestation by
committing an act of sodomy. Sodomy is defined as “any sexual act involving the sex
organs of one person and the mouth or anus of another.” OCGA § 16-6-2 (a) (1).
14 On appeal, the State concedes that sexual intercourse is not an act of sodomy,
and therefore, Count 6 as drawn in the indictment does not constitute the crime of
aggravated child molestation and cannot stand. Accordingly, Mosby’s conviction on
this count must be reversed and the sentence vacated. See Moore v. State, 212 Ga.
App. 497, 497 (1) (442 SE2d 311) (1994) (reversing defendant’s conviction for
aggravated sodomy and vacating sentence where indictment did not meet the statutory
definition of sodomy).
6. Mosby argues that the trial court erred by overruling his special demurrer to
Counts 1, 2, 6, 11, and 14 of the March 2013 indictment. Mosby filed a special
demurrer to quash the indictment on the ground that the State failed to adequately
narrow the date ranges in several counts, even though it had the ability to do so.4 On
appeal, Mosby contends that the indictment is imperfect in form because the State
alleged date ranges which included periods of time when Mosby was incarcerated, or
where the victim’s testimony excluded certain dates. We discern no error.
4 The court granted the special demurrer as to Counts 5 and 7, and denied it as to the remaining counts.
15 We apply a harmless error standard of review to a post-conviction appeal of a
trial court’s pretrial ruling denying a special demurrer. O’Rourke, 327 Ga. App. at
633 (2).
(a) According to Mosby, the indictment is imperfect in form because he was
incarcerated for periods of time in which he was alleged to have committed the
offenses alleged in Counts 1 and 2 of the March 2013 indictment, and therefore the
State should have narrowed the dates in those counts accordingly.
Count 1 of the indictment charged Mosby with committing child molestation
against A. S. M. between December 1, 2000, and March 1, 2001. At the November
motions hearing, Mosby presented evidence that he was incarcerated from January
31, 2001, to February 15, 2001. Count 2 of the indictment charged Mosby with
committing a separate act of child molestation against A. S. M. between May 1, 2002,
and August 31, 2002. At the November motions hearing, Mosby submitted evidence
that he was incarcerated between May 1, 2002, and June 13, 2002.
Although there is evidence that Mosby was incarcerated for a couple of months
as summarized above, we conclude that Mosby has failed to show harm resulting
from the State’s inclusion of those dates in Counts 1 and 2. Andemical, 336 Ga. App.
at 665 (2).
16 Here, the same judge presided over the November motions hearing and the
bench trial. Because the parties stipulated to the inclusion of the November motions
hearing transcript in the record, the evidence at the bench trial included evidence of
Mosby’s incarceration on the relevant dates. When presented with the incarceration
records, the victims testified that the molestation occurred within the date range
alleged in the indictment, but acknowledged that the offenses did not occur while
Mosby was incarcerated. Mosby did not present additional evidence that he was
absent from the family residence during the remaining relevant time periods. It
follows that, since the record includes evidence which would have permitted the trier
of fact to find Mosby guilty of the charged crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, any
error in the trial court’s overruling of his special demurrer was harmless and does not
warrant reversal. See generally Barghi v. State, 334 Ga. App. 409, 414 (3) (779 SE2d
373) (2015) (affirming defendant’s convictions following bench trial and noting that
“it was perfectly appropriate for the trial court, as the trier of fact, to rely on evidence
that was already a part of the case record” where same judge presided over hearing
on defendant’s plea in bar and bench trial) (punctuation and footnote omitted).
(b) Mosby asserts that the trial court erred by denying his special demurrer to
Count 11 because A. T. testified that she was in school at the time of the offense, thus
17 excluding the summer months alleged in the indictment. As to Count Count 14,
Mosby contends that Br. T.’s equivocal testimony mandated that the State narrow the
date range in that count of the March 2013 indictment.
Count 11 charged Mosby with committing child molestation against A. T.
between May 1, 2003, and September 1, 2003. At the November motions hearing, A.
T. testified that she thought the molestation occurred while she was in school, but she
was not certain.
Count 14 charged Mosby with committing aggravated child molestation against
Br. T. between January 1, 2003, and February 28, 2003. Br. T. testified that the
offense charged in Count 14 likely occurred in January 2003, but she was unsure of
an exact date. Additionally, Br. T. confirmed that the incident alleged in Count 14
occurred in January 2003, and not in December 2003, as alleged in Count 10 of the
2011 indictment.
Because A. T.’s and Br. T.’s respective testimony was equivocal, we conclude
that the trial court did not err in determining that the State could not have reasonably
narrowed the dates further. Therefore, the trial court did not err in overruling Mosby’s
special demurrer as to Counts 11 and 14. Furthermore, Mosby has failed to show that
he was harmed by the alleged imperfection in the indictment, and we can discern no
18 prejudice in the record. “Any error in failing to try [Mosby] upon a ‘perfect’
indictment was, thus, manifestly harmless.” Mitchell v. State, 282 Ga. 416, 419 (4)
(651 SE2d 49) (2007).
(c) Finally, Mosby contends that the trial court erred in overruling his special
demurrer to Count 6. Based on our conclusion in Division 5, supra, that Count 6 was
insufficient to withstand Mosby’s general demurrer, we need not reach this claim of
error.
Judgment affirmed in Case No. A19A1871 and case remanded for
resentencing. Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part and case remanded for
resentencing in Case No. A19A2054. Dillard, P. J., and Hodges, J., concur.