Cite as 2022 Ark. App. 259 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION III No. CR-21-602
Opinion Delivered May 25, 2022
MICHAEL MCCORMICK APPEAL FROM THE POLK APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. 57CR-19-84] V.
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE ANDY RINER, JUDGE APPELLEE AFFIRMED
PHILLIP T. WHITEAKER, Judge
Michael McCormick was convicted by a Polk County jury of rape and second-degree
sexual assault and was sentenced to thirty and twenty years, respectively, in the Arkansas
Department of Correction. He now appeals his convictions, challenging the sufficiency of
the evidence and certain evidentiary decisions. We affirm.
McCormick first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the State and consider only the evidence that supports the verdict. Kirkland
v. State, 2021 Ark. App. 56, 618 S.W.3d 167. We affirm a conviction if substantial evidence
exists to support it. Id. Substantial evidence is that which is of sufficient force and character
that it will, with reasonable certainty, compel a conclusion one way or the other without resorting to speculation or conjecture. Daniels v. State, 2018 Ark. App. 334, 551 S.W.3d 428.
With these standards in mind, we turn our attention to the evidence submitted to the jury.
CA, McCormick’s step-granddaughter, reported to law enforcement that McCormick
had engaged in inappropriate behavior with her when she was twelve. She told the jury that
the incident occurred on New Year’s Eve when spent the night at her grandparent’s house.
While sleeping in a bed with McCormick and her grandmother, he touched her breast under
her bra and penetrated her vaginally with his finger and penis.
As a result of these allegations, CA was examined by a sexual assault nurse examiner.
The nurse who conducted the examination testified that the findings of CA’s exam were
normal. In other words, she told the jury that there was absolutely nothing in the exam that
could either confirm or discredit sexual abuse. Despite this, she stated that this did not
contradict a claim of sexual assault given CA’s age and length of time between the exam and
the alleged assault.
The jury also heard evidence from law enforcement concerning a statement that
McCormick gave during the investigation. In this statement, he admitted that on the night
in question, CA slept in the bed with him and his wife. As he was dozing off, he felt CA
touch his stomach and then his penis. Her hand initially only brushed his penis, but then
she grabbed it and began to stroke him. He did not have an erection at the time. He said
that when she did this, he turned away. Later, he heard CA making some noise. She was
lying next to him with her gown up and her panties down. He thought that she was
masturbating. He reached over to check on her. When he did, he admitted that he touched
2 the outside of her vagina. He denied penetrating CA with his finger or penis and denied
touching her for sexual gratification.1
In McCormick’s defense, the jury heard testimony from Evelyn McCormick,
McCormick’s wife and CA’s grandmother. She told the jury that she and McCormick had
been married for twenty-eight years, that CA was affectionate with McCormick, and that CA
did not seem afraid of him. Concerning the allegations, she testified that on the night of the
alleged rape and sexual assault, she felt the bed moving. She reached out to McCormick, but
he was still. She then told CA to stop moving. She said that a few moments later, McCormick
got up and went into the other room, which was unusual. She stated that there was no way
they could have been having sex in the bed without her knowing. Evelyn stated that when
she confronted McCormick with what CA alleged occurred, McCormick denied the
allegations.
After hearing this evidence, the jury convicted McCormick of rape and second-degree
sexual assault. On appeal, McCormick argues that this evidence was insufficient. He claims
that, while CA testified that he touched her breasts and inserted his fingers and his penis in
her vagina, there was no evidence to corroborate her testimony. To the contrary, he notes
that the sexual assault nurse examiner testified there was no physical evidence to corroborate
1 During the jury trial, McCormick testified on his own behalf; his testimony was essentially the same as his testimony in his interview. In his testimony, he again denied touching CA for purposes of sexual gratification.
3 her claims, and he had denied penetrating her. Moreover, he testified that if any touching
had occurred, it was accidental and not for sexual gratification.
A person commits rape if he or she engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual
activity with another person who is a minor and the actor is the victim’s guardian. Ark. Code
Ann. § 5-14-103(a)(4)(A)(i) (Supp. 2021). “Sexual intercourse” means penetration, however
slight, of the labia majora by a penis. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-101(12). “Deviate sexual
activity” means any act of sexual gratification involving the penetration, however slight, of
the anus or mouth of a person by the penis of another person; or the penetration, however
slight, of the labia majora or anus of a person by any body member or foreign instrument
manipulated by another person. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-101(1)(A), (B).
A person commits sexual assault in the second degree if the person engages in sexual
contact with a minor and the actor is the minor’s guardian, a temporary caretaker, or a
person in a position of trust or authority over the minor. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-
125(a)(4)(A)(iv) (Supp. 2021). Second-degree sexual assault may also be committed if the
person, being eighteen years of age or older, engages in sexual contact with another person
who is less than fourteen years of age and not the person’s spouse. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-
125(a)(3). “Sexual contact” means any act of sexual gratification involving the touching,
directly or through clothing, of the sex organs, buttocks, or anus of a person or the breast of
a female. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-101(11).
Here, CA testified that McCormick touched her breasts under her bra and penetrated
her digitally and with his penis. Arkansas appellate courts have “continually held that a rape
4 victim’s testimony alone is sufficient and is substantial evidence to support a rape
conviction.” Clayton v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 199, at 4–5. The same is true for second-degree
sexual assault. Savage v. State, 2013 Ark. App. 133. Because CA testified to specific acts that
fall within the definitions of sexual contact, deviate sexual activity, and sexual intercourse,
there was sufficient evidence to support the convictions.
McCormick next argues that the trial court erred in prohibiting him from impeaching
CA’s credibility. During cross-examination, defense counsel attempted to ask CA about
statements she made to her friend, SL, purportedly to show a prior inconsistent statement
since it conflicted with a statement she made in a videotaped interview, but the State objected
on the basis of the rape-shield statute. The court ruled that the evidence was inadmissible as
extrinsic evidence under Arkansas Rule of Evidence 613. McCormick never proffered the
evidence he sought to have admitted.
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Cite as 2022 Ark. App. 259 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION III No. CR-21-602
Opinion Delivered May 25, 2022
MICHAEL MCCORMICK APPEAL FROM THE POLK APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. 57CR-19-84] V.
STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE ANDY RINER, JUDGE APPELLEE AFFIRMED
PHILLIP T. WHITEAKER, Judge
Michael McCormick was convicted by a Polk County jury of rape and second-degree
sexual assault and was sentenced to thirty and twenty years, respectively, in the Arkansas
Department of Correction. He now appeals his convictions, challenging the sufficiency of
the evidence and certain evidentiary decisions. We affirm.
McCormick first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the State and consider only the evidence that supports the verdict. Kirkland
v. State, 2021 Ark. App. 56, 618 S.W.3d 167. We affirm a conviction if substantial evidence
exists to support it. Id. Substantial evidence is that which is of sufficient force and character
that it will, with reasonable certainty, compel a conclusion one way or the other without resorting to speculation or conjecture. Daniels v. State, 2018 Ark. App. 334, 551 S.W.3d 428.
With these standards in mind, we turn our attention to the evidence submitted to the jury.
CA, McCormick’s step-granddaughter, reported to law enforcement that McCormick
had engaged in inappropriate behavior with her when she was twelve. She told the jury that
the incident occurred on New Year’s Eve when spent the night at her grandparent’s house.
While sleeping in a bed with McCormick and her grandmother, he touched her breast under
her bra and penetrated her vaginally with his finger and penis.
As a result of these allegations, CA was examined by a sexual assault nurse examiner.
The nurse who conducted the examination testified that the findings of CA’s exam were
normal. In other words, she told the jury that there was absolutely nothing in the exam that
could either confirm or discredit sexual abuse. Despite this, she stated that this did not
contradict a claim of sexual assault given CA’s age and length of time between the exam and
the alleged assault.
The jury also heard evidence from law enforcement concerning a statement that
McCormick gave during the investigation. In this statement, he admitted that on the night
in question, CA slept in the bed with him and his wife. As he was dozing off, he felt CA
touch his stomach and then his penis. Her hand initially only brushed his penis, but then
she grabbed it and began to stroke him. He did not have an erection at the time. He said
that when she did this, he turned away. Later, he heard CA making some noise. She was
lying next to him with her gown up and her panties down. He thought that she was
masturbating. He reached over to check on her. When he did, he admitted that he touched
2 the outside of her vagina. He denied penetrating CA with his finger or penis and denied
touching her for sexual gratification.1
In McCormick’s defense, the jury heard testimony from Evelyn McCormick,
McCormick’s wife and CA’s grandmother. She told the jury that she and McCormick had
been married for twenty-eight years, that CA was affectionate with McCormick, and that CA
did not seem afraid of him. Concerning the allegations, she testified that on the night of the
alleged rape and sexual assault, she felt the bed moving. She reached out to McCormick, but
he was still. She then told CA to stop moving. She said that a few moments later, McCormick
got up and went into the other room, which was unusual. She stated that there was no way
they could have been having sex in the bed without her knowing. Evelyn stated that when
she confronted McCormick with what CA alleged occurred, McCormick denied the
allegations.
After hearing this evidence, the jury convicted McCormick of rape and second-degree
sexual assault. On appeal, McCormick argues that this evidence was insufficient. He claims
that, while CA testified that he touched her breasts and inserted his fingers and his penis in
her vagina, there was no evidence to corroborate her testimony. To the contrary, he notes
that the sexual assault nurse examiner testified there was no physical evidence to corroborate
1 During the jury trial, McCormick testified on his own behalf; his testimony was essentially the same as his testimony in his interview. In his testimony, he again denied touching CA for purposes of sexual gratification.
3 her claims, and he had denied penetrating her. Moreover, he testified that if any touching
had occurred, it was accidental and not for sexual gratification.
A person commits rape if he or she engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual
activity with another person who is a minor and the actor is the victim’s guardian. Ark. Code
Ann. § 5-14-103(a)(4)(A)(i) (Supp. 2021). “Sexual intercourse” means penetration, however
slight, of the labia majora by a penis. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-101(12). “Deviate sexual
activity” means any act of sexual gratification involving the penetration, however slight, of
the anus or mouth of a person by the penis of another person; or the penetration, however
slight, of the labia majora or anus of a person by any body member or foreign instrument
manipulated by another person. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-101(1)(A), (B).
A person commits sexual assault in the second degree if the person engages in sexual
contact with a minor and the actor is the minor’s guardian, a temporary caretaker, or a
person in a position of trust or authority over the minor. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-
125(a)(4)(A)(iv) (Supp. 2021). Second-degree sexual assault may also be committed if the
person, being eighteen years of age or older, engages in sexual contact with another person
who is less than fourteen years of age and not the person’s spouse. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-
125(a)(3). “Sexual contact” means any act of sexual gratification involving the touching,
directly or through clothing, of the sex organs, buttocks, or anus of a person or the breast of
a female. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-14-101(11).
Here, CA testified that McCormick touched her breasts under her bra and penetrated
her digitally and with his penis. Arkansas appellate courts have “continually held that a rape
4 victim’s testimony alone is sufficient and is substantial evidence to support a rape
conviction.” Clayton v. State, 2012 Ark. App. 199, at 4–5. The same is true for second-degree
sexual assault. Savage v. State, 2013 Ark. App. 133. Because CA testified to specific acts that
fall within the definitions of sexual contact, deviate sexual activity, and sexual intercourse,
there was sufficient evidence to support the convictions.
McCormick next argues that the trial court erred in prohibiting him from impeaching
CA’s credibility. During cross-examination, defense counsel attempted to ask CA about
statements she made to her friend, SL, purportedly to show a prior inconsistent statement
since it conflicted with a statement she made in a videotaped interview, but the State objected
on the basis of the rape-shield statute. The court ruled that the evidence was inadmissible as
extrinsic evidence under Arkansas Rule of Evidence 613. McCormick never proffered the
evidence he sought to have admitted.
A defendant who challenges a ruling excluding evidence under the rape-shield statute
is required to proffer that evidence to preserve a challenge to the ruling for appellate review.
See Stewart v. State, 2012 Ark. 349, 423 S.W.3d 69. A proffer is necessary so that this court
may determine prejudice, and as stated above, the failure to do so precludes review of the
issue on appeal. See Dicandia v. State, 2010 Ark. 413; see also Marcum v. State, 299 Ark. 30,
771 S.W.2d 250 (1989) (rejecting rape-shield argument where there was no proffer in the
record of the evidence Marcum proposed to introduce); Farrell v. State, 269 Ark. 361, 601
S.W.2d 835 (1980) (refusing to reach the merits of rape-shield argument because the offer
5 of proof of the victim’s prior sexual conduct was inadequate). Because McCormick failed to
proffer this evidence, his claim is not preserved for our review. 2
McCormick also raises constitutional claims on appeal. He claims that the court’s
ruling excluding CA’s inconsistent statements violated his rights under the confrontation
and due-process clauses of the constitution to present a full defense. However, he did not
raise this argument below, and these claims are likewise not preserved. Our appellate courts
have repeatedly stated that we will not address an argument, even a constitutional one, that
is raised for the first time on appeal. See Roston v. State, 362 Ark. 408, 208 S.W.3d 759 (2005);
Curtis v. State, 2020 Ark. App. 352; Richard v. State, 2020 Ark. App. 492.
Affirmed.
GRUBER and HIXSON, JJ., agree.
James Law Firm, by: William O. “Bill” James, Jr., for appellant.
Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Christopher R. Warthen, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.
2 The State also argued that the issue is not preserved for our review because McCormick failed to file a written motion as required by the rape-shield statute. See Ark. Code Ann. § 16-42-101(c)(1) (Supp. 2021). We note that McCormick did not file a written motion, but he did raise the issue in his written response to the State’s motion in limine. We need not address whether this written response is sufficient because his failure to proffer the excluded evidence precludes our review.