Stevens, J.,
delivered th§ opinion of the court.
This action was instituted by I. S. Joseph, receiver of the Bank of Woodville, by a bill in chancery seeking to recover from appellants, as defendants in the court below, a five per cent, dividend declared by appellants as directors of said bank at a time when the bank was insolvent. The suit is brought by authority of the chancery court appointing and having jurisdiction of the receiver and the administration of the affairs of the defunct bank. The bill avers that appellants on the 17th day of February, 1912, were the directors of the Bank of Woodville; that the bank was at that time, and had been for a long time, totally insolvent; that the directors knew that the bank was insolvent, but, notwithstanding this knowledge, that they proceeded to declare and disburse on said date a dividend of five per cent, upon the par value of twenty-thousand dollars of the capital stock of said bank, less the sum of forty-five dollars which was not claimed by or paid to any person; that each of the di[387]*387rectors assented to and participated in the declaration of said dividend, and received and accepted their individual share as a stockholder, all in violation of section 923, Code. 1906. It is averred that by force of the statute the defendants are jointly and severally liable to all creditors of the bank whose debts existed on February 17, 1912, for the said sum of nine hundred and fifty-five dollars and that the complainant, as representative of all the creditors, has the right, in his capacity or office of receiver, to sue for and recover the said sum for the benefit of the creditors entitled thereto and as a fund to be. paid and distributed to them in the administration of the estate, under proper supervision of the chancery court. Separate demurrers were filed to the bill by the defendants. The demurrers were overruled, and from the decree overruling the demurrers, the chancellor granted an appeal to settle the principles of the case. The demurrers challenge the jurisdiction in equity, and submit that the remedy at law is complete; that the bill does not state any cause of action; that the receiver has not the right to maintain this suit; that the cause of action is barred by the statute of limitation of one year (section 3101, Code 1906); and that the allegations of the bill are too vague and indefinite, and do not show in detail what creditors are interested nor for what amount the alleged liability of the several defendants exists.
The first point argued by counsel is the contention that the bill seeks to recover purely a statutory penalty, and that a court of equity will not assume jurisdiction of a suit to recover penalties. The chancellor overruled the several demurrers to the bill, and thereby assumed jurisdiction of this cause; and, aside from the question whether equity has original jurisdiction of this particular cause, under section 147 of our Constitution, we could not reverse the decree of the chancellor. This constitutional provision has a manifest beneficent and remedial purpose to accomplish. There áre many causes of action appearing in the twilight separating common-law and [388]*388equity jurisdictions; and, when the chancery court has jurisdiction of the parties and has assumed jurisdiction of the subject-matter, this constitutional provision must be construed to mean exactly what it says, and absolutely to forbid a reversal simply because the complainant has misjudged his forum. Much valuable time of litigants and courts is wasted in a preliminary contest over jurisdiction before the real merits of the litigation are reached.
Aside from the constitutional provision, however, we cannot say that equity has no jurisdiction of this cause. Our court, in the recent case of Ventress et at. v. D. H. Wallace, Receiver, 71 So. 636, is committed to the holding that equity has original jurisdiction of a suit on the part of a receiver against directors of a bank for gross negligence in the discharge of their official duties. We fail to appreciate why equity should not be a proper forum for this action, instituted by the receiver of an insolvent banking establishment to recover a dividend disbursed in violation of the express provisions of the statute, and when the fund to be recovered should equitably be prorated amongst that class of creditors whose debts existed at the time the dividend was declared, and whose interests are in a large measure now represented by the receiver. This court is committed to the holding that the receiver, to a large extent, represents creditors as well as the defunct corporation, whose estate is being administered upon by him under the direction of ■ the court. Payne Hardware Co. v. International Harvester Co., 70 So. 892. The liability sought to be recovered is expressly imposed by section 923 of the present Code. It provides that the directors who declared and paid such dividend “shall be jointly and severally liable to creditors whose debts then existed, to the extent of such withdrawal or dividend and interest. ” It is true that the right of action is given to creditors, but the liability is limited to the amount of the dividend declared and paid, and this constitutes a single fund in which many of the [389]*389creditors have an equity, and should in equity be prorated amongst the several creditors beneficially interested. This can best be accomplished in a court of equity. One payment of this dividend by the directors would discharge once and for all time the liability. The declaration of a dividend when a corporation is totally insolvent impairs the capital stock, and ‘ ‘ such a distribution of the assets of a corporation is in the nature of a fraud upon its creditors, and is remediable in equity. . . .” 10 Cyc. 883. Many of the courts hold that the personal liability of directors for declaring dividends in excess of the net profits or surplus cannot be enforced in a court of law, but that equity is the proper and exclusive forum.
“Equity has jurisdiction where the effect of the statute is to create a common fund for the security of creditors, although there may be a concurrent remedy at law.” Thompson on Corporations (2d Ed.) vol. 4, par. 5078,
Our court had this statute in review in the case of Kretschmar, Receiver, v. Stone, 90 Miss. 375, 43 So. 177, and in that case expressly upheld the right of the receiver to . recover from stockholders dividends paid them by the corporation when it was insolvent. It will be remembered that the statute imposes liability upon the stockholders who receive the dividend as well as the directors who declare and pay it.
In answer to the criticism that the bill does not give a list of the creditors, or show what the exact amount of their several claims is, it is sufficient to say that the bill does charge that the capital stock of the bank was entirely worthless, and its assets dissipated and so depreciated in value as to be entirely insufficient on the day the dividend was declared to pay and discharge the claims of creditors, “or any reasonable proportion of such indebtedness.” The equities of the various parties can really in this case best be determined and adjudged in the [390]*390chancery court authorized to appoint a master, if necessary, to take and state an account, and to require proper prohate of the claims of the various creditors interested.
Counsel argue with confidence the contention that equity will not entertain this suit to enforce penalties. The chief criticism of this argument is well answered by Woods, J., in the case of
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Stevens, J.,
delivered th§ opinion of the court.
This action was instituted by I. S. Joseph, receiver of the Bank of Woodville, by a bill in chancery seeking to recover from appellants, as defendants in the court below, a five per cent, dividend declared by appellants as directors of said bank at a time when the bank was insolvent. The suit is brought by authority of the chancery court appointing and having jurisdiction of the receiver and the administration of the affairs of the defunct bank. The bill avers that appellants on the 17th day of February, 1912, were the directors of the Bank of Woodville; that the bank was at that time, and had been for a long time, totally insolvent; that the directors knew that the bank was insolvent, but, notwithstanding this knowledge, that they proceeded to declare and disburse on said date a dividend of five per cent, upon the par value of twenty-thousand dollars of the capital stock of said bank, less the sum of forty-five dollars which was not claimed by or paid to any person; that each of the di[387]*387rectors assented to and participated in the declaration of said dividend, and received and accepted their individual share as a stockholder, all in violation of section 923, Code. 1906. It is averred that by force of the statute the defendants are jointly and severally liable to all creditors of the bank whose debts existed on February 17, 1912, for the said sum of nine hundred and fifty-five dollars and that the complainant, as representative of all the creditors, has the right, in his capacity or office of receiver, to sue for and recover the said sum for the benefit of the creditors entitled thereto and as a fund to be. paid and distributed to them in the administration of the estate, under proper supervision of the chancery court. Separate demurrers were filed to the bill by the defendants. The demurrers were overruled, and from the decree overruling the demurrers, the chancellor granted an appeal to settle the principles of the case. The demurrers challenge the jurisdiction in equity, and submit that the remedy at law is complete; that the bill does not state any cause of action; that the receiver has not the right to maintain this suit; that the cause of action is barred by the statute of limitation of one year (section 3101, Code 1906); and that the allegations of the bill are too vague and indefinite, and do not show in detail what creditors are interested nor for what amount the alleged liability of the several defendants exists.
The first point argued by counsel is the contention that the bill seeks to recover purely a statutory penalty, and that a court of equity will not assume jurisdiction of a suit to recover penalties. The chancellor overruled the several demurrers to the bill, and thereby assumed jurisdiction of this cause; and, aside from the question whether equity has original jurisdiction of this particular cause, under section 147 of our Constitution, we could not reverse the decree of the chancellor. This constitutional provision has a manifest beneficent and remedial purpose to accomplish. There áre many causes of action appearing in the twilight separating common-law and [388]*388equity jurisdictions; and, when the chancery court has jurisdiction of the parties and has assumed jurisdiction of the subject-matter, this constitutional provision must be construed to mean exactly what it says, and absolutely to forbid a reversal simply because the complainant has misjudged his forum. Much valuable time of litigants and courts is wasted in a preliminary contest over jurisdiction before the real merits of the litigation are reached.
Aside from the constitutional provision, however, we cannot say that equity has no jurisdiction of this cause. Our court, in the recent case of Ventress et at. v. D. H. Wallace, Receiver, 71 So. 636, is committed to the holding that equity has original jurisdiction of a suit on the part of a receiver against directors of a bank for gross negligence in the discharge of their official duties. We fail to appreciate why equity should not be a proper forum for this action, instituted by the receiver of an insolvent banking establishment to recover a dividend disbursed in violation of the express provisions of the statute, and when the fund to be recovered should equitably be prorated amongst that class of creditors whose debts existed at the time the dividend was declared, and whose interests are in a large measure now represented by the receiver. This court is committed to the holding that the receiver, to a large extent, represents creditors as well as the defunct corporation, whose estate is being administered upon by him under the direction of ■ the court. Payne Hardware Co. v. International Harvester Co., 70 So. 892. The liability sought to be recovered is expressly imposed by section 923 of the present Code. It provides that the directors who declared and paid such dividend “shall be jointly and severally liable to creditors whose debts then existed, to the extent of such withdrawal or dividend and interest. ” It is true that the right of action is given to creditors, but the liability is limited to the amount of the dividend declared and paid, and this constitutes a single fund in which many of the [389]*389creditors have an equity, and should in equity be prorated amongst the several creditors beneficially interested. This can best be accomplished in a court of equity. One payment of this dividend by the directors would discharge once and for all time the liability. The declaration of a dividend when a corporation is totally insolvent impairs the capital stock, and ‘ ‘ such a distribution of the assets of a corporation is in the nature of a fraud upon its creditors, and is remediable in equity. . . .” 10 Cyc. 883. Many of the courts hold that the personal liability of directors for declaring dividends in excess of the net profits or surplus cannot be enforced in a court of law, but that equity is the proper and exclusive forum.
“Equity has jurisdiction where the effect of the statute is to create a common fund for the security of creditors, although there may be a concurrent remedy at law.” Thompson on Corporations (2d Ed.) vol. 4, par. 5078,
Our court had this statute in review in the case of Kretschmar, Receiver, v. Stone, 90 Miss. 375, 43 So. 177, and in that case expressly upheld the right of the receiver to . recover from stockholders dividends paid them by the corporation when it was insolvent. It will be remembered that the statute imposes liability upon the stockholders who receive the dividend as well as the directors who declare and pay it.
In answer to the criticism that the bill does not give a list of the creditors, or show what the exact amount of their several claims is, it is sufficient to say that the bill does charge that the capital stock of the bank was entirely worthless, and its assets dissipated and so depreciated in value as to be entirely insufficient on the day the dividend was declared to pay and discharge the claims of creditors, “or any reasonable proportion of such indebtedness.” The equities of the various parties can really in this case best be determined and adjudged in the [390]*390chancery court authorized to appoint a master, if necessary, to take and state an account, and to require proper prohate of the claims of the various creditors interested.
Counsel argue with confidence the contention that equity will not entertain this suit to enforce penalties. The chief criticism of this argument is well answered by Woods, J., in the case of Lafayette County v. Hall, 70 Miss. 678, 13 So. 39:
“Equally untenable is the position assumed by counsel for appellees that equity will refuse its aid in the enforcement of penalties. The unsoundness of this view lies in the failure to mark the distinction between statutory penalties and penalties created by contract between private persons. The latter courts of equity refuse to enforce, but the former, the expression of the will of the lawmaking power, the courts of equity will not undertake to disregard and nullify by refusing their aid in proper cases.”
An additional criticism is the assumption that the recovery here sought is strictly a penalty. While this contention of counsel is supported by respectable authority, including some general statements by our own court, we have no hesitancy in saying that the trend of modern authority, and, indeed, the announcements of Mr. Thompson in his' work on Corporations, and that of well-reasoned cases, is toward the conclusion that a statute of the character here in review is not penal in the proper meaning of such term.
“Whatever may be said of the penal nature of these statutes, the cases are coming more and more to the proposition that, they are not penal in the strict and proper sense applied to statutes imposing punishment for offenses against the state. This term has evidently arisen from the supposition that a penalty is imposed. With reference to their nature and construction, the better, and undoubtedly the correct, rule is that they are penal as to their construction, and remedial as respects the credi[391]*391tors.” Thompson on Corporations (2d Ed.) vol. 2, par. 1326.
In the sense that the liability here declared “is new and unknown to the common law,’ as said by our court in Avery v. McClure, 94 Miss. 184, 47 So. 901, 22 L. R. A. (N. S.) 256, 19 Ann. Cas. 134, and that the party complaining must therefore bring himself clearly within the terms of the statute, this might possibly be termed a penal statue. This is the thought expressed by our court in Manns Mercantile Co. v. Smith, 107 Miss. 16, 64 So. 929. Mr. Thompson, in paragraph 1330, vol. 2 (2d Ed.), quotes with approval the language of Mr. Morawetz showing clearly that these statutes are not after all, really penal. Among other things quoted in this paragraph is the following language:
“Nor is the liability of the directors under these statutes penal in the sense in which the word ‘penal’ is used in criminal law; it is not a penalty or fine imposed by the state for the infraction of a public law. The liability of the directors is both in form and in substance a private obligation, similar in many respects to that of sureties. It is imposed by the legislature partly for the purpose of inducing the directors to. do their prescribed duties, and partly for the purpose of securing the company’s creditors from losses caused by the acts of those who have control over the company’s fortunes. The statutes imposing this liability 'establish a new rule of private right- — a rule which, although unknown to the common law, may be founded on sound principles of justice and expediency. The only reason why this liability is called penal appears to be that it does not exist at common law, and is neither created by contract nor given as compensation for a direct and immediate wrong done by the directors to the creditors of the company. ’ ’
The United States supreme court, in the well-reasoned case of Huntington v. Attrill, 146 U. S. 657, 13 Sup. Ct. 224, 36 L. Ed. 1123, takes up this subject in an exhaustive fashion, and demonstrates to what extent the courts [392]*392have broken away from early expressions indicating that the liability here imposed is a penalty. Mr. Justice Gray, speaking for the court, uses, in addition to other expressions equally as strong, the following language:
“Penal laws, strictly and properly, are those imposing punishment for an offense committed against the state, and which, by the English and American Constitutions the executive of the state has the power to pardon. Statutes giving a private action against the wrongdoer are sometimes spoken of as penal in their nature, but in such cases it has been pointed out that neither the liability imposed nor the remedy given is strictly penal.”
So far as the interest of the bank in this case are concerned, the statute is remedial; its object is to authorize a recovery of the money actually disbursed in violation of the statute. It is compensation that the creditors seek; and, when once compensated, no matter from what source, the liability imposed is discharged. The public, as such, has no direct interest in the result.
It is contended that section 923, Code 1906, is repealed' by chapter 124, Laws 1914, known as the “State Banking Act;” the contention being that this is a penal statute, and that the various provisions of the state banking law guaranteeing deposits and providing for liquidation of insolvent banks supersede section 923 of the Code, and by necessary implication repeal it. The state banking law does not, however, expressly repeal section 923; and section 45 of the new banking law declares that:
“No provision of any banldng law or other statute of this state shall be construed to be amended, modified or repealed except in so far as necessary to permit the unrestricted operation of this act. . . .”
In our judgment, section 923 can well exist and be effective independently of and in addition to all the provisions of chapter 124, Laws 1914. There is no direct or necessary conflict.
What we have said in reference to the penal nature of this statute disposes of the contention that the one-[393]*393year statute of limitations applies. The dividend here sought to be recovered is not such a penalty as is embraced within the terms of section 3101 of the present Code. The object of section 923 is to compel restitution of the very money unlawfully paid out under the guise of a dividend, and, so far as the interests of creditors is affected, is remedial and compensatory.
“The test whether a law is penal, in the strict and primary sense, is whether the wrong sought to be redressed is a wrong to the public or a wrong to the individual. . . . ” Huntington v. Attrill, supra.
Under our views of this case the demurrers were properly overruled, and the decree of the court below is accordingly affirmed, and the cause remanded, with leave to appellants to answer within thirty days after receipt of mandate by the clerk of the court below.
Affirmed and remanded.