Orth, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court. Levine and Eldridge, JJ., dissent and Levine, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which Eldridge, J., joins at page 20 infra.
On 20 October 1975, Lawrence Maurice Merrick, Joyce Marcine Williamson and Nelson Leroy Boone were jointly indicted by the grand jury for Baltimore County. The indictment presented that on 5 October 1975 they “wilfully and of deliberately premeditatedly malice aforethought” murdered (1st count) and conspired to murder (2nd count) Randolph Alexander Williamson, Jr. (Joyce Marcine Williamson’s husband). The 3rd count of the indictment charged the common law offense of solicitation to commit a felony, alleging that Mrs. Williamson and Boone solicited Merrick to murder Mr. Williamson. The accused were separately tried in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County. On 15 March 1976, Merrick, whose case is before us on this appeal, was found guilty by a jury as to the 1st and 2nd counts. He was sentenced to imprisonment for life on each conviction, the sentences to run concurrently. He noted an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, failed to transmit the record in the time required, and was granted a belated appeal [3]*3under post conviction procedures. The Court of Special Appeals affirmed the judgments. Merrick v. State, No. 1095, September Term, 1976, decided 28 July 1977, unreported. We granted a writ of certiorari.1
I
Merrick was arrested on 6 October 1975 on the authority of a warrant issued the day before by a judicial commissioner of the District Court of Maryland upon the sworn application of Officer James V. McConville of the Baltimore County Police Department. The warrant alleged that Merrick unlawfully conspired with Mrs. Williamson on 5 October 1975 “to kill and slay” Mr. Williamson. We quote in full, with only minor editing, the “[cjoncise statement of facts showing that there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and that [Merrick] has committed it,” set out by McConville in his application for the arrest warrant:
“[Merrick] did conspire [with] Joyce Marcine Williamson to murder and possibly did complete the said conspiracy by murdering Randolph Alexander Williamson, Jr. Nelson Leroy Boone has given information that he received from Joyce Marcine Williamson certain monies in Baltimore County, Md. and paid same to Lawrence Maurice Merrick for the purpose of having him murder Randolph Alexander Williamson, Jr. Further that within the last month Lawrence Maurice Merrick has called coconspirator Joyce Marcine Williamson at her home in Baltimore [4]*4County. Further that on October 4, 1975 Lawrence Maurice Merrick was aware and told Nelson Leroy Boone that he (Lawrence Maurice Merrick) knew where Randolph Alexander Williamson, Jr. would be in the early morning hours of October 5, 1975. Nelson Leroy Boone gave information that approx, one (1) hour before the body of Randolph Alexander Williamson, Jr. was found dead, Lawrence Maurice Merrick called Williamson’s home in Baltimore County. Nelson Leroy Boone also was told by Joyce Marcine Williamson that she had spoken to Lawrence Maurice Merrick about this murder during the month of September, 1975.”
II
“The right of the people to be secure in their persons ... against unreasonable ... seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing ... the persons ... to be seized.” U. S. Const. amend. IV, applicable to the States through the fourteenth amendment, Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. S. 643, 81 S. Ct. 1684 (1961).2 An affidavit for a warrant may be based on hearsay information and need not reflect the direct personal observations of the affiant. Jones v. United States, 362 U. S. 257, 268-271, 80 S. Ct. 725 (1960). However, in such circumstances, as is the case here, a warrant may be properly issued only if the issuing official, in discharging his duty as “a neutral and detached” person to make an independent assessment of probable cause, Giordenello v. United States, 357 U. S. 480, 486, 78 S. Ct. 1245 (1958), concludes that,(a) the knowledge attributed to the [5]*5informant, if true, would be sufficient to establish probable cause; (b) the affiant is likely relating truthfully what the informant said; and (c) it is reasonably likely that the informant’s description of criminal behavior accurately reflects reality. United States v. Harris, 403 U. S. 573, 587, 91 S. Ct. 2075 (1971) (Harlan, J. dissenting). In the case before us, it is not suggested that the commissioner’s judgment as to elements (a) and (b) was not properly supported. We are concerned only with the final component, (c), of the probable cause equation. This element, that it appears reasonably likely that the informant’s claim that criminal conduct has occurred or is occurring is probably accurate, is satisfied only if there is reason to believe both that the informant is a truthful person generally and that he has based his particular conclusions in the matter at hand on reliable data. Spinelli v. United States, 393 U. S. 410, 413-417, 89 S. Ct. 584 (1969); Aguilar v. State of Texas, 378 U. S. 108, 114-115, 84 S. Ct. 1509 (1964). Thus, the affidavit must set forth facts which enable the issuing official to judge for himself both (1) the probable credibility of the informant (the “veracity” prong of Aguilar) and (2) the reliability of his information (the “basis of knowledge” prong of Aguilar.) Aguilar at 114. Merrick does not claim that the affidavit did not satisfy the “basis of knowledge” prong. His only concern is with the “veracity” prong. The agreed statement of facts included in Merrick’s brief, pursuant to Maryland Rule 828 g, asserts:
“[Merrick] contended at trial and in the Court of Special Appeals that his arrest was illegal because the arrest warrant was defective, and that statements he made following his arrest must be suppressed under the principles announced in Brown v. Illinois, 422 U. S. 590, [95 S. Ct. 2254] (1975). The warrant was challenged on the basis that facts alleged as probable cause in the application for the warrant had been received from a named informant whose veracity had not been established.”
[6]*6The affiant here provided no information in addition to that obtained from the informant.3 The statements of the informant, Boone, were against his penal interest, for he thereby admitted major elements of criminal offenses. Thus, the question for decision is a narrow one: is the probable credibility of an identified informant sufficiently shown on the sole basis that his statements establishing probable cause are declarations against penal interest? 4
The Court of Special Appeals held that the declaration against penal interest contained in the application for the arrest warrant here satisfied the “veracity” prong of Aguilar. It reached this determination on the basis of United States v. Harris, supra, in which Mr. Chief Justice Burger in an opinion announcing the judgment of the Court upholding the validity of a search and seizure warrant, declared, after observing that statements in the application for the warrant were against an unnamed informant’s penal interest:
“Admissions of crime, like admissions against proprietary interests, carry their own indicia of credibility — sufficient at least to support a finding of probable cause....” Id. at 583.
This conclusion, contained in Part III of the opinion, was not shared by a majority of the Court. The Chief Justice was joined only by Mr. Justice Black, Mr. Justice White and Mr. [7]*7Justice Blackmun on the point. Mr. Justice Harlan, with whom Mr. Justice Douglas, Mr. Justice Brennan and Mr. Justice Marshall joined, expressly disagreed in a dissenting opinion. Thus, although there was a majority of five joining in the judgment, there was only a plurality of four in agreement with the opinion delivering the judgment.5 The lack of an agreement by a majority of the Court on the principles of law involved prevents the opinion from being an authoritative determination for other cases. United States v. Pink, 315 U. S. 203, 216, 62 S. Ct. 552 (1942). See Annot., 65 A.L.R. 3d 504 (1975). Its findings, conclusions and views are not constitutionally the “Supreme Law” of Maryland, nor are the “Judges of this State, and all the People of this State ... bound thereby.” 6 In other words, the conclusion regarding statements against penal interest expressed by the four justices in the Burger opinion is not controlling in this State; it is no more binding than is the contrary conclusion reached by the four justices in the Harlan dissenting opinion. Therefore, we may look at the Burger opinion and the Harlan opinion on the question of statements in applications for [8]*8warrants which are against the penal interest of the declarant only in the frame of reference of the persuasiveness of the respective reasons advanced.
It was found in Part III of the Burger opinion that the declaration against penal interest was an additional reason for crediting the informant’s tip, “[q]uite apart from the affiant’s own knowledge of [Harris’s] activities.” Harris at 583:
“Common sense in the important daily affairs of life would induce a prudent and disinterested observer to credit these statements. People do not lightly admit a crime and place critical evidence in the hands of the police in the form of their own admissions. Admissions of crime, like admissions against proprietary interests, carry their own indicia of credibility — sufficient at least to support a finding of probable cause to search.” 7 Id. at 583.
Various arguments to the contrary were anticipated in the opinion. “[T]he residual risk and opprobrium of having admitted criminal conduct” is not eliminated because “the informant may be paid or promised a ‘break’.” It is immaterial that the informant's out-of-court declarations may not be admissible at the accused’s trial under Donnelly v. United States, 228 U. S. 243, 33 S. Ct. 449 (1913), or under Bruton v. United States, 391 U. S. 123, 88 S. Ct. 1620 (1968). The opinion expressed the belief that “[w]hether or not Donnelly is to survive as a rule of evidence in federal trials, it should not be extended to warrant proceedings to prevent magistrates from crediting, in all circumstances, statements of a declarant containing admissions of criminal conduct.” 8 [9]*9Id. at 583-584. “[T]he issue in warrant proceedings is not guilt beyond a reasonable doubt but probable cause for believing the occurrence of a crime____” Id. at 584. Bruton was patently distinguishable as “that case rested on the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment which seems inapposite to ex parte search warrant proceedings under the Fourth Amendment.” Further, it would “not do to say that warrants may not issue on uncorroborated hearsay. This only avoids the issue of whether there is reason for crediting the out-of-court statement.” Id. at 584. “Nor,” the Burger opinion stated, “is it especially significant that neither the name nor the person of the informant was produced before the magistrate. The police themselves almost certainly knew his name, the truth of the affidavit is not in issue, and McCray v. Illinois, 386 U. S. 300, 87 S. Ct. 1056, 18 L.Ed.2d 62 (1967), disposed of the claim that the informant must be produced whenever the defendant so demands.” Harris at 584-585.
Mr. Justice Harlan thought that the rationale that the magistrate might prQperly have credited the informant’s assertions on the ground that they confessed to the commission of a crime should not have been advanced because of the government’s failure even to suggest it. So he would not decide the question in the case before the Court.9 Had the argument been pressed upon the Court, however, he would have found it difficult to accept. He was inclined to the view “that magistrates may not properly predicate a [10]*10determination that an unnamed confidant is credible upon the bare fact that by giving information he also confessed to having committed a crime.” Harris at 595 (Harlan, J. dissenting). He justified that inclination with three reasons.
The first reason touched on the rules of evidence. Mr. Justice Harlan recognized that “strict rules of evidence certainly do not govern magistrates’ assessments of probable cause,” but, he thought, “it would require a rather extensive relaxation of them to permit reliance on this factor.” Id. at 594. “And these rules,” he observed, “cannot be completely relaxed, of course, since the basic thrust of Spinelli, [supra], Aguilar, [supra], Nathanson [v. United States, 290 U. S. 41. 54 S. Ct. 11 (1933)], Whiteley [v. Warden, 401 U. S. 560, 91 S. Ct. 1031 (1971)], and Giordenello, supra, is to prohibit the issuance of warrants upon mere uncorroborated hearsay.” Id. at 594. Mr. Justice Harlan found that the analogy to the hearsay exception was quite tenuous, and cited Donnelly, supra, as holding that declarations against penal interest do not fall within this exception. “Moreover, because it has been thought that such statements should be relied upon by factfinders only when necessity justifies it, the rule universally requires a showing that the declarant cannot be produced personally before the trier of fact, C. McCormick, Evidence §§ 253, 257 (1954), an element not shown to be present here.” Id. at 594. Also, the Court had not found any instance of the application of the rule when the witness declined to reveal to the trier of fact the identity of the declarant, “presumably because without this knowledge it cannot be readily assumed that the declarant might have had reason to suspect the use of the statement would do him harm.” Id. at 594.
The second reason was Mr. Justice Harlan’s disagreement with the rationale for this exception to the hearsay rule, that the fact that the declaration was against the speaker’s self-interest tends to indicate that its substance is accurate. He cited 5 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 1457 (3d ed. 1940).
“But where the declarant is also a police informant it seems at least as plausible to assume, without [11]*11further enlightenment either as to the Government’s genera] practice or as to the particular facts of this case, that the declarant-confidant at least believed he would receive absolution from prosecution for his confessed crime in return for his statement.” Id at 595.
The third reason went to the effect of adopting such rule:
“Thirdly, the effect of adopting such a rule would be to encourage the Government to prefer as informants participants in criminal enterprises rather than ordinary citizens, a goal the Government specifically eschews in its brief in this case upon the explicit premise that such persons are often less reliable than those who obey the law.” Id. at 595.
For discussions of the Harris opinions, see W. Ringel, Searches and Seizures, Arrests and Confessions §§ 335.01 and 337.01 (1972 and Cum. Supp. 1977); Rebell, The Undisclosed In formant and the Fourth Amendment: A Search for Meaningful Standards, 81 Yale L. J. 703 (1972); The Supreme Court, 1970 Term, 85 Harv. L. Rev. 3, 53-64 (1971); Comment, An Informant’s Tip as the Basis for Probable Cause: Modified Aguilar Standards, 20 S.D.L.Rev. 363 (1975); 43 Col.L.Rev. 357 (1971).10
Merrick and the State both assert that the decision of this Court should turn on Harris. Merrick would have us follow the inclination of Mr. Justice Harlan “that magistrates may not properly predicate a determination that an unnamed confidant is credible upon the bare fact that by giving information he also confessed to having committed a crime,” Harris at 595, and expand it to include a named informant. The State urges us to adopt, as the Court of Special Appeals did, the rationale of the Burger opinion that admissions of crime by informants, named or unnamed, carry their own indicia of credibility, sufficient at least to support a finding of probable cause to arrest or search and seize, Harris at 583.
[12]*12The issue whether declarations against penal interest are sufficient to satisfy the informant credibility aspect of Aguilar-Spinelli has not been squarely addressed heretofore by this Court. But we have not rejected the general concept that such declarations may provide support for probable cause to arrest. In Mefford and Blackburn v. State, 235 Md. 497, 511, 201 A. 2d 824 (1964), cert. denied, 380 U. S. 937 (1965) we held that Blackburn’s arrest was legal. We said that after Mefford had confessed to a police officer to having committed murder and had given his confession support by turning over the murder weapon, the officer from these facts and his prior knowledge of the case had probable cause to believe that Blackburn was Mefford’s confederate, as Mefford claimed, and had the right to arrest Blackburn.
The Court of Special Appeals in Cuffia v. State, 14 Md. App. 521, 287 A. 2d 319, cert. denied, 265 Md. 736 (1972), in discussing probable cause to arrest, observed that the informant made a statement against his penal interest, and simply referred to Harris “for the effect of an informant’s statement against penal interest.” Id. at 523. See Stanley v. State, 19 Md. App. 507, 521, n. 8, 313 A. 2d 847, cert. denied, 271 Md. 745 (1974).
Ill
Cases in other jurisdictions are divided concerning the sufficiency of declarations against penal interest to establish credibility of an informant as to probable cause for the issuance of a warrant. We list them according to their holdings, and, as to each, designate whether the informant was identified in the affidavit.
The following cases hold specifically that a declaration against penal interest is sufficient of itself to establish an informant’s credibility: Armour v. Salisbury, 492 F. 2d 1032 (6th Cir. 1974) (unidentified); Maxwell v. State, 259 Ark. 86, 531 S.W.2d 468 (1976) (identified); State v. Patterson, 309 So. 2d 555 (Fla. App. 1975) (identified); State v. Archuleta, 85 N. M. 146, 509 P. 2d 1341, cert. denied, 414 U. S. 876 (1973) (unidentified).
[13]*13The following cases, without specifically so holding, appear not to have considered factors other than a declaration against penal interest in determining whether the informant was credible: United States v. Barfield, 507 F. 2d 53 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 421 U. S. 950 (1975) (identified); United States v. Golay, 502 F. 2d 182 (8th Cir. 1974) (identified); United States v. Principe, 499 F. 2d 1135 (1st Cir. 1974) (identified); United States v. Damitz, 495 F. 2d 50 (9th Cir. 1974) (identified); Agnellino v. State of New Jersey, 493 F. 2d 714 (3rd Cir. 1974) (unidentified); United States v. Carmichael, 489 F. 2d 983 (7th Cir. 1973) (unidentified); United States v. Long, 449 F. 2d 288 (8th Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 405 U. S. 974 (1972) (unidentified); Dudley v. State, 342 So. 2d 437 (Ala. Cr. App. 1977) (identified); Ming v. Superior Court for County of Santa Barbara, 13 Cal. App. 3d 206, 91 Cal. Rptr. 477 (1970) (identified); People v. Trontell, 188 Col. 253, 533 P. 2d 1124 (1975) (identified); People v. Bolender, 24 Ill. App. 3d 804, 322 N.E.2d 624 (1974), cert. denied, 423 U. S. 936 (1975) (unidentified); People v. Barcia, 37 A.D.2d 612, 323 N.Y.S.2d 517 (1971) (identified); Gentry v. State, 562 P. 2d 1170 (Okl. Cr. App. 1977) (identified); Manley v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 146, 176 S.E.2d 309 (1970), cert. denied, 403 U. S. 936 (1971) (unidentified); State ex rel. Bena v. Crosetto, 73 Wis. 2d 261, 243 N.W.2d 442 (1976) (unidentified). In State v. Harding, 184 Neb. 159, 165 N.W.2d 723 (1969) it was not clear whether the informant was identified.
The following cases hold specifically that a declaration against penal interest is not of itself conclusive in determining whether an informant was credible, but is a factor to be considered: People v. Werber, 19 Cal. App. 3d 598, 97 Cal. Rptr. 150 (1971) (identified); Wilson v. State, 314 A. 2d 905 (Del. 1973) (identified); Commonwealth v. Fleurant, 311 N.E.2d 86 (Mass. 1974) (identified).
The following cases, without specifically so holding, appear to have considered factors in addition to or other than a declaration against penal interest in determining whether the informant was credible: United States v. Jackson, 560 F. 2d 112 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U. S. 941 (1977) (identified); United States v. Poulack, 556 F. 2d 83 (1st Cir. 1977), cert. [14]*14denied, 434 U. S. 986 (1977) (unidentified); United States v. DiStefano, 555 F. 2d 1094 (2nd Cir. 1977) (identified); United States v. Rueda, 549 F. 2d 865 (2d Cir. 1977) (identified); United States v. Rosenbarger, 536 F. 2d 715 (6th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 431 U. S. 965 (1977) (identified); United States v. Spach, 518 F. 2d 866 (7th Cir. 1975) (unidentified); United States v. Mark Polus, 516 F. 2d 1290 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U. S. 895 (1975) (identified); United States v. Miley, 513 F. 2d 1191 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U. S. 842 (1975) (identified); United States ex rel. DiRienzo v. Yeager, 443 F. 2d 228 (3rd Cir. 1971) (identified); United States v. Coleman, 423 F. Supp. 630 (N.D. Cal. 1976) (unidentified); United States v. Jones, 359 F. Supp. 1268 (D. Md. 1973), aff’d, 500 F. 2d 1085 (4th Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 419 U. S. 1053 (1974) (unidentified); United States v. Carter, 337 F. Supp. 604 (D. Minn. 1971), aff’d, 462 F. 2d 456 (8th Cir. 1972) (unidentified); State v. Porter, 26 Ariz. App. 585, 550 P. 2d 253 (1976) (identified); Baxter v. State, 556 S.W.2d 428 (Ark. 1977) (identified); People v. Hall, 42 Cal. App. 3d 817, 117 Cal. Rptr. 228 (1974) (identified); People v. McFadden, 4 Cal. App. 3d 672, 84 Cal. Rptr. 675 (1970) (identified); State v. Mabrey 140 Ga. App. 577, 231 S.E.2d 461 (1976) (unidentified); Smith v. State, 136 Ga. App. 17, 220 S.E.2d 11 (1975), cert. denied, 425 U. S. 938 (1976) (unidentified); State v. Gamage, 340 A. 2d 1 (Me. 1975) (unidentified); Commonwealth v. Stewart, 358 Mass. 747, 267 N.E.2d 213 (1971) (unidentified); Commonwealth v. Vynorius, 336 N.E.2d 898 (Mass. 1975) (unidentified); People v. Wolzer, 41 A.D.2d 679, 340 N.Y.S.2d 953 (1973), aff’d, 373 N.Y.S.2d 325 (1975) (identified); Pierce v. State, 491 P. 2d 335 (Okl. Cr. App. 1971) (unidentified); State v. Hayward, 18 Ore. App. 128, 523 P. 2d 1278 (1974) (unidentified); Commonwealth v. Soychak, 221 Pa. Super. 458, 289 A. 2d 119 (1972) (unidentified). In State v. Johnson, 17 Wash. App. 153, 561 P. 2d 701 (1977), it is not clear whether the informant was identified.
In the great majority of the cases we have above cited, whether or not the informant was identified in the affidavit was not expressly discussed with respect to the issue of his credibility. And, as we have seen, the Burger opinion in Harris [15]*15did not find it “especially significant that neither the name nor the person of the informant was produced before the magistrate,” because “[t]he police themselves almost certainly knew his name,” and it is not necessary that “the informant must be produced whenever the defendant so demands.” Id. 403 U. S. at 584-585. On the other hand, there is some slight authority for the view that unless the informant is identified, there is no true declaration against penal interest. See State v. Mabrey, supra; Commonwealth v. Falk, 221 Pa. Super. 43, 290 A. 2d 125 (1972). And on the authority of Donnelly v. United States, supra, it was stated in the Harlan dissent in Harris that the federal rule is that declarations against penal interest do not fall within the hearsay exception. There followed the observation that “we have not found any instance of the application of this rule where the witness declined to reveal to the trier of fact the identity of the declarant, presumably because without this knowledge it cannot be readily assumed that the declarant might have reason to suspect the use of his statement would do him harm.” 403 U. S. at 594. See, however, Fed.R.Evid. 804 (b) (3). But see the cases cited supra, in which a declaration against penal interest by an unidentified informant was considered with respect to the credibility of the informant in that component of the probable cause equation which requires that it is reasonably likely that the informant’s description of criminal behavior reasonably reflects reality. There are also cases which distinguish between the probative value of the statement against penal interest of an informant who is identified and an informant who is unidentified, giving more weight to the declaration of the identified informant. See United States v. Spach, supra; United States v. Principe, supra; People v. Werber, supra; People v. Trontell, supra; Wilson v. State, supra; Commonwealth v. Fleurant, supra; Gentry v. State, supra.
IV
Upon analysis of Harris and the cases in other jurisdictions, we find the prevailing view to be that declarations by an informant against his penal interest may be considered in the [16]*16determination of the informant’s credibility. We adopt that view. See Abercrombie v. State, 528 S.W.2d 578, 584 (Tex. Cr. App.1974) (opinion in State’s motion for rehearing). Given this, we conclude that the probable credibility of the informant here was sufficiently shown on the sole basis of his statements against his penal interest. We' reach this conclusion in light of his identification in the affidavit and the nature of his declaration.11
We think that the identification in the affidavit of the informant here is significant in assessing his credibility. We have said that the strictures of Aguilar-Spinelli are aimed primarily at unnamed police informers. Mobley and King v. State, 270 Md. 76, 85, 310 A. 2d 803, (1973), cert. denied, 416 U. S. 975 (1974).
“ ‘The practical distinction is that in dealing with a named source, the very naming of the source and the relationship of the source to the observed information may go a long way (or even be sufficient unto itself), under the facts of a particular case, to establish the credibility of that source or the reliability of his information.’ ” Andresen v. State, 24 Md. App. 128, 176, 331 A. 2d 78, cert. denied, 274 Md. 725 (1975), aff’d, 427 U. S. 463, 96 S. Ct. 2737 (1976) (quoting Dawson v. State, 11 Md. App. 694, 699, 276 A. 2d 680, cert. denied, 263 Md. 711, 712 (1971)).
In the majority of those cases in other jurisdictions in which a declaration against penal interest was found to be sufficient of itself or with other factors to show the credibility of the informant, the informant was identified, indicative of the probative value usually given to his identification. Of course, the informant here was not one of that broad class of secondary sources of police information such as victims of crime, disinterested witnesses of crime or other disinterested civilians who are generally, but not universally, named. But [17]*17there is no indication that he was a paid police informer.12 Further, his indictment, prosecution, conviction and sentence, see note 1 supra, show that immunity was not involved and indicate that he had not been promised “a break” for the information he supplied.
We believe that the informant’s credence was buttressed by the seriousness of the crimes he admitted and the extent of his participation. “People do not lightly admit a crime and place critical evidence in the hands of the police in the form of their own admissions.” Harris, 403 U. S. at 583.
Our conclusion is in line with the Burger opinion in Harris. The assertion that “[c]ommon sense in the important daily affairs of life would induce a prudent and disinterested observer to credit these statements [by an informant against his penal interest],” and the observation that “[p]eople do not lightly admit a crime and place critical evidence in the hands of the police in the form of their own admissions,” are followed by the flat statement: “Admissions of crime ... carry their own indicia of credibility — sufficient at least to support a finding of probable cause to search.” Harris, 403 U. S. at 583. This is so, the Burger opinion explains, even though the informant may be paid or promised a “break” because “the residual risk and opprobrium of having admitted criminal conduct” is not eliminated thereby. Id. at 583-584.13
[18]*18We do not believe that our conclusion is, in substance, at odds with the Harlan dissent in Harris.14 That opinion was written in terms of “an unnamed informant,” Mr. Justice Harlan asserting:
“In short, I am inclined to the view, although I would not decide the question here, that magistrates may not properly predicate a determination than an unnamed confidant is credible upon the bare fact that by giving information he also confessed to having committed a crime.” Harris, 403 U. S. at 595 (Harlan, J. dissenting) (emphasis added).
Finally, in evaluating the showing of probable cause necessary to support a warrant, we heed, as the Burger opinion declared would be well to do, “the sound admonition” of United States v. Ventresca, 380 U. S. 102, 85 S. Ct. 741 (1965):
“ '[T]he Fourth Amendment’s commands, like all constitutional requirements, are practical and not abstract. If the teachings of the Court’s cases are to be followed and the constitutional policy served, affidavits for search warrants, such as the one [19]*19involved here, must be tested and interpreted by magistrates and courts in a commonsense and realistic fashion. They are normally drafted by nonlawyers in the midst and haste of a criminal investigation. Technical requirements of elaborate specificity once exacted under common law pleadings have no proper place in this area. A grudging or negative attitude by reviewing courts toward warrants will tend to discourage police officers from submitting their evidence to a judicial officer before acting.’ ” Harris, 403 U. S. at 577 (quoting Ventresca, 380 U. S. at 108).
“Aguilar in no way departed from these sound principles.” Id. at 577.
V
The narrow question for decision, see supra, was within the frame of reference of the question presented in the petition for certiorari, iterated in Merrick’s brief and agreed upon “in substance” by the State:
“Did the Court of Special Appeals err in upholding the trial Court’s ruling that [Merrick’s] arrest was not illegal and that a statement given by [Merrick] a short time after his arrest need not be suppressed as the fruit of an illegal arrest?”
We hold that the Court of Special Appeals did not err. As we have indicated, before us, the legality of Merrick’s arrest was attacked only on the basis that the information establishing probable cause set out in the application for the arrest warrant was not sufficient because the veracity prong of Aguilar had not been satisfied as to the informant’s credibility. We have found that the affidavit was sufficient to support a finding that the informant was credible. Therefore, the warrant was valid, and Merrick’s arrest under its authority was legal. Inasmuch as his arrest was legal, the [20]*20claim that the statement given by him should have been suppressed as a fruit of an illegal arrest evaporates.
Judgment of the Court of Special Appeals affirmed; costs to be paid by appellant.