NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 26a0110n.06
No. 24-1729
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Mar 06, 2026 KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk ) MEREDITH SUMMER, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT v. ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS ) COMMUNITY DISTRICT, et al., ) OPINION Defendants-Appellants. ) )
Before: CLAY, KETHLEDGE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Meredith Summer appeals the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Defendants Detroit Public Schools Community District, Nikolai Vitti, and
Adriana Rendon on the following civil rights claims pertaining to her employment: (1) First
Amendment retaliation pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; and (2) religious discrimination pursuant to
the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, Mich. Comp. Laws § 37.2202. For the reasons set forth below,
we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
On or around June 25, 2018, Plaintiff Meredith Summer began teaching at Neinas Dual
Language Learning Academy (“Neinas”), a school within Defendant Detroit Public Schools
Community District (“DPSCD”). At all relevant times, Defendant Nikolai Vitti (“Vitti”) was the
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Superintendent of DPSCD and Defendant Adriana Rendon (“Rendon”) was the principal of
Neinas.
Summer was the only Jewish teacher at Neinas. Summer alleges that, in September 2018,
she received an assignment for a classroom of 36 or more students, which violated the Detroit
Federation of Teachers’ collective bargaining agreement, while non-Jewish teachers received
classrooms of no more than 18 students. Although Rendon agreed to reduce Summer’s class size,
Summer alleges that she was not allowed to participate in the meeting that determined how to
reduce the oversized class and that her new assignment included students that had behavioral and
learning challenges. Additionally, when Summer took days off from work for a Jewish holiday,
she received a warning letter for excessive absences and decided not to take such days off in the
future because she “was concerned.” Summer Dep., R. 85-17, Page ID #1455.
Summer alleges that on October 25, 2019, a student attacked her in the classroom. That
evening, Summer posted the following on a “private/members only” Facebook page for the Detroit
Federation of Teachers:
“A 6th grade girl in my class hit me and pulled my hair today because I took a paper away from her that had [i]nappropriate writing on it. First time in 20 years this has ever happened! Not one person in admin came to ask me what happened or ask if I was okay. ‘Expect respect?’”
Compl., R. 1, Page ID #13; R. 85-11, Page ID #1389. Following that post, Summer received a
written warning from DPSCD. An “Employee Statement” dated October 28, 2019 states that
Summer’s Facebook post violated school-district policy, that Rendon initiated an investigation
into the incident, which revealed that Summer had told the student to “step in the hallway to fight,”
and that the student was recommended for expulsion review. R. 91-1, Page ID #1634.
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A report issued on June 4, 2020 by DPSCD administration detailed an investigation into
Summer’s alleged misconduct from 2018 to 2020, which indicated that, among other instances of
alleged misconduct, Summer threatened a student to fight in October 2019, failed to monitor
students in January 2020, and inappropriately touched a student in February 2020. Based on those
findings, DPSCD administration, including Vitti, recommended Summer’s termination. On
September 28, 2020, Summer received a letter from DPSCD administration stating that following
“an investigation into [her] alleged misconduct, including the allegations that [she] verbally
threatened a student, failed to monitor students resulting in a student injury occurring, and grabbed
a student at Neinas,” Summer would receive a 14-day, unpaid suspension in lieu of the
recommended termination. R. 86-2, Page ID #1543. Summer eventually transferred to another
school, and she alleges that DPSCD sent her new school copies of her 14-day suspension letter
and other documents relating to the investigation into her alleged misconduct.
B. Procedural History
On December 12, 2021, Plaintiff filed a complaint in Circuit Court for the County of
Wayne, Michigan, bringing the following: (1) a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against Defendant DPSCD
for reckless indifference to Plaintiff’s First Amendment right to free speech; (2) a § 1983 claim
against Defendants Vitti and Rendon for retaliation in violation of the First Amendment; and (3) a
state claim against Defendants DPSCD, Vitti, and Rendon for religious discrimination in violation
of the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, Mich. Comp. Laws § 37.2202. Defendants removed the
lawsuit to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. On January 31,
2024, the district court granted summary judgment to Defendants on all of Plaintiff’s claims. This
appeal followed, wherein Plaintiff challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
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Defendants on her retaliation claim under the First Amendment and religious discrimination claim
under the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Kubala v. Smith, 984
F.3d 1132, 1137 (6th Cir. 2021). Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). “In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, this
court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Barton v.
Martin, 949 F.3d 938, 947 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
248 (1986)).
B. Retaliation under the First Amendment
Plaintiff contends that the warning letter stating that she violated the school district’s
policy, the recommendation of her termination, and the 14-day suspension constituted
unconstitutional retaliation for her Facebook post regarding the altercation with a student.
To prevail on a First Amendment retaliation claim, Plaintiff “must show that (1) [she]
engaged in constitutionally protected speech or conduct; (2) an adverse action was taken against
[her] that would deter a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in that conduct;
and (3) the adverse action was motivated at least in part by [her] protected conduct.” Noble v.
Cincinnati & Hamilton Cnty. Pub. Library, 112 F.4th 373, 380 (6th Cir. 2024) (quoting Bennett v.
Metro Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., 977 F.3d 530, 537 (6th Cir. 2020)). Since Plaintiff is
a public employee, whether her “speech was constitutionally protected under the first element
depends on a ‘three-prong test.’” Id. at 380-81 (quoting Myers v. City of Centerville, 41 F.4th 746,
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760 (6th Cir. 2022)). First, Plaintiff “must have spoken as a private citizen” and “not pursuant to
[her] official duties.” Id. at 381 (citing Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421 (2006)). Second,
her “speech must address a matter of public concern.” Id. (citing Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138,
142 (1983)). Third, her “interests in speaking on matters of public concern must outweigh the
state’s interest, ‘as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public services it performs
through its employees.’” Id. (quoting Pickering v. Bd. of Educ. of Twp. High Sch. Dist. 205, 391
U.S. 563, 568 (1968)).
Plaintiff argues that she engaged in protected speech by posting this statement on the
“private/members only” Facebook page for the Detroit Federation of Teachers:
“A 6th grade girl in my class hit me and pulled my hair today because I took a paper away from her that had [i]nappropriate writing on it. First time in 20 years this has ever happened! Not one person in admin came to ask me what happened or ask if I was okay. ‘Expect respect?’”
Compl., R. 1, Page ID #13; R. 85-11, Page ID #1389. It is undisputed that Plaintiff spoke as a
private citizen in using her personal Facebook account to post this statement.
Plaintiff has not, however, shown that this post involved a matter of public concern. “A
‘matter of public concern’ is one that involves ‘issues about which information is needed or
appropriate to enable the members of society to make informed decisions about the operation of
their government.’” Kiessel v. Oltersdorf, 459 F. App’x 510, 513 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting
Brandenburg v. Hous. Auth. of Irvine, 253 F.3d 891, 898 (6th Cir. 2001)). “To determine whether
speech involves a matter of public concern, we look to the ‘content, form, and context of a given
statement, as revealed by the whole record.’” Meriwether v. Hartop, 992 F.3d 492, 508 (6th Cir.
2021) (quoting Connick, 461 U.S. at 147-48). “The linchpin of the inquiry is . . . the extent to
which the speech advances an idea transcending personal interest or opinion which impacts our
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social [or] political lives.” Id. (quoting Dambrot v. Central Mich. Univ., 55 F.3d 1177, 1189 (6th
Cir. 1995)). “Quintessential examples include allegations of public corruption, mismanagement,
or misconduct in government, as well as accusations of discrimination.” Kirkland v. City of
Maryville, 54 F.4th 901, 908 (6th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted).
By contrast, “matters only of personal interest, absent unusual circumstances” are not
afforded constitutional protection because “a federal court is not the appropriate forum in which
to review the wisdom of a personnel decision taken by a public agency allegedly in reaction to the
employee’s behavior.” Connick, 461 U.S. at 147. Thus, an employee’s “speech about ‘internal
personnel disputes’ generally does not involve matters of public concern.” Myers, 41 F.4th at 761
(quoting Brandenburg, 253 F.3d at 898); see also Patterson v. Kent State. Univ., 155 F.4th 635,
649 (6th Cir. 2025) (“[S]peech about internal personnel disputes or management doesn’t cut it.”).
And speech involving “[r]un-of-the-mill ‘employee beef’ does not implicate the public concern”
just because it may have reached a public audience. Patterson, 155 F.4th at 649 (citation modified)
(quoting Myers, 41 F.4th at 761); see also Barnes v. McDowell, 848 F.2d 725, 735 (6th Cir. 1988)
(holding that an employee’s speech did not address a matter of public concern where it highlighted
“the quintessential employee beef: management has acted incompetently” (quoting Murray v.
Gardner, 741 F.2d 434 (D.C. Cir. 1984))). Moreover, “passing or fleeting references to an
arguably public matter do not elevate the speech to a matter of public concern where the focus or
point of the speech advances only a private interest.” Farhat v. Jopke, 370 F.3d 580, 592-93 (6th
Cir. 2004) (citations and quotations omitted). For the “Sixth Circuit has explained that the point
of the protection afforded public employees is to allow public employees a voice on issues actually
affecting and interesting the community at large.” Banks v. Wolfe Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 330 F.3d
888, 897 (6th Cir. 2003).
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Plaintiff’s post does not involve any “issues about which information is needed or
appropriate to enable the members of society to make informed decisions about the operation of
their government.” Brandenburg, 253 F.3d 898. The post does not feature any “accusations of
discrimination” or “allegations of public corruption, mismanagement, or misconduct in
government.” Kirkland, 54 F.4th at 908 (citations omitted). Rather, the post focuses on a matter
“of personal interest”—Plaintiff experienced a harmful interaction with a student and expressed
frustration that her school administration had not checked in with her after the interaction.
Connick, 461 U.S. at 147. The post highlights an “internal personnel dispute” between Plaintiff,
a student, and school administration, along with “employee beef” harbored by Plaintiff, neither of
which implicate public concern under our precedent. Patterson, 155 F.4th at 649 (citation
modified). Plaintiff has not shown that the post “advances an idea transcending personal interest
or opinion which impacts our social [or] political lives.” Meriwether, 992 F.3d at 508.
Plaintiff argues that the post involves a matter of public concern because it features
classroom violence. Plaintiff asserts that “an attack by a student on any teacher is an attack on the
entire teaching profession itself, and on the sanctity of the classroom” and “[d]irect classroom
violence against an individual Jewish teacher includes the larger issues of protecting the teaching
profession itself, and the ability to provide an educational environment that promotes the peaceful
resolution of classroom disputes.” Appellant’s Br. at 18, 9. But the post does not discuss any
larger issues surrounding ongoing classroom violence or the public teaching profession overall, as
Plaintiff explicitly states in the post that the interaction with the student was the “[f]irst time in 20
years this has ever happened.” R. 85-11, Page ID #1389. Even so, the post focuses on Plaintiff’s
personal grievance regarding how her school administration handled the incident, and the
“passing” or “fleeting” reference to a violent interaction in the classroom does “not elevate the
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speech to a matter of public concern” because the “focus or point of the speech” is Plaintiff’s own
private interest. See Farhat, 370 F.3d at 592. Therefore, even viewing the facts in the light most
favorable to Plaintiff, she has failed to raise a genuine issue of whether she spoke on a matter of
public concern.
Since Plaintiff has not established that she spoke on a matter of public concern, she has not
shown that she engaged in protected speech as a public employee. Accordingly, the district court
did not err in granting summary judgment to Defendants Vitti and Rendon on Plaintiff’s retaliation
claim under the First Amendment.
C. Religious Discrimination under the Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act
Plaintiff contends that her assignment to an oversized classroom constituted religious
discrimination in violation of the Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act (“ELCRA”) because she was the
only Jewish teacher at Neinas.
Section 202 of the ELCRA provides that an “employer shall not . . . [f]ail or refuse to hire
or recruit, discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to employment,
compensation, or a term, condition, or privilege of employment, because of religion.” Mich.
Comp. Laws § 37.2202(1)(a). “Cases brought pursuant to the ELCRA are analyzed under the
same evidentiary framework used in Title VII cases.” In re Rodriguez, 487 F.3d 1001, 1007 (6th
Cir. 2007) (quoting Humenny v. Genex Corp., 390 F.3d 901, 906 (6th Cir. 2004)). “Intentional
discrimination can be proven by direct and circumstantial evidence.” Id. (citation omitted).
Where, as here, a plaintiff lacks direct evidence of discrimination, she “may still establish
a prima facie case of discrimination by proving the elements of [her] cause of action as set out in
federal discrimination jurisprudence.” Id. at 1007-08 (quoting Tinker v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
127 F.3d 519, 522 (6th Cir. 1997) (citation modified)). “Michigan courts utilize the federal
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McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework for evaluating discrimination claims founded
upon circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 1008. Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, Plaintiff
must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination by showing that (1) she “is a member of a
protected group;” (2) she “was qualified for the job,” (3) she “suffered an adverse employment
action;” and (4) “that adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an
inference of discrimination.” Id. If Plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, then the burden shifts
to Defendants “to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory rationale for the adverse employment
action.” Id. If Defendants do so, the burden shifts back to Plaintiff “to demonstrate that the
articulated reason is a mere pretext for discrimination.” Id.
It is not disputed that Plaintiff is a member of a protected group because she is Jewish and
that she was qualified for her job as a teacher. Plaintiff also may have shown that she experienced
an adverse employment action. An adverse employment action is “a materially adverse change in
the terms and conditions of a plaintiff’s employment.” Deleon v. Kalamazoo Cnty. Road Comm’n,
739 F.3d 914, 918 (6th Cir. 2014) (citation and quotations omitted). “A mere inconvenience or an
alteration of job responsibilities is not enough to constitute an adverse employment action.” Id.
(citations and quotations omitted). An adverse employment action involves “a significant change
in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly
different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in benefits.” Burlington
Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998). A “reassignment of job duties is not automatically
actionable” and, instead, “[w]hether a particular reassignment is materially adverse depends upon
the circumstances of the particular case, and should be judged from the perspective of a reasonable
person in the plaintiff’s position, considering all the circumstances.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe
Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 71 (2006) (citation and quotations omitted).
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In her complaint, Plaintiff alleged the following adverse employment actions regarding her
religious discrimination claim: “(1) assigning Plaintiff, the only Jewish teacher to an oversized
class in excess of 36 students, while similarly situated non-Jewish teachers were assigned
classrooms with no more than 18 students; (2) penalizing Plaintiff for exercising her right to
observe the Jewish High Holy Days, while similarly situated non-Jewish teachers were not
penalized for absences in observance of Christian holidays; (3) refusing to allow Plaintiff to
participate in Defendant Rendon’s meeting with non-Jewish teachers to ensure fairness in the
distribution of students with learning and behavioral challenges; (4) assigning all of the students
with the most serious learning and behavioral challenges to Plaintiff; (5) disciplining Plaintiff, but
not disciplining non-Jewish teachers for the same or similar conduct, resulting in Plaintiff
receiving unjustified poor and unsatisfactory evaluations; (6) falsely accusing Plaintiff of acts of
misconduct because of Plaintiff’s Jewish faith; and (7) disciplining Plaintiff for private speech as
a private citizen on her private Detroit Federation of Teachers members-only Facebook page, while
not similarly disciplining non-Jewish teachers for similar conduct.” Compl., R. 1, Page ID #17
(citation modified). On appeal, however, Plaintiff focuses only on the first alleged adverse
employment action, stating that her “religious discrimination claim is based upon the fact that she
was the only Jewish teacher at the school, and the only teacher assigned to an oversized
classroom.” Appellant’s Br. at 33. Plaintiff does not address the other adverse employment actions
that she alleged regarding her religious discrimination claim. Because Plaintiff does not mention
or develop argument for any of the other adverse employment actions that she alleged in her
complaint, she waives our review of those issues. See Fitts v. Sicker, 232 F. App’x 436, 442 (6th
Cir. 2007) (“Because [the plaintiff] failed to address this issue in his appellate brief, it is deemed
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waived.”); see also Anthony v. Astrue, 266 F. App’x 451, 458 (6th Cir. 2008) (“This argument is
waived . . . because [the plaintiff] failed to develop the same on appeal.”).
Plaintiff alleges that she was assigned a class containing 36 or more students, while other
teachers at Neinas were assigned classes containing no more than 18 students. Plaintiff also
alleges, however, that Defendants addressed her assignment to an oversized classroom and reduced
the size of her classroom. It is not clear in the record before us how long Plaintiff retained an
oversized classroom before Defendants reduced the size. If Defendants reduced the size of
Plaintiff’s classroom immediately or soon after she received the assignment to an oversized
classroom, then Plaintiff could not show that she experienced an adverse employment action, for
such a short-lived assignment to an oversized classroom would be de minimis.
If Plaintiff did take on the increased responsibilities and workload associated with an
oversized classroom, then viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the assignment
of the oversized classroom arguably constituted a “materially adverse change in the terms and
conditions of . . . employment.” Deleon, 739 F.3d at 918. Plaintiff’s assigned classroom involved
nearly twice as many students than her fellow teachers had, and an increase of over 18 students in
the classroom may have been more than a “mere inconvenience or an alteration of job
responsibilities.” Id. Rather, a “reasonable person” in Plaintiff’s position would likely find the
assignment of such a disproportionately heavy workload “materially adverse.” See Burlington N.
and Santa Fe Ry. Co, 548 U.S. at 71; see also Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d
72, 88 (2d Cir. 2015) (holding that a teacher’s assignment of a class with increased numbers of
students constituted an “adverse employment action” because it involved “excessive workload”
(citations omitted)).
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Regardless of whether Plaintiff has shown that she experienced an adverse employment
action, she has not shown that the adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving
rise to an inference of discrimination. To support an inference of discrimination, Plaintiff must
show that non-Jewish employees who are “similarly situated in all relevant aspects” received
“more favorable treatment” than Plaintiff. Ayers-Jennings v. Fred’s Inc., 461 F. App’x 472, 476
(6th Cir. 2012) (citing Ercegovich v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 352-53 (6th Cir.
1998)). To be similarly situated, a comparable employee “must have dealt with the same
supervisor, have been subject to the same standards, and have engaged in the same conduct without
such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or their
employer’s treatment of them for it.” Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir. 1992).
In her appellate brief, Plaintiff does not present any argument regarding at least one non-
Jewish employee who was similarly situated in all relevant aspects but received more favorable
treatment than Plaintiff. Plaintiff mentions that a non-Jewish teacher named Amy Lazarowicz
(“Lazarowicz”) received more favorable treatment because she “had a smaller class size,”
Appellant’s Br. at 16 (quoting Summer Dep., R. 85-17, Page ID #1447), but Plaintiff does not
discuss how they were similarly situated. Moreover, Plaintiff offers no evidence to substantiate
her claim that Lazarowicz received more favorable treatment and, instead, clarified in her
deposition testimony that it was “[j]ust my observations” and “my belief that . . . mostly everybody
in that school was treated better than me.” Summer Dep., R. 85-17, Page ID #1148. Further,
Lazarowicz did not even teach the same grade as Plaintiff.
Rather than provide evidence regarding a similarly situated non-Jewish teacher who
received more favorable treatment, Plaintiff incorrectly contends that “the only relevant factor” is
that her assignment to an oversized class violated the Detroit Federation of Teachers’ collective
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bargaining agreement, which applied to all teachers. Appellant’s Br. at 34 (quotations omitted).
But whether Plaintiff’s assignment violated that agreement does not establish that similarly
situated non-Jewish teachers received more favorable classroom assignments. Plaintiff thus offers
only the conclusory assertion that non-Jewish teachers received more favorable treatment at
Neinas, without substantiating her allegation with any evidence or explaining why any of those
teachers were similarly situated. Plaintiff’s conclusory assertion, without more, is insufficient to
create an inference of discrimination. See Mitchell, 964 F.2d at 681-82. Therefore, even viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, she has failed to raise a genuine issue of
whether an adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference
of discrimination.
Since Plaintiff has not shown that an adverse employment action occurred under
circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination, Plaintiff cannot make a prima facie
case of religious discrimination. Accordingly, the district court did not err in granting summary
judgment to all Defendants on Plaintiff’s religious discrimination claim under the ELCRA.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, this Court AFFIRMS the judgment of the district court.
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