Hines, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) Where a policy of insurance does not provide for a change of beneficiary, the general rule is, that the policy and the money to become due under it vest immediately in the person named as the beneficiary, and that this interest, being vested, cannot be transferred to any other person without the consent of the named beneficiary. Perry v. Tweedy, 128 Ga. 402 (57 S. E. 782, 119 Am. St. R. 393, 11 Ann. Cas. 46); Roberts v. Northwestern Nat. L. Ins. Co., 143 Ga. 780 (85 S. E. 1043); Farmers State Bank v. Kelley, 155 Ga. 733 (118 S. E. 197); Central Bank v. Hume, 128 U. S. 195 (9 Sup. Ct. 41, 32 L. ed. 370). Where a policy of life insurance provides that the insured may change the beneficiary, the general rule is that the beneficiary has an interest in the policy divestible by the substitution of a new beneficiary by the insured. In such a ease this right is often spoken of in the decisions of the courts as a vested right. Arnold v. Empire &c. Ins. Co., 3 Ga. App. 685 (60 S. E. 470). Strictly speaking, the right of the beneficiary in a policy in which the insured reserves the right to change the beneficiary or to assign the policy is not a vested right. To be vested, in its accurate legal sense, a right must be complete and consummated, and one of which the person to whom it belongs cannot be divested without Ms consent. A divestible right is never, in a strict sense, a vested right.
In Nally v. Nally, 74 Ga. 669 (58 Am. R. 458), this court held that, under a policy which provided “that the assured may, with the consent of the company, at any time assign it, or, before assignment, change the beneficiaries therein, or make any other change,” the [872]*872right of the beneficiary was not absolute and irrevocable. In Ogletree v. Ogletree, 127 Ga. 232 (55 S. E. 954), this court said: “The contract may reserve to the insured the right to change the beneficiary at will; and when this is done, the nominated beneficiary acquires no vested interest in the policy or its proceeds, and, until the death of the insured; has a mere expectancy.” Still, under a policy which reserves to the insured the right to change the beneficiary, such right is one of contract; and the change of beneficiary can be accomplished only in the manner pointed put in the policy. Roberts v. Northwestern &c. Ins. Co., supra; Chance v. Simpkins, 146 Ga. 519 (91 S. E. 773). In these cases this court was dealing with changes of beneficiaries under provisions in policies reserving to the insured the right to change the beneficiaries; and was not considering the question of the change of a beneficiary by an assignment of the policy. So in this case, if the insured had desired or undertaken to change the beneficiary, under the provision in the policy authorizing him to make such change, he would have been required to pursue the method of such change stipulated in the policy. Eor good and sufficient reasons the insured may not desire to change the beneficiary; but at the same time he might wish to assign the policy in order to enable him to borrow money thereon or as security for indebtedness due by him. He did assign the policy for the last-named purpose. Under the policy the insured had the right to assign the same. Did the assignment by the insured, without a change of beneficiary by the mode provided in the policy, transfer to the assignee the rights and benefits under this policy, to the exclusion of the beneficiary named therein. ■ This is the big and controlling question in this case. When the insured in this life policy, with the consent of the insurer, assigned the policy to the bank, the assignment purporting to convey all right, title, and interest of the insured, “together with all dividends, benefits, and advantages to be had or derived therefrom,” there was a change of beneficiary as well as if there had been a substitution of the assignee for the beneficiary in that part of the policy in which the name of the beneficiary appeared. Such an assignment was, in effect, a substitution of a beneficiary. Mutual L. Ins. Co. v. Twyman, 122 Ky. 513 (92 S. W. 335, 97 S. W. 391, 121 Am. St. R. 471); Crice v. Illinois Ins. Co., 122 Ky. 572 (92 S. W. 560, 121 Am. St. R. 489); Mutual [873]*873B. L. Ins. Co. v. Swett, 222 Fed. 200 (137 C. C. A. 640); Martin v. Stubbings, 126 Ill. 387 (18. N. E. 657, 9 Am. St. R. 620); Mente v. Townsend, 68 Ark. 391 (59 S. W. 41); Atlantic Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Gannon, 179 Mass. 291 (60 N. E. 933); 14 R. C. L. 998, § 171; Rattray v. Banks, 31 Ga. App. 589 (121 S. E. 516); Farmers State Bank v. Kelley, supra.
But counsel for the defendant in error with great zeal contends that the above ruling is not the true law of the case; and with much confidence he cites in support of this contention the cases of Johnson v. New York L. Ins. Co., 56 Colo. 178 (138 Pac. 414); Sullivan v. Maroney, 77 N. J. Eq. 565 (78 Atl. 150); Anderson v. National Bank, 90 N. J. Eq. 78 (105 Atl. 599); Deal v. Deal, 87 S. C. 395 (69 S. E. 886, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1142); Schoenholz v. New York Life Ins. Co., 234 N. Y. 24 (136 N. E. 227); Muller v. Penn Mut. L. Ins. Co., 62 Colo. 245 (161 Pac. 148). These authorities tend to support this contention of counsel. The first of the above cases, involving a parol assignment of the policy, was a contest between volunteers claiming as beneficiaries; and the decision was by a divided court. In the second case cited the insured and the beneficiary had separate interests in the policy; the assignment was specifically “of such right, title, and 'interest” as the insured had in the policy.; and it does not appear that the insurer approved or acknowledged the assignment, and made proper indorsement thereof on the policy. The Court of Appeals of New Jersey held that this assignment should be construed as giving to the assignee only the separate interest of the insured under the policy, and not as a substitution of the assignee as beneficiary. The assignment of the policy which we have under consideration is of much broader scope that that dealt with by the New Jersey court. Anderson v. National Bank, supra, clearly supports the contention of counsel. The provisions of the policy as to change of beneficiary and assignment, dealt with in that case, are the same as those undér consideration in this case. In that case the assignment was on a form furnished by the insurer, the assignment was filed at the home office of the insurance company, and the bank advanced $8,800 to a corporation which the insured was operating, upon the assignment as security. That case is a pat authority for the position taken by counsel for the defendant in error. The reasoning in that case was that both the insured and [874]*874the beneficiary had separate interests under the policy, that the assignment should be held to transfer only the interests of the insured in the policy, that an assignment of a policy and a change of beneficiary are not the same but different things, that an assignment is the transfer by one of his right or interest in property to another, that the power to change the beneficiary is the power to appoint, and that in consequence the assignment of the policy by the insured is not the exercise of the power to appoint.
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Hines, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) Where a policy of insurance does not provide for a change of beneficiary, the general rule is, that the policy and the money to become due under it vest immediately in the person named as the beneficiary, and that this interest, being vested, cannot be transferred to any other person without the consent of the named beneficiary. Perry v. Tweedy, 128 Ga. 402 (57 S. E. 782, 119 Am. St. R. 393, 11 Ann. Cas. 46); Roberts v. Northwestern Nat. L. Ins. Co., 143 Ga. 780 (85 S. E. 1043); Farmers State Bank v. Kelley, 155 Ga. 733 (118 S. E. 197); Central Bank v. Hume, 128 U. S. 195 (9 Sup. Ct. 41, 32 L. ed. 370). Where a policy of life insurance provides that the insured may change the beneficiary, the general rule is that the beneficiary has an interest in the policy divestible by the substitution of a new beneficiary by the insured. In such a ease this right is often spoken of in the decisions of the courts as a vested right. Arnold v. Empire &c. Ins. Co., 3 Ga. App. 685 (60 S. E. 470). Strictly speaking, the right of the beneficiary in a policy in which the insured reserves the right to change the beneficiary or to assign the policy is not a vested right. To be vested, in its accurate legal sense, a right must be complete and consummated, and one of which the person to whom it belongs cannot be divested without Ms consent. A divestible right is never, in a strict sense, a vested right.
In Nally v. Nally, 74 Ga. 669 (58 Am. R. 458), this court held that, under a policy which provided “that the assured may, with the consent of the company, at any time assign it, or, before assignment, change the beneficiaries therein, or make any other change,” the [872]*872right of the beneficiary was not absolute and irrevocable. In Ogletree v. Ogletree, 127 Ga. 232 (55 S. E. 954), this court said: “The contract may reserve to the insured the right to change the beneficiary at will; and when this is done, the nominated beneficiary acquires no vested interest in the policy or its proceeds, and, until the death of the insured; has a mere expectancy.” Still, under a policy which reserves to the insured the right to change the beneficiary, such right is one of contract; and the change of beneficiary can be accomplished only in the manner pointed put in the policy. Roberts v. Northwestern &c. Ins. Co., supra; Chance v. Simpkins, 146 Ga. 519 (91 S. E. 773). In these cases this court was dealing with changes of beneficiaries under provisions in policies reserving to the insured the right to change the beneficiaries; and was not considering the question of the change of a beneficiary by an assignment of the policy. So in this case, if the insured had desired or undertaken to change the beneficiary, under the provision in the policy authorizing him to make such change, he would have been required to pursue the method of such change stipulated in the policy. Eor good and sufficient reasons the insured may not desire to change the beneficiary; but at the same time he might wish to assign the policy in order to enable him to borrow money thereon or as security for indebtedness due by him. He did assign the policy for the last-named purpose. Under the policy the insured had the right to assign the same. Did the assignment by the insured, without a change of beneficiary by the mode provided in the policy, transfer to the assignee the rights and benefits under this policy, to the exclusion of the beneficiary named therein. ■ This is the big and controlling question in this case. When the insured in this life policy, with the consent of the insurer, assigned the policy to the bank, the assignment purporting to convey all right, title, and interest of the insured, “together with all dividends, benefits, and advantages to be had or derived therefrom,” there was a change of beneficiary as well as if there had been a substitution of the assignee for the beneficiary in that part of the policy in which the name of the beneficiary appeared. Such an assignment was, in effect, a substitution of a beneficiary. Mutual L. Ins. Co. v. Twyman, 122 Ky. 513 (92 S. W. 335, 97 S. W. 391, 121 Am. St. R. 471); Crice v. Illinois Ins. Co., 122 Ky. 572 (92 S. W. 560, 121 Am. St. R. 489); Mutual [873]*873B. L. Ins. Co. v. Swett, 222 Fed. 200 (137 C. C. A. 640); Martin v. Stubbings, 126 Ill. 387 (18. N. E. 657, 9 Am. St. R. 620); Mente v. Townsend, 68 Ark. 391 (59 S. W. 41); Atlantic Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Gannon, 179 Mass. 291 (60 N. E. 933); 14 R. C. L. 998, § 171; Rattray v. Banks, 31 Ga. App. 589 (121 S. E. 516); Farmers State Bank v. Kelley, supra.
But counsel for the defendant in error with great zeal contends that the above ruling is not the true law of the case; and with much confidence he cites in support of this contention the cases of Johnson v. New York L. Ins. Co., 56 Colo. 178 (138 Pac. 414); Sullivan v. Maroney, 77 N. J. Eq. 565 (78 Atl. 150); Anderson v. National Bank, 90 N. J. Eq. 78 (105 Atl. 599); Deal v. Deal, 87 S. C. 395 (69 S. E. 886, Ann. Cas. 1912B, 1142); Schoenholz v. New York Life Ins. Co., 234 N. Y. 24 (136 N. E. 227); Muller v. Penn Mut. L. Ins. Co., 62 Colo. 245 (161 Pac. 148). These authorities tend to support this contention of counsel. The first of the above cases, involving a parol assignment of the policy, was a contest between volunteers claiming as beneficiaries; and the decision was by a divided court. In the second case cited the insured and the beneficiary had separate interests in the policy; the assignment was specifically “of such right, title, and 'interest” as the insured had in the policy.; and it does not appear that the insurer approved or acknowledged the assignment, and made proper indorsement thereof on the policy. The Court of Appeals of New Jersey held that this assignment should be construed as giving to the assignee only the separate interest of the insured under the policy, and not as a substitution of the assignee as beneficiary. The assignment of the policy which we have under consideration is of much broader scope that that dealt with by the New Jersey court. Anderson v. National Bank, supra, clearly supports the contention of counsel. The provisions of the policy as to change of beneficiary and assignment, dealt with in that case, are the same as those undér consideration in this case. In that case the assignment was on a form furnished by the insurer, the assignment was filed at the home office of the insurance company, and the bank advanced $8,800 to a corporation which the insured was operating, upon the assignment as security. That case is a pat authority for the position taken by counsel for the defendant in error. The reasoning in that case was that both the insured and [874]*874the beneficiary had separate interests under the policy, that the assignment should be held to transfer only the interests of the insured in the policy, that an assignment of a policy and a change of beneficiary are not the same but different things, that an assignment is the transfer by one of his right or interest in property to another, that the power to change the beneficiary is the power to appoint, and that in consequence the assignment of the policy by the insured is not the exercise of the power to appoint. What is said of the case last discussed is applicable to the case of Douglass v. Equitable L. Assur. Soc., 150 La. 519 (90 So. 834), with the additional remark that the decision was by a divided court.
In Muller v. Penn Mut. L. Ins. Co., supra, the assignment was not filed with the insurer and was not accepted by him. In Schoenholz v. New York L. Ins. Co., supra, the assignment was not in writing, both the insured and the beneficiary had well-defined interests under the policy, and the decision was by a divided court. In Deal v. Deal, supra, the assignee was a volunteer. Under the policy involved in that case, both the insured and the 'beneficiary had separate and distinct interests. Besides, the policy was not sent with the assignment to the company for its indorsement of such assignment on the policy. If this had been-done, Judge Gary, who delivered the opinion in that case, said, “it might have been a request to have the change of beneficiary indorsed thereon.”
We derive great benefit from the decisions of learned judges of the courts of last resort of other States, and gladly acknowledge our great indebtedness to them. But ’we should not blindly follow authorities. We should, as far as capable, subject them to the rule of reason. So doing, we cannot subscribe to the reasoning upon which the decisions in the cases referred to rest. We do not believe that the conclusion reached by those courts is the true law on this subject. There is plausibility in the view that the mere assignment by the insured of his right, title, and interest in a policy, when both he and the beneficiary have distinct interests thereunder, does not amount to a substitution of the beneficiary. A'mere general assignment of a policy might not have the effect of changing the beneficiary. But under the assignment involved in this case, in which the insured not only assigned all his right, [875]*875title, and interest in and to the policy, but'likewise assigned “all dividends, benefits, and advantages to be had or derived therefrom,” and where such assignment was filed with the insurer at its home office, and its receipt duly acknowledged by the company, and proper indorsement of that fact entered on the policy, this was in effect a substitution of the assignee for the original beneficiary, and not a mere assignment of the policy.
The Supreme Court of Massachusetts, in dealing with this question in Atlantic Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Gannon, supra, has well said: “The only question in the case is whether there was a change and substitution of beneficiary by the assured, with the consent of the association. The answer to this question depends on whether we construe the quoted provisions broadly and liberally, or narrowly and strictly. The assured made an assignment of the policy, for a valuable consideration, to one who was her creditor for a large amount, and her nearest relative. This assignment was made on a printed blank furnished for the purpose by the association. The correspondence between the representative of the assured and the secretary of the company shows very plainly that the change was consented to by the association. Was this a change of beneficiary, and a substitution of a new one ? The assignment purports. to assign and convey all the right, title, and interest of the assured in the policy, ‘and all benefit and advantage to be derived therefrom, subject to all the conditions of the contract.’ The principal ‘benefit and advantage to be derived therefrom’ was the right to receive payment of the stipulated sum after the death of the assured. This constituted the assignee the beneficiary under the policy, and put her in the place of the original beneficiary. In view of the fact that the assured had absolute control of the policy, and of all rights under it, provided she acted with the consent of the association, we think it better to hold, in accordance with the manifest intent of the parties, that this assignment, made with the company’s consent, constituted a change of beneficiary, as much as if there had been a formal substitution of the second beneficiary for the first, with a reference to the part of the policy in which the name of the beneficiary appeared.” This, we think, states the true law of the case. The insured paid the premiums on this policy. He reserved the right to change the beneficiary, and to assign the policy. He did assign it to the bank and secured a [876]*876sum of money equal to the face of the policy. By his assignment he, in effect, directed the- insurer to pay the amount of the policy on his death to the bank, to reimburse it for the sum it had loaned to him. The insurer consented to the assignment. It was filed at its home office. The proper indorsement of the assignment was made on the policy. This was, in effect, a substitution of the assignee for the original beneficiary. The amount due on the policy should be paid to the bank, or so much thereof as is necessary to discharge its debt. The balance, if any, should go to the original beneficiary.
We have been asked to review and reverse the case of Farmers State Bank v. Kelley, supra. We believe that case is correct, and we decline to review and reverse it.
The petition in this case failed to set out a cause of action, and the judge erred in overruling the demurrer.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concur, except Russell, O. J., dissenting.