SECOND DIVISION BARNES, P. J., ADAMS and MCFADDEN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
August 7, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A0962. GASTON v. THE STATE.
MCFADDEN, Judge.
After a jury trial, Melvin Gaston was convicted of child molestation,
aggravated child molestation, and aggravated sexual battery against R. C., who was
his girlfriend’s minor daughter. The trial court allowed R. C.’s father to give
testimony that improperly bolstered her credibility, over the defense’s objection and
without a curative instruction or other corrective action. This was reversible error.
There is no merit, however, in Gaston’s arguments that the evidence was insufficient
to support his convictions or that certain of his convictions must be merged for
sentencing purposes. Finally, in light of our reversal of the convictions in this case,
we do not address Gaston’s argument that he received ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, see Al-Amin v. State, 278 Ga.
74 (1) (597 SE2d 332) (2004), the evidence showed that R. C. lived with her father
in Texas and visited her mother in Georgia several times a year. R. C. visited her
mother during the summer of 2006, when she was seven years old. One evening
during that visit, Gaston, who was babysitting R. C., followed the girl into the
bedroom of her mother’s apartment, pushed her onto the bed, pulled down her pajama
pants, and licked her genitals. R. C. told her mother what had happened as soon as the
mother returned to the apartment, but the mother did nothing other than to talk to
Gaston.
Upon returning to Texas at the end of the summer, R. C. told first her childcare
provider and then her father what had happened. She also wrote and illustrated a story
at school related to the incident. R. C. attended therapy sessions with a counselor, to
whom she described the incident. She began biting her nails and having nightmares,
and her grades at school fell. Although R. C.’s father contacted the police and an
investigation was begun in Georgia, the investigation later was suspended with no
action taken against Gaston.
While visiting her mother during the summer of 2008, R. C., then nine years
old, began sleeping in her mother’s bedroom because she was afraid of some spiders
2 she had seen in her own bedroom. Gaston was staying at the mother’s apartment as
well, and R. C. would sleep in the bed with her mother and Gaston. One night she
awoke to feel Gaston’s hand between her legs, touching her beneath her pajamas and
underwear. She spoke to Gaston and he removed his hand. The next morning she told
her mother what had happened, but her mother did nothing other than to say “okay.”
A few nights later, R. C. again awoke to feel Gaston’s hand under her pajamas and
underwear and his finger on and inside her vagina. She spoke to him and he stopped.
Again, R. C. told her mother the following morning, and again her mother did nothing
other than to say “okay.”
Sometime during the fall of 2008, after R. C. returned to Texas, she revealed
to relatives that Gaston had touched her inappropriately during her summer visit to
Georgia. At the relatives’ urging, R. C. then told her father what had occurred. R. C.
did not return to Georgia to visit her mother after the summer of 2008.
After learning of the 2008 incidents, R. C.’s father contacted the police and an
investigation was begun. As a part of the investigation, R. C. was interviewed by a
child forensic interviewer in January 2009. In that interview, R. C. described what
had occurred in 2006 and 2008. Two years later, R. C. gave another interview to the
3 child forensic interviewer, focusing on the specific time frame during which the
incidents occurred.
R. C. continued to see her therapist after the summer of 2008, and she told her
therapist about the sexual abuse. During therapy, she drew pictures and created
artwork related to the incident. The therapist testified that R. C. manifested symptoms
of sexual abuse such as having nightmares and flashbacks, exhibiting
hypersensitivity, and expressing the need to keep all of the doors in the house closed.
1. Gaston argues that the court improperly allowed testimony that invaded the
jury’s province as the arbiter of witness credibility and amounted to improper
bolstering of R. C. We agree.
During the state’s direct examination of R. C.’s father, the following exchange
occurred over the objections of Gaston’s counsel:
Q. . . . [W]hen [R. C.] told you that she had been sexually molested by Melvin Gaston in 2006, did you believe her?
A. Yes.
...
Q. What was the answer[?]
4 A. Yes.
Q. You believed her, but then you sent her back in 2007 and 2008?
Q. And why did you do that?
A. I was told to.
Q. Do you regret that decision?
A. I regret it.
Q. When [R. C.] told you that she had been molested by Melvin Gaston twice in 2008, did you believe her?
The court overruled Gaston’s contemporaneous objections to this testimony. It also
denied Gaston’s later motion for mistrial based on this testimony and declined to give
a curative jury instruction.
5 “The credibility of a witness, including a victim witness, is a matter for the
jury’s determination under proper instruction from the court. It is well established that
in no circumstance may a witness’[s] credibility be bolstered by the opinion of
another . . . as to whether the witness is telling the truth.” (Citations and punctuation
omitted.) Lagana v. State, 219 Ga. App. 220, 221 (1) (464 SE2d 625) (1995); see
OCGA § 24-9-80. The state argues that the father’s testimony that he believed R. C.’s
2006 and 2008 outcries did not bolster her credibility because the testimony
concerned his state of mind rather than the girl’s truthfulness. This is not a
meaningful distinction. See Bly v. State, 283 Ga. 453, 459 (3) (660 SE2d 713) (2008)
(witness’s testimony was improper bolstering where it “was necessarily predicated
upon [his] belief in the veracity of [victim’s] statements to him as repeated by [victim]
at trial”); Gooden v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (1) (__ SE2d __) (Case No. A12A0390,
decided May 18, 2012) (pediatrician’s testimony that he believed victim had told him
the truth about being sexually assaulted by her father was improper bolstering).
“Testimony that another witness believes the victim impermissibly bolsters the
credibility of the victim.” (Citation omitted.) Buice v. State, 239 Ga. App. 52, 55 (2)
(520 SE2d 258) (1999).
6 The state argues that Gaston should be precluded from objecting to the
impermissible bolstering because, during opening statements, his counsel raised the
issue of whether the father believed R. C. by questioning the father’s decision to send
the girl back to Georgia after her 2006 outcry. Specifically, the state points to the
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SECOND DIVISION BARNES, P. J., ADAMS and MCFADDEN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. (Court of Appeals Rule 4 (b) and Rule 37 (b), February 21, 2008) http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
August 7, 2012
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A12A0962. GASTON v. THE STATE.
MCFADDEN, Judge.
After a jury trial, Melvin Gaston was convicted of child molestation,
aggravated child molestation, and aggravated sexual battery against R. C., who was
his girlfriend’s minor daughter. The trial court allowed R. C.’s father to give
testimony that improperly bolstered her credibility, over the defense’s objection and
without a curative instruction or other corrective action. This was reversible error.
There is no merit, however, in Gaston’s arguments that the evidence was insufficient
to support his convictions or that certain of his convictions must be merged for
sentencing purposes. Finally, in light of our reversal of the convictions in this case,
we do not address Gaston’s argument that he received ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, see Al-Amin v. State, 278 Ga.
74 (1) (597 SE2d 332) (2004), the evidence showed that R. C. lived with her father
in Texas and visited her mother in Georgia several times a year. R. C. visited her
mother during the summer of 2006, when she was seven years old. One evening
during that visit, Gaston, who was babysitting R. C., followed the girl into the
bedroom of her mother’s apartment, pushed her onto the bed, pulled down her pajama
pants, and licked her genitals. R. C. told her mother what had happened as soon as the
mother returned to the apartment, but the mother did nothing other than to talk to
Gaston.
Upon returning to Texas at the end of the summer, R. C. told first her childcare
provider and then her father what had happened. She also wrote and illustrated a story
at school related to the incident. R. C. attended therapy sessions with a counselor, to
whom she described the incident. She began biting her nails and having nightmares,
and her grades at school fell. Although R. C.’s father contacted the police and an
investigation was begun in Georgia, the investigation later was suspended with no
action taken against Gaston.
While visiting her mother during the summer of 2008, R. C., then nine years
old, began sleeping in her mother’s bedroom because she was afraid of some spiders
2 she had seen in her own bedroom. Gaston was staying at the mother’s apartment as
well, and R. C. would sleep in the bed with her mother and Gaston. One night she
awoke to feel Gaston’s hand between her legs, touching her beneath her pajamas and
underwear. She spoke to Gaston and he removed his hand. The next morning she told
her mother what had happened, but her mother did nothing other than to say “okay.”
A few nights later, R. C. again awoke to feel Gaston’s hand under her pajamas and
underwear and his finger on and inside her vagina. She spoke to him and he stopped.
Again, R. C. told her mother the following morning, and again her mother did nothing
other than to say “okay.”
Sometime during the fall of 2008, after R. C. returned to Texas, she revealed
to relatives that Gaston had touched her inappropriately during her summer visit to
Georgia. At the relatives’ urging, R. C. then told her father what had occurred. R. C.
did not return to Georgia to visit her mother after the summer of 2008.
After learning of the 2008 incidents, R. C.’s father contacted the police and an
investigation was begun. As a part of the investigation, R. C. was interviewed by a
child forensic interviewer in January 2009. In that interview, R. C. described what
had occurred in 2006 and 2008. Two years later, R. C. gave another interview to the
3 child forensic interviewer, focusing on the specific time frame during which the
incidents occurred.
R. C. continued to see her therapist after the summer of 2008, and she told her
therapist about the sexual abuse. During therapy, she drew pictures and created
artwork related to the incident. The therapist testified that R. C. manifested symptoms
of sexual abuse such as having nightmares and flashbacks, exhibiting
hypersensitivity, and expressing the need to keep all of the doors in the house closed.
1. Gaston argues that the court improperly allowed testimony that invaded the
jury’s province as the arbiter of witness credibility and amounted to improper
bolstering of R. C. We agree.
During the state’s direct examination of R. C.’s father, the following exchange
occurred over the objections of Gaston’s counsel:
Q. . . . [W]hen [R. C.] told you that she had been sexually molested by Melvin Gaston in 2006, did you believe her?
A. Yes.
...
Q. What was the answer[?]
4 A. Yes.
Q. You believed her, but then you sent her back in 2007 and 2008?
Q. And why did you do that?
A. I was told to.
Q. Do you regret that decision?
A. I regret it.
Q. When [R. C.] told you that she had been molested by Melvin Gaston twice in 2008, did you believe her?
The court overruled Gaston’s contemporaneous objections to this testimony. It also
denied Gaston’s later motion for mistrial based on this testimony and declined to give
a curative jury instruction.
5 “The credibility of a witness, including a victim witness, is a matter for the
jury’s determination under proper instruction from the court. It is well established that
in no circumstance may a witness’[s] credibility be bolstered by the opinion of
another . . . as to whether the witness is telling the truth.” (Citations and punctuation
omitted.) Lagana v. State, 219 Ga. App. 220, 221 (1) (464 SE2d 625) (1995); see
OCGA § 24-9-80. The state argues that the father’s testimony that he believed R. C.’s
2006 and 2008 outcries did not bolster her credibility because the testimony
concerned his state of mind rather than the girl’s truthfulness. This is not a
meaningful distinction. See Bly v. State, 283 Ga. 453, 459 (3) (660 SE2d 713) (2008)
(witness’s testimony was improper bolstering where it “was necessarily predicated
upon [his] belief in the veracity of [victim’s] statements to him as repeated by [victim]
at trial”); Gooden v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (1) (__ SE2d __) (Case No. A12A0390,
decided May 18, 2012) (pediatrician’s testimony that he believed victim had told him
the truth about being sexually assaulted by her father was improper bolstering).
“Testimony that another witness believes the victim impermissibly bolsters the
credibility of the victim.” (Citation omitted.) Buice v. State, 239 Ga. App. 52, 55 (2)
(520 SE2d 258) (1999).
6 The state argues that Gaston should be precluded from objecting to the
impermissible bolstering because, during opening statements, his counsel raised the
issue of whether the father believed R. C. by questioning the father’s decision to send
the girl back to Georgia after her 2006 outcry. Specifically, the state points to the
following assertion by Gaston’s counsel: “You’re going to hear from . . . the child’s
father. And [the prosecutor] is saying that [the father] felt he had to send the child
back. Well, ask yourself this question: Who in their right mind is going to send . . .”
(At that point the state objected to the opening statement as argumentative and
Gaston’s counsel did not revisit the topic.) Assuming without deciding that this single
statement by defense counsel was enough to preclude Gaston from objecting to
testimony on the issue of whether the father believed R. C.’s 2006 outcry, but see
Griffin v. State, 267 Ga. 586, 587 (2) (481 SE2d 223) (1997) (state’s repeated
questions of its witness on redirect examination, which specifically pertained to
witness’s beliefs about defendant’s credibility, were improper, even though state
asked them in attempt to rehabilitate its witness in response to defense’s cross
examination questions), defense counsel’s statement had no bearing at all upon
whether the father believed R. C.’s 2008 outcry. The father did not “send the child
7 back” to Georgia after the 2008 outcry, and his bolstering of R. C.’s testimony
regarding the 2008 incidents was impermissible.
The improper bolstering testimony requires reversal. “In cases where we have
affirmed convictions despite this type of improper testimony, there has been other
evidence of guilt or other testimony which minimized the effect of the improper
testimony.” (Citations omitted.) Walker v. State, 296 Ga. App. 531, 535 (1) (b) (675
SE2d 270) (2009). Here, however, R. C.’s credibility was central to the case against
Gaston, in that the primary evidence that the crimes occurred was the testimony of R.
C. and of the people to whom she had described the incidents. See Lagana, 219 Ga.
App. at 221-222 (1) (error in admitting testimony bolstering victim’s credibility was
not harmless where the evidence against the defendant depended heavily upon the
victim’s credibility and was not overwhelming). There was no physical evidence
corroborating R. C.’s various accounts. See Orr v. State, 262 Ga. App. 125, 129 (2)
(584 SE2d 720) (2003) (where no physical evidence of rape was presented and only
evidence against defendant was victim’s testimony, any bolstering of that testimony
was “extremely harmful” to defendant). R. C.’s various accounts contained
inconsistencies. Compare Williams v. State, 266 Ga. App. 578, 582 (2) (597 SE2d
621) (2004) (improper bolstering of victim’s credibility did not require reversal
8 where, among other things, victim’s account remained consistent when repeated to
several interviewers and also was consistent with her trial testimony). Gaston denied
touching R. C. Compare Cline v. State, 224 Ga. App. 235, 237 (2) (480 SE2d 269)
(1997) (improper bolstering testimony did not require reversal where defendant
admitted to touching child victim’s vaginal area on several occasions). Moreover, the
court did not issue a curative instruction or take other corrective action to mitigate the
impact of the bolstering testimony. Compare Gooden, __ Ga. App. at __ (1) (reversal
not required where court took immediate curative action after witness gave improper
testimony that he believed victim’s account of sexual abuse).
Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the error in allowing the
testimony improperly bolstering R. C.’s credibility was harmless. For this reason, we
must reverse Gaston’s convictions. See Lagana, 219 Ga. App. at 221-222 (1).
2. Gaston argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions
because the state failed to demonstrate venue in Gwinnett County, where the case was
tried. We disagree and instead find that the evidence was sufficient and that he may
be retried. See Lively v. State, 262 Ga. 510, 512 (3) (421 SE2d 528) (1992).
R. C. testified that the incidents in 2006 and 2008 occurred in her mother’s
apartment. Her mother testified that the apartment was on Annistown Road in
9 Snellville, Georgia. Her father testified that, to his knowledge, the mother’s apartment
was in Gwinnett County. And the investigating detective, a member of the Gwinnett
County Police Department Special Victims Unit, testified that he determined that the
mother’s Annistown Road address was located in “Snellville, Georgia, and that is in
Gwinnett County, Georgia.” Gaston argues that other testimony from the detective
regarding the mother’s specific street address on Annistown Road was hearsay. But
even without evidence of the specific street address, the jury could reasonably infer
from the evidence viewed as a whole that the mother’s apartment was located in
Gwinnett County and, accordingly, the state proved venue in Gwinnett County
beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Prescott, 290 Ga. 528, 529-530 (722 SE2d
738) (2012); Chapman v. State, 275 Ga. 314, 317-318 (4) (565 SE2d 442) (2002);
West v. State, 296 Ga. App. 58, 59-60 (1) (673 SE2d 558) (2009).
3. Gaston argues that his conviction for child molestation should have merged
into his conviction for aggravated sexual battery. Because this issue is likely to recur
if Gaston is found guilty of the charged offenses on retrial, we address it here.
Under OCGA § 16-1-7 (a):
[w]hen the same conduct of an accused may establish the commission of more than one crime, the accused may be prosecuted for each crime.
10 He may not, however, be convicted of more than one crime if: (1) One crime is included in the other; or (2) The crimes differ only in that one is defined to prohibit a designated kind of conduct generally and the other to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct.
“Under OCGA § 16-1-6 (1), a crime is ‘included in’ the other where it is established
by proof of the same or less than all the facts or a less culpable mental state than is
required to establish the commission of the other crime.” (Punctuation omitted.)
Drinkard v. Walker, 281 Ga. 211, 213 (636 SE2d 530) (2006). Georgia has adopted
the “required evidence” test to make this determination. Id. at 217. Where the same
act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the
required evidence test considers “whether each provision requires proof of a fact
which the other does not.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 215. If so, then
there are two offenses, and neither is “included in” the other. Id.
The indictment charged Gaston with child molestation in violation of OCGA
§ 16-6-4 (a) by, “between the 1st day of July, 2008, and the 15th day of August, 2008,
. . . unlawfully perform[ing] an immoral and indecent act upon the person of [R. C.],
a child under the age of sixteen (16) years, by touching her vagina, with his hand,
with intent to arouse and satisfy the sexual desires of said accused. . . .” The
indictment charged him with aggravated sexual battery in violation of OCGA § 16-6-
11 22.2 by, “between the 1st day of July, 2008[,] and the 15th day of August, 2008, . .
. unlawfully intentionally penetrat[ing] with a foreign object, to wit: his finger, the
sexual organ of [R. C.] without the consent of [R. C.]. . . .”
Gaston argues that the wording of his indictment could allow a jury to find that
these crimes occurred on the same date as part of the same conduct. Even so, this does
not require a finding that the crime of child molestation was included in the crime of
aggravated sexual battery, as Gaston contends. The charged offense of child
molestation required proof that Gaston committed an immoral and indecent act with
the intent to arouse and satisfy his sexual desires, whereas the charged offense of
aggravated sexual battery did not. And the charged offense of aggravated sexual
battery required proof of penetration, whereas the charged offense of child
molestation did not. Accordingly, the trial court was not required to merge these
convictions for sentencing. See Daniel v. State, 292 Ga. App. 560, 565-566 (5) (665
SE2d 696) (2008).
4. We need not address Gaston’s remaining claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, which is not likely to recur on retrial.
Judgment reversed. Barnes, P. J., and Adams, J., concur.