IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT
MELISSA A. RASMUSSEN, ) ) Respondent, ) WD83806 v. ) ) OPINION FILED: ) June 15, 2021 ILLINOIS CASUALTY COMPANY, ) ) Appellant. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Clay County, Missouri The Honorable Janet Sutton, Judge
Before Division Two: Mark D. Pfeiffer, Presiding Judge, and Alok Ahuja and Karen King Mitchell, Judges
Illinois Casualty Company (“ICC”) appeals from the judgment of the Circuit Court of Clay
County, Missouri (“trial court”), in favor of Melissa A. Rasmussen (“Rasmussen”) in her claims
against SRJS, Inc., d/b/a BoJo’s Bar & Grill (“SRJS”) and Tyler Rivera (“Rivera”) (jointly,
“Defendants”) for violating Missouri’s Dram Shop Act, § 537.053.1 ICC, SRJS’s liability insurer,
intervened in the proceeding below pursuant to section 537.065.2. ICC raises two points on appeal,
asserting that (1) the trial court erred in restricting ICC’s discovery and (2) the trial court erred in
awarding punitive damages. We affirm.
1 All statutory references are to the REVISED STATUTES OF MISSOURI 2016, as supplemented. Factual and Procedural Background2
On October 26, 2013, Ms. Rebecca S. Milner (“Milner”) was a customer at SRJS, d/b/a
BoJo’s Bar & Grill. Between the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 11:50 p.m., Milner consumed large
quantities of intoxicating liquors served by SRJS’s employee, Rivera. When Milner left the bar,
she drove westbound on Ne. 64th Street in her 2006 Honda Accord. At the same time, Rasmussen
was driving a 2007 Chrysler PT Cruiser eastbound on Ne. 64th Street. Milner crossed the double
centerline from the westbound lanes and entered Rasmussen’s eastbound lane of travel going in
the wrong direction. Milner’s vehicle struck the front of Rasmussen’s vehicle in a head-on
collision. Rasmussen sustained severe, permanent, and progressive injuries which required past
medical treatment in excess of $36,000 and will require extensive continuing medical treatment in
the future up to and likely in excess of $900,000.
On February 29, 2016, Rasmussen filed an action against SRJS under the Missouri Dram
Shop Act, § 537.053, for personal injuries, requesting compensatory and punitive damages. SRJS
was insured under a commercial general liability insurance policy issued by ICC and sought
coverage for Rasmussen’s lawsuit. On August 25, 2017, ICC denied SRJS’s request for coverage
on the grounds that it was barred by the insurance policy’s Liquor Liability Exclusion.
On January 22, 2018, Rasmussen filed a first amended petition, which added Rivera as a
defendant. Count I alleged that SRJS failed to properly train, supervise, or monitor its employees
to recognize intoxication, to cease the service of alcohol and/or follow other industry-standard
protocol regarding the safety of bar and restaurant patrons. Count II alleged a negligence claim
against Rivera for serving intoxicating liquors to a visibly intoxicated person. SRJS again
requested coverage under the ICC policy for Rasmussen’s first amended petition, which request
2 In our review of a bench-tried case, we view the facts in the light most favorable to the judgment. Sauvain v. Acceptance Indem. Ins. Co., 437 S.W.3d 296, 299 n.2 (Mo. App. W.D. 2014).
2 ICC denied on March 2, 2018, on the grounds that the allegations in the first amended petition fell
outside the policy’s coverage based on the application of the policy’s Liquor Liability Exclusion.
Thereafter, Rasmussen and Defendants entered into a section 537.065 Settlement
Agreement on June 5, 2018, in which the Defendants agreed that they would not contest liability
and damages in the litigation and, in return, Rasmussen would only seek to collect the judgment
from the ICC insurance policy insuring SRJS. On July 19, 2018, SRJS, by email from counsel,
gave notice to ICC, as required by section 537.065.2, that the parties had entered into a Settlement
Agreement pursuant to section 537.065.
On August 17, 2018, ICC filed a motion to intervene in the pending lawsuit, as a matter of
right, pursuant to section 537.065.2. Contemporaneously, ICC filed a motion to dismiss
Rasmussen’s first amended petition on the grounds that general negligence claims may not be
brought against the Defendants as a matter of law for dram-shop-related claims since the exclusive
remedy under Missouri law for dram-shop-related claims is the limited cause of action authorized
by section 537.053. In response, on September 10, 2018, Rasmussen filed a motion for leave to
file a second amended petition, which specifically alleged a cause of action under section 537.053
against SRJS and Rivera and requested compensatory and punitive damages against each. On
September 19, 2018, after a hearing, the trial court granted ICC’s motion to intervene and
Rasmussen’s motion to file a second amended petition. Thereafter, ICC moved to dismiss
Rasmussen’s second amended petition. The trial court denied ICC’s motion to dismiss as to
Count I against SRJS and Count II against Rivera to the extent liability under the Dram Shop Act
provisions were alleged and granted the motion as to Count III against both defendants as those
allegations, which sounded in general negligence, were otherwise duplicative. ICC, as an
intervenor, did not file any further responsive pleading to Rasmussen’s second amended petition
and did not otherwise seek to contest liability or the issue of causation for Rasmussen’s damages
3 via responsive pleadings. Defendants filed their answer to Rasmussen’s second amended petition
on February 14, 2020, in which neither liability nor causation for Rasmussen’s damages were
contested.
On June 18, 2019, ICC filed a notice to take the deposition of Rasmussen. In response,
Rasmussen filed a motion to quash ICC’s deposition notice and to bar any additional discovery by
ICC. Rasmussen alleged that section 537.065.2 did not permit ICC to control and manage the
defense of its insured, SRJS; ICC was not an adverse party; and even if it was, its rights were
restricted to its contractual obligations to defend SRJS, and it waived all of its rights by failing to
adhere to their contract. ICC countered that, as a “party” to the lawsuit, it had the right under
Rules 56.01(a) and 57.03(a) to conduct discovery to protect its interests, especially when its
interest and that of its insured were not aligned. After a hearing held on August 22, 2019, the trial
court granted Rasmussen’s motion to quash.
While ICC was not permitted to take a discovery deposition of Rasmussen, Rasmussen did
not object to ICC’s written discovery to her. Hence, ICC submitted interrogatories and a request
for production of documents to Rasmussen, which were answered without objection by
Rasmussen. Additionally, Rasmussen did not object to ICC’s counsel participating in the
depositions of her life care plan and medical experts. ICC’s counsel thus conducted lengthy
cross-examinations of nurse life care planner Cori Ingram and neurologist Dr. Steven Arkin during
their respective depositions.
A bench trial was held on February 19, 2020. Ms. Ingram’s and Dr. Arkin’s depositions
were admitted into evidence. Rasmussen, her mother, and her son testified. Rasmussen offered
evidence that she had incurred $36,320 in medical bills for treatment she received as a direct and
proximate result of the injuries sustained in the October 23, 2016 motor vehicle collision and that
she will need future medical care of at least in excess of $400,000 and likely in excess of $900,000.
4 ICC neither examined any of the witnesses nor offered any evidence. In closing, Rasmussen’s
counsel argued that liability was established via the answer filed by the Defendants and the
evidence presented at trial. Counsel asked for damages in the total amount of $7 million:
$5 million for actual, and $2 million for punitive. ICC’s counsel objected to the trial court
considering or awarding punitive and/or aggravating circumstances damages as such damages
were not authorized by the Dram Shop Act. Rasmussen’s counsel countered that because dram
shop causes of action existed in the common law and were not expressly prohibited by Missouri’s
Dram Shop Act, punitive damages were available in the case.
On February 25, 2020, the trial court entered its judgment, awarding Rasmussen
compensatory damages in the amount of $5 million against SRJS and $1 million against Rivera.
The trial court also found that SRJS’s actions “constituted a conscious disregard for the health,
safety and welfare of Plaintiff Rasmussen and others” and awarded Rasmussen punitive damages
in the amount of $2 million against SRJS to “punish . . . and deter it and other[s] from such conduct
now and in the future.”
ICC filed a motion to amend the judgment seeking to have the award of punitive and/or
aggravating circumstances damages removed from the judgment and the trial court denied ICC’s
motion.
ICC timely appealed.
Point I
In ICC’s first point on appeal, it asserts that the trial court abused its discretion when it
granted Rasmussen’s motion to quash its notice to take her deposition and bar any additional
discovery. Though we conclude that ICC has a valid complaint that the trial court’s discovery
ruling was erroneous, ICC’s point on appeal ignores the requirement to demonstrate that any such
5 error by the trial court prejudiced ICC by materially affecting the merits of the case. Accordingly,
ICC’s point on appeal must fail.
Standard of Review
“‘Trial courts have broad discretion in administering rules of discovery, which this Court
will not disturb absent an abuse of discretion.’” Tate v. Dierks, 608 S.W.3d 799, 803 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2020) (quoting State ex rel. Delmar Gardens N. Operating, LLC v. Gaertner, 239 S.W.3d
608, 610 (Mo. banc 2007)). “When reviewing the trial court’s decision regarding issues arising
from pre-trial discovery, of which appellate courts grant trial court decisions great deference, ‘[w]e
look only for an abuse of this broad discretion which results in prejudice or unfair surprise.’”
Scheck Indus. Corp. v. Tarlton Corp., 435 S.W.3d 705, 717 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (quoting Day
Advert. Inc. v. Devries & Assocs., 217 S.W.3d 362, 366 (Mo. App. W.D. 2007)).
“No appellate court shall reverse any judgment unless it finds that error was committed by
the trial court against the appellant materially affecting the merits of the action.” Rule 84.13(b).
“[A]ppellate review is for prejudice, not mere error.” Empire Dist. Elec. Co. v. Coverdell, 588
S.W.3d 225, 244 (Mo. App. S.D. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Prejudicial error is
an error that materially affects the merits and outcome of the case.” Bar Plan Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Chesterfield Mgmt. Assocs., 407 S.W.3d 621, 635 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013) (citing D.R. Sherry
Constr., Ltd. v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 316 S.W.3d 899, 904 (Mo. banc 2010)). “In order to
demonstrate reversible error, . . . an appellant must demonstrate that the challenged trial court
ruling or action was legally erroneous and that appellant was actually prejudiced as a result of that
erroneous ruling or action.” Interest of J.G.H. v. Greene Cnty. Juv. Office, 576 S.W.3d 257, 260
(Mo. App. S.D. 2019). “The burden is on the appellant to prove the trial court abused its discretion
and prejudice resulted.” Ingham v. Johnson & Johnson, 608 S.W.3d 663, 699 (Mo. App. E.D.
2020) (citing In re Care & Treatment of Bradley v. State, 554 S.W.3d 440, 452 (Mo. App. W.D.
6 2018)). This rule applies when addressing alleged trial court error in quashing a deposition. See
Bar Plan Mut. Ins. Co., 407 S.W.3d at 634-35 (“Assuming arguendo that the trial court did err and
abuse its discretion in quashing the deposition and subpoena, this is not reversible error unless
[appellant] was prejudiced thereby.”).
Analysis
The General Assembly amended section 537.065 effective August 28, 2017.3 The
amended statute gives insurers “two specific, limited rights: (1) the right to decide whether to
defend the insured in the underlying litigation, prior to the insured’s entry into a § 537.065
agreement; and (2) the right to intervene in ‘any pending lawsuit’ within thirty days of receiving
notice of a § 537.065 agreement.” Knight by & Through Knight v. Knight, 609 S.W.3d 813, 822
(Mo. App. W.D. 2020). After being allowed to intervene, the insurer becomes “a ‘party’ to the
3 Pertinent to this appeal, the amended statute provides:
1. Any person having an unliquidated claim for damages against a tort-feasor, on account of personal injuries, bodily injuries, or death, provided that, such tort-feasor’s insurer or indemnitor has the opportunity to defend the tort-feasor without reservation but refuses to do so, may enter into a contract with such tort-feasor or any insurer on his or her behalf or both, whereby, in consideration of the payment of a specified amount, the person asserting the claim agrees that in the event of a judgment against the tort-feasor, neither such person nor any other person, firm, or corporation claiming by or through him or her will levy execution, by garnishment or as otherwise provided by law, except against the specific assets listed in the contract and except against any insurer which insures the legal liability of the tort-feasor for such damage and which insurer is not excepted from execution, garnishment or other legal procedure by such contract. Execution or garnishment proceedings in aid thereof shall lie only as to assets of the tort-feasor specifically mentioned in the contract or the insurer or insurers not excluded in such contract. Such contract, when properly acknowledged by the parties thereto, may be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds in any county where a judgment may be rendered, or in the county of the residence of the tort-feasor, or in both such counties, and if the same is so recorded then such tort-feasor’s property, except as to the assets specifically listed in the contract, shall not be subject to any judgment lien as the result of any judgment rendered against the tort-feasor, arising out of the transaction for which the contract is entered into.
2. Before a judgment may be entered against any tort-feasor after such tort-feasor has entered into a contract under this section, the insurer or insurers shall be provided with written notice of the execution of the contract and shall have thirty days after receipt of such notice to intervene as a matter of right in any pending lawsuit involving the claim for damages.
§ 537.065.1 & .2.
7 lawsuit with the same rights of any other party.” Id. at 824 (citing City of St. Joseph v. Hankinson,
312 S.W.2d 4, 7 (Mo. 1958) (“Upon being permitted to intervene, [intervenor] became a
defendant . . . entitled to raise any legitimate defenses which came within the general scope of the
original suit, and which the original defendants might have raised.”); Martin v. Busch, 360 S.W.3d
854, 858 (Mo. App. E.D. 2011) (“Upon intervention, the rights and responsibilities of [Intervenor]
will be the same as any other party to the litigation.”)).
ICC asserts that by seeking Rasmussen’s deposition, it was simply seeking to conduct
discovery concerning information relevant to the subject matter of the pending action as permitted
by Rule 56.01(b)(1). “The legislature presumably recognized that, where some or all of an
insured’s personal assets are protected from execution by a § 537.065 agreement, the insured may
have little incentive to assert a vigorous defense to an injured party’s claims, and may even be
contractually prohibited from mounting a defense.” Id. at 820. “By enacting § 537.065.2, the
legislature has declared that, where the insured has entered into an agreement limiting the assets
against which a claimant may seek recovery, a liability insurance carrier has a sufficient interest
in the determination of the insured’s liability to support the insurer’s intervention in the underlying
litigation, as a matter of right.” Id. After being allowed to intervene, ICC became a party to the
lawsuit “with the same rights of any other party,” id. at 824, including the right to conduct
discovery, see Rule 56.01. “A trial court does not have discretion to deny discovery of matters
that are relevant to a lawsuit and are reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence, unless such matters are work product or privileged.” Bar Plan Mut. Ins. Co., 407 S.W.3d
at 633-34.
We recognize that “it is well established that ‘an intervenor must accept the action pending
as he finds it at the time of intervention.’” Knight, 609 S.W.3d at 824 (quoting Martin, 360 S.W.3d
at 858 n.5). However, even though the status of the pleadings was that liability and causation for
8 Rasmussen’s damages were not contested by any party (including ICC), the amount of
Rasmussen’s damages was still an unresolved factual issue and ICC should not have been
restricted by the trial court in conducting discovery on that issue.
Conversely, though the trial court erred in its discovery ruling, Rasmussen relented on
enforcement of the trial court’s ruling and did not object to interrogatories and requests for
production of documents that were served upon Rasmussen by ICC and, instead, answered ICC’s
request for discovery. Likewise, Rasmussen’s principal witnesses on monetary damages were a
life care plan expert and a medical expert. In the depositions of these witnesses that were entered
into evidence at trial, ICC’s counsel was permitted without objection to extensively cross-examine
these witnesses. And, at trial, ICC was permitted the opportunity to examine any of the witnesses
called by Rasmussen but chose not to do so. Further, ICC was given the opportunity to present
evidence of its own, but again, chose not to do so.
Not so coincidentally, then, ICC’s point on appeal is devoid of any argument that the trial
court’s discovery ruling resulted in prejudice. Instead, only after Rasmussen pointed out the
deficiency in ICC’s point relied on in its Respondent’s Brief did ICC argue for the first time in its
Reply Brief that it was prejudiced by the trial court’s discovery ruling. “[ICC’s] argument is not
preserved for our review, as it is not within the scope of any of their points on appeal, and was
raised for the first time in Appellants’ Reply Brief.” Med. Plaza One, LLC v. Davis, 552 S.W.3d
143, 158 n.9 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018) (citations omitted). However, even assuming, arguendo, that
the argument had been preserved, the record that we have itemized above does not suggest that the
trial court’s challenged discovery ruling materially affected the merits and outcome of the case.
Having not argued that it was prejudiced by the trial court’s ruling, nor demonstrated in its
point on appeal that it was prejudiced by the trial court’s discovery ruling, ICC’s point on appeal
must fail.
9 Accordingly, Point I is denied.
Point II
In ICC’s second point on appeal, it asserts that the trial court erred when it awarded
Rasmussen punitive damages on her statutory dram shop liability claims. ICC argues that the
Dram Shop Act does not permit the recovery of punitive damages. We disagree.
“‘Statutory interpretation is a question of law and is subject to de novo review.’” Area 5
Pub. Def. Office v. Kellogg, 610 S.W.3d 383, 387 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020) (quoting Henry v.
Piatchek, 578 S.W.3d 374, 378 (Mo. banc 2019)). “‘This Court’s primary rule of statutory
interpretation is to give effect to legislative intent as reflected in the plain language of the statute
at issue.’” Id. (quoting Karney v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus. Rels., 599 S.W.3d 157, 162 (Mo. banc
2020)). Accordingly:
We will look beyond the plain meaning of the statute only when the language is ambiguous or would lead to an absurd or illogical result.
A statute is ambiguous when its plain language does not answer the current dispute as to its meaning. Ambiguities in statutes are resolved by determining the intent of the legislature and by giving effect to its intent if possible. When determining the legislative intent of a statute, no portion of the statute is read in isolation, but rather the portions are read in context to harmonize all of the statute’s provisions. Rules of statutory construction are used to resolve any ambiguities if the legislative intent is undeterminable from the plain meaning of the statutory language.
Id. at 388 (quoting Truman Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 597 S.W.3d 362, 367 (Mo.
App. W.D. 2020)). “It is presumed that every word, clause, sentence and provision of a statute
have effect and that idle verbiage or superfluous language was not inserted into a statute.” State
ex rel. Killingsworth v. George, 168 S.W.3d 621, 625 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005). “‘Because each word
of a statute is presumed to have been included for a particular purpose, an interpretation rendering
statutory language redundant or without meaning is disfavored.’” Sun Aviation, Inc. v. L-3
10 Commc’ns Avionics Sys., Inc., 533 S.W.3d 720, 726 (Mo. banc 2017) (quoting Matthew Davis,
Note, Statutory Interpretation in Missouri, 81 MO. L. REV. 1127, 1136 (2016)). “The legislature
is presumed to have intended every word, provision, sentence, and clause in a statute to be given
effect.” State ex rel. Goldsworthy v. Kanatzar, 543 S.W.3d 582, 585 (Mo. banc 2018). “Courts
never presume that our legislature acted uselessly and should not construe a statute to render any
provision meaningless.” T.V.N. v. Mo. State Highway Patrol Crim. Just. Info. Servs., 592 S.W.3d
74, 81 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Of significance to our ruling today, “[t]he legislature is presumed to have acted with a full
awareness and complete knowledge of the present state of the law, including judicial and
legislative precedent.” Exec. Bd. of Mo. Baptist Convention v. Mo. Baptist Univ., 569 S.W.3d 1,
18 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019) (emphasis added). And, “[w]hen the legislature amends a statute, it is
presumed that its intent was to bring about some change in the existing law.” Rinehart v. Laclede
Gas Co., 607 S.W.3d 220, 227 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020). “This Court should never construe a statute
in a manner that would moot the legislative changes, because the legislature is never presumed to
have committed a useless act.” Id.
To address ICC’s point, a brief history of the evolution of Missouri’s dram shop law is
necessary.4 In 1919, the same year the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution5
was ratified, Missouri passed the first Dram Shop Act, providing a statutory cause of action against
a seller of liquor for injuries to person or property caused by an intoxicated person. 1919 Mo.
Laws, Intoxicating Liquors, § 6 at 408, 411. Following the ratification of the Twenty-first
4 A “dram shop” is described in section 537.053.2 as “any person licensed to sell intoxicating liquor by the drink for consumption on the premises.” 5 The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.
11 Amendment repealing prohibition in 1933, the Missouri legislature repealed Missouri’s Dram
Shop Act in 1934. § 4487 RSMo 1929 (repealed 1933-34 Laws of Missouri, 77.) “The repeal of
the dram shop act did not alter the common law; instead, the repeal of the dram shop act restored
questions of dram shop liability to the arena of the common law and the transfiguring touch of the
courts.” Lambing v. Southland Corp., 739 S.W.2d 717, 718 (Mo. banc 1987).
In 1983, in Carver v. Schafer, 647 S.W.2d 570 (Mo. App. E.D. 1983), a wrongful death
action, the Eastern District of this Court extended liability under common law concepts to tavern
owners who serve obviously intoxicated patrons, finding that tavern owners had a duty to refrain
from serving obviously intoxicated patrons and imposing liability for injuries resulting from a
breach of that duty. Id. Our Supreme Court has described Missouri’s common law involving dram
shop liability as follows:
Until 1983, the common law in Missouri did not recognize a cause of action against a tavern owner by a person injured by an intoxicated tavern patron. In 1983, however, the Court of Appeals, Eastern District, found a common law duty in tavern owners to refrain from serving intoxicated patrons and imposed liability for injuries resulting from a breach of that duty. Carver v. Schafer, 647 S.W.2d 570 (Mo. App. 1983). The court found that Section 311.310 is “indicative of Missouri public policy”, a public policy which is expressed “even more fundamentally in the general law of torts.” Carver, 647 S.W.2d at 575. The Court reasoned that under the general law of torts, “[e]very person is required to take ordinary care against injuries reasonably to be anticipated.” Id. This standard of ordinary care “imposed a duty upon [the tavern owner] to avoid supplying [the tavern patron] with intoxicating liquor once it became apparent that [the tavern patron] was intoxicated.” Id. The court determined that “the well-documented foreseeability of accidents caused by drunken drivers and the statutory policy expressed in sec. 311.310”, id., justify the extension of liability under common law concepts to tavern owners who serve intoxicated patrons.
Lambing, 739 S.W.2d at 719 (emphasis added). In Lambing, our Supreme Court did not suggest
that the Eastern District in Carver misstated the law; to the contrary, our Supreme Court recognized
that, as of 1983, Missouri’s common law “recognized a common law cause of action against a
12 tavern owner who served alcohol to an intoxicated patron who subsequently injured a third
person.” Id.6
In 1985, with “complete knowledge of the present state of the law,” Exec. Bd. of Mo.
Baptist Convention, 569 S.W.3d at 18, the Missouri legislature enacted section 537.053.7
Section 1 of the law purportedly re-established the common law of England (that the consumption
of alcohol and not the furnishing of alcohol was the proximate cause of injuries inflicted by
intoxicated persons) regarding dram shop liability, and section 2 abrogated the Carver, 647 S.W.2d
570, Sampson v. W.F. Enterprises, Inc., 611 S.W.2d 333 (Mo. App. W.D. 1980), and Nesbitt v.
Westport Square, Ltd., 624 S.W.2d 519 (Mo. App. W.D. 1981)8 decisions that were contrary to
6 Other cases pre-dating Carver v. Schafer, 647 S.W.2d 570 (Mo. App. E.D. 1983), based liability of tavern owners on the violation of a criminal statute. See Sampson v. W.F. Enterprises, Inc., 611 S.W.2d 333, 337 (Mo. App. W.D. 1980) (A violation of section 311.310 “gives rise to a cause of action [against tavern owners] for civil damages.”); see also Nesbitt v. Westport Square, Ltd., 624 S.W.2d 519 (Mo. App. W.D. 1981). However, “Carver is the first case extending liability [against tavern owners] on common law concepts.” Lambing v. Southland Corp., 739 S.W.2d 717, 719 n.1 (Mo. banc 1987). 7 The 1985 law provided:
1. Since the repeal of the Missouri Dram Shop Act in 1934 (Laws of 1933-34, extra session, page 77), it has been and continues to be the policy of this state to follow the common law of England, as declared in section 1.010, RSMo, to prohibit dram shop liability and to follow the common law rule that furnishing alcoholic beverages is not the proximate cause of injuries inflicted by intoxicated persons.
2. The legislature hereby declares that this section shall be interpreted so that the holdings in cases such as Carver v. Schafer, 647 S.W.2d 570 (Mo. App. 1983); Sampson v. W.F. Enterprises, Inc., 611 S.W.2d 333 (Mo. App. 1980); and Nesbitt v. Westport Square, Ltd., 624 S.W.2d 519 (Mo. App. 1981) be abrogated in favor of prior judicial interpretation finding the consumption of alcoholic beverages, rather than the furnishing of alcoholic beverages, to be the proximate cause of injuries inflicted upon another by an intoxicated person.
3. Notwithstanding subsections 1 and 2 of this section, a cause of action may be brought by or on behalf of any person who has suffered personal injury or death against any person licensed to sell intoxicating liquor by the drink for consumption on the premises who, pursuant to section 311.310, RSMo, has been convicted, or has received a suspended imposition of the sentence arising from the conviction, of the sale of intoxicating liquor to a person under the age of twenty-one years or an obviously intoxicated person if the sale of such intoxicating liquor is the proximate cause of the personal injury or death sustained by such person. 8 See supra note 6.
13 that common law.9 § 537.053.1 & .2 RSMo 1985. Section 3 provided a cause of action against a
dram shop, but only if the dram shop was first criminally convicted of serving a minor or
intoxicated person. § 537.053.3 RSMo 1985. The constitutionality of section 537.053 RSMo
1986 was upheld in Simpson v. Kilcher, 749 S.W.2d 386 (Mo. banc 1988).10
But in Kilmer v. Mun, 17 S.W.3d 545 (Mo. banc 2000), the Missouri Supreme Court
overruled Simpson and held that the 1985 statute, authorizing a dram shop cause of action only
when the liquor licensee had been convicted for providing liquor to an intoxicated person, violated
the open courts provision of the Missouri Constitution because it was an arbitrary and unreasonable
procedural bar to “an injury that is legally recognized, as the dram shop injury is [so] recognized.”
Id. at 554. The Kilmer court also applied the fundamental rule of statutory construction that
subsections of the statute must not be read in isolation, see BASF Corp. v. Dir. of Revenue, 392
S.W.3d 438, 444 (Mo. banc 2012) (“[N]o portion of the statute is read in isolation, but rather the
portions are read in context to harmonize all of the statute’s provisions.”); King v. Burwell, 135
S.Ct. 2480, 2489 (2015) (“Our duty, after all, is ‘to construe statutes, not isolated provisions.’”)
(internal citation omitted), in making its determination that section 537.053.1 RSMo 1986, which
purported to eliminate dram shop liability, actually did not, stating as follows:
[I]f subsections 1 and 2 of section 537.053 were the whole statute, we would accept the obvious proposition that the legislature had indeed abolished dram shop liability. But, the first two subsections cannot be read in isolation. When we read the third subsection, which is section 537.053.3, as part of the whole statute, it is clear that the legislature did not abolish dram shop liability.
9 As we have stated previously, any suggestion that subsection 2 was “redundant” or “superfluous” ignores this Court’s responsibility to presume just the opposite—that “each word of a statute is presumed to have been included for a particular purpose.” Sun Aviation, Inc. v. L-3 Commc’ns Avionics Sys., Inc., 533 S.W.3d 720, 726 (Mo. banc 2017). 10 However, our Missouri Supreme Court specifically concluded that section 537.053 RSMo 1986 could not be given retrospective application to common law dram shop liability claims that arose before the statute’s effective date. Lambing, 739 S.W.2d at 718. Hence, common law dram shop liability claims that arose after the decision in Carver but before the effective date of section 537.053 RSMo 1986 were allowed to proceed. Id. at 717 (allowing wrongful death dram shop liability claim against a tavern owner for the sale of alcohol to an obviously intoxicated patron to proceed when the accident occurred after the decision in Carver but before section 537.053 RSMo 1986 took effect); Elliot v. Kesler, 799 S.W.2d 97 (Mo. App. W.D. 1990) (same).
14 Kilmer, 17 S.W.3d at 551 (emphasis added).
The legislature responded to Kilmer and amended the Dram Shop Act in 2002.11 And,
“[w]hen the legislature amends a statute, it is presumed that its intent was to bring about some
change in the existing law,” and we should “never construe a statute in a manner that would moot
the legislative changes, because the legislature is never presumed to have committed a useless act.”
Rinehart, 607 S.W.3d at 227. The 2002 amendment deleted section 537.053.2 RSMo 1985, which
had purportedly abrogated the holdings in Carver, Sampson, and Nesbitt. Though fair debate can
11 The 2002 amendment provided:
1. Since the repeal of the Missouri Dram Shop Act in 1934 (Laws of 1933-34, extra session, page 77), it has been and continues to be the policy of this state to follow the common law of England, as declared in section 1.010, to prohibit dram shop liability and to follow the common law rule that furnishing alcoholic beverages is not the proximate cause of injuries inflicted by intoxicated persons.
2. Notwithstanding subsection 1 of this section, a cause of action may be brought by or on behalf of any person who has suffered personal injury or death against any person licensed to sell intoxicating liquor by the drink for consumption on the premises when it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the seller knew or should have known that intoxicating liquor was served to a person under the age of twenty-one years or knowingly served intoxicating liquor to a visibly intoxicated person.
3. For purposes of this section, a person is “visibly intoxicated” when inebriated to such an extent that the impairment is shown by significantly uncoordinated physical action or significant physical dysfunction. A person’s blood alcohol content does not constitute prima facie evidence to establish that a person is visibly intoxicated within the meaning of this section, but may be admissible as relevant evidence of the person’s intoxication.
4. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted to provide a right of recovery to a person who suffers injury or death proximately caused by the person’s voluntary intoxication unless the person is under the age of twenty-one years. No person over the age of twenty-one years or their dependents, personal representative, and heirs may assert a claim for damages for personal injury or death against a seller of intoxicating liquor by the drink for consumption on the premises arising out of the person’s voluntary intoxication.
5. In an action brought pursuant to subsection 2 of this section alleging the sale of intoxicating liquor by the drink for consumption on the premises to a person under the age of twenty-one years, proof that the seller or the seller’s agent or employee demanded and was shown a driver’s license or official state or federal personal identification card, appearing to be genuine and showing that the minor was at least twenty-one years of age, shall be relevant in determining the relative fault of the seller or seller’s agent or employee in the action.
6. No employer may discharge his or her employee for refusing service to a visibly intoxicated person.
15 exist about interpreting the impact of the legislature’s decision to delete section 537.053.2 RSMo
1985, how that deletion impacted the current state of the law is less important than recognizing
what the legislature was doing in the 2002 amendment—that is, the legislature, in full recognition
and knowledge of Missouri’s history of common law on dram shop liability, was attempting to
assert itself into the common law arena to modify the common law standards (i.e., the 2002
amendment added a requirement that proof of the tavern owner’s sale of alcohol to an obviously
intoxicated patron must be proven by “clear and convincing evidence”) for imposing dram shop
liability as opposed to abrogating dram shop liability under the common law in its entirety and
creating a new or sui generis statutory cause of action. And, though the legislature could have also
changed or otherwise expressly limited the damages available for dram shop liability, it chose not
to do so.12 Our responsibility, of course, is to “enforce statutes as written, not as they might have
been written.” City of Welliston v. SBC Commc’ns, Inc., 203 S.W.3d 189, 192 (Mo. banc 2006).
As stated previously, the first case in Missouri recognizing a common law cause of action
relating to tavern owners serving obviously intoxicated persons who subsequently injure third
persons was Carver. Carver was a wrongful death action, and the Carver court recognized that
Missouri imposed no limitation on the amount of recovery (i.e., punitive damages) in actions
against dram shop owners and no limitation on recovery for wrongful death.13 Carver, 647 S.W.2d
at 576; see also Elliot v. Kesler, 799 S.W.2d 97, 102 (Mo. App. W.D. 1990) (“The holding of the
court in Carver v. Schafer recognized a right to hold a tavern owner liable for serving liquor to an
12 The 2002 amendment makes discrete changes to the cause of action recognized in Carver: heightening the burden of proof; defining “visible intoxication”; denying recovery in most instances to the intoxicated person themselves; and specifying the relevance of blood-alcohol testing and the intoxicated person’s presentation of false identification. But despite these targeted modifications to the common law, the 2002 amendment does not comprehensively define a stand-alone statutory cause of action, and says nothing concerning the damages recoverable on a dram shop claim. 13 “Under Missouri law, in wrongful death actions, damages for aggravating circumstances, which are the ‘equivalent of punitive damages,’ are recoverable.” Robinson v. Mo. State Highway & Transp. Comm’n, 24 S.W.3d 67, 81 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000) (citing § 537.090; Call v. Heard, 925 S.W.2d 840, 849 (Mo. banc 1996)).
16 intoxicated person.”). Likewise, the Elliot court found that the trial court properly submitted
aggravating circumstances damages on plaintiffs’ common law dram shop claim.14 Elliot, 799
S.W.2d at 104.
Hence, the common law that existed prior to both the 1985 Missouri Dram Shop Act and
the 2002 amendment to the Act recognized that punitive damages were a recoverable remedy on a
dram shop liability claim. The 2002 amendment does not mention punitive damages, but is instead
silent on the topic of punitive damages. The legislature’s silence is not without meaning. As the
Supreme Court has stated:
This Court has consistently held that a statutory right of action shall not be deemed to supersede and displace remedies otherwise available at common law in the absence of language to that effect unless the statutory remedy fully comprehends and envelops the remedies provided by common law. A statutory remedy does not ‘comprehend and envelop’ the common law if the common law remedies provide different remedies from the statutory scheme. For example, if the common law remedy provides for punitive damages, but the statutory scheme does not, then the common law scheme is not preempted.
Fleshner v. Pepose Vision Inst., P.C., 304 S.W.3d 81, 95-96 (Mo. banc 2010) (emphasis added).
“[N]o statute should be construed to alter the common law further than the words import.”
Estate of Williams v. Williams, 12 S.W.3d 302, 307 (Mo. banc 2000) (citing Shaw v. Merchants
Nat’l Bank, 101 U.S. 557, 565, 25 L.Ed. 892 (1879)). “Where doubt exists about the meaning or
intent of words in a statute, the words should be given the meaning which makes the least, rather
than the most, change in the common law.” Id. The Missouri Supreme Court has recognized that:
When the legislature wishes to substitute a statutory limitation on punitive or penal damages for what would otherwise be a common law claim, it makes specific provision for such limitation. The general assembly by the words it uses is perfectly capable of preempting claims, limiting punitive damages or granting immunity. There is no need for courts to infer a limitation, preemption or immunity where the legislature did not say so. “To read words or concepts into our statutes that the
14 “Aggravating circumstance damages are punitive in nature. It is their purpose to punish the defendant and deter future wrongdoing. They are in that respect akin to punitive damages.” Elliot, 799 S.W.2d at 103 (citation omitted).
17 general assembly did not write shows disrespect to both the general assembly and for the common law.” Overcast v. Billings Mut. Ins., 11 S.W.3d 62, 69-70 (Mo. banc 2000).
Id. “The common law must apply to the [Dram Shop Act] unless a statute clearly abrogates the
common law either expressly or by necessary implication.” Lindahl v. State, 359 S.W.3d 489, 493
(Mo. App. W.D. 2011). Here, of course, our Missouri Supreme Court has clarified that Missouri’s
Dram Shop Act “did not abolish dram shop liability.” Kilmer, 17 S.W.3d at 551 (emphasis added).
Accordingly, because the legislature did not clarify a different interpretation on the allowance of
punitive damages than established by common law in the dram shop liability context, punitive
damages are recoverable in a statutory dram shop cause of action.
Point II is denied.
Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
/s/ Mark D. Pfeiffer Mark D. Pfeiffer, Presiding Judge
Alok Ahuja and Karen King Mitchell, Judges, concur.