OPINION
Cohen, Judge:
This case was commenced in response to a Notice of Determination Concerning Collection Action(s) Under Section 6320 and/or 6330 addressed to “Medical Practice Solutions LLC, Carolyn Britton, Sole Member” (petitioner), with respect to unpaid employment taxes for quarters ended March 31 and June 30, 2006. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
The issue for decision is whether “check-the-box” regulations, specifically section 301.7701-3(b), Proced. & Admin. Regs., in effect for the periods in issue were invalid in allowing pursuit of collection of employment taxes against the sole member of a limited liability company.
Background
All of the facts have been stipulated, and the stipulated facts are incorporated in our findings by this reference. Carolyn Britton (Britton) resided in Massachusetts at the time the petition was filed. During the periods in issue, Medical Practice Solutions, LLC (the llc), was a single-member limited liability company registered in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with its principal office in Massachusetts.
Britton was the sole member of the LLC during the periods in issue and treated the LLC as her sole proprietorship on Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business, of her Federal income tax return for 2006. She did not elect to have the llc treated as a corporation for Federal income tax purposes.
Forms 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the periods in issue were filed in the name of the LLC. For the period ended March 31, 2006, the Form 941 reported tax liability of $16,648.01. For the period ended June 30, 2006, the Form 941 reported tax liability of $18,434.58. The reported amounts were not paid for either period.
On December 12, 2006, the Internal Revenue Service (irs) sent to Britton a Final Notice, Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Your Right to a Hearing with respect to the unpaid employment taxes for the periods in issue. On December 20, 2006, the IRS sent to Britton a Notice of Federal Tax Lien Filing and Your Right to A Hearing Under IRC 6320. On January 10, 2007, Britton requested a hearing with respect to each collection action. The request for hearing suggested as a collection alternative a purported installment agreement dated August 9, 2006. The request for hearing also requested penalty abatement for “reasonable cause”. A letter attached to the request asserted, among other things, that the notice of Federal tax lien was against the wrong taxpayer because Britton “is not liable for the employment Taxes; Medical Practice Solutions, LLC is liable.” A hearing pursuant to section 6330 was conducted on April 23, 2007. In the notice of determination sent May 25, 2007, the levy action and the lien were sustained. At the time of the hearing and at the time of the notice, petitioner had not proposed an amount for an installment agreement and had not submitted supporting financial information. Petitioner had merely sent a letter dated August 9, 2006, asking that the letter be considered “a written request to set up a payment plan of the maximum duration and the minimum due now, permitted by law.”
Discussion
Before addressing the main issue in this case, we dispose of some arguments raised by petitioner that are unsupported by evidence, reason, or authority.
This case was submitted fully stipulated, and the requirements with respect to adducing proof, or the effect of failure of proof, apply. See Rule 122(b). Several of petitioner’s arguments are based on claims as to the manner in which demands and notices were addressed and the pendency of an installment agreement, but there is no evidence in the record supporting those arguments. The stipulated exhibits contradict petitioner’s assertions that certain notices, including the notice of determination that is the basis of this case, were addressed “only” to the LLC. So far as the record reflects, all notices were addressed either to the LLC, Carolyn Britton, Sole Member, or to Britton.
The petition was initially filed in the names of the LLC and Britton, but the caption was corrected on order of the Court to be consistent with the notice of determination. Petitioner now claims that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Britton because no notice of determination was sent to her. The manner of address in the notice speaks for itself: it was sent to Britton as the sole member of the LLC, consistent with the regulations discussed below. For purposes of this proceeding, under those regulations the LLC and its sole member are a single taxpayer or person to whom notice is given.
Petitioner asserts that certain IRS instructions for filing employment tax returns are misleading. There is no evidence supporting that characterization or showing that petitioner was misled.
Although in the request for hearing and the petition, petitioner raised an issue of abatement of penalties, there is no evidence of reasonable cause. Petitioner’s opening brief did not address the penalties, and petitioner failed to file the reply brief ordered by the Court. Thus arguments concerning the penalties have been abandoned. See, e.g., Nicklaus v. Commissioner, 117 T.C. 117, 120 n.4 (2001).
The “Check-The-Box” Regulations
The relevant parts of the regulations provide:
(b) Corporations. — For federal tax purposes, the term corporation means—
(1) A business entity organized under a Federal or State statute, or under a statute of a federally recognized Indian tribe, if the statute describes or refers to the entity as incorporated or as a corporation, body corporate, or body politic; [Sec. 301.7701 — 2(b)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs.]
(2) Wholly owned entities. — (i) In general. — A business entity that has a single owner and is not a corporation under paragraph (b) of this section is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner. [Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2), Proced. & Admin. Regs.]
^ # iH #
(a) In general. — A business entity that is not classified as a corporation under §301.7701-2(b)(l), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), or (8) (an eligible entity) can elect its classification for federal tax purposes as provided in this section. An eligible entity with at least two members can elect to be classified as either an association (and thus a corporation under §301.7701 — 2(b)(2)) or a partnership, and an eligible entity with a single owner can elect to be classified as an association or to be disregarded as an entity separate from its owner. Paragraph (b) of this section provides a default classification for an eligible entity that does not make an election. Thus, elections are necessary only when an eligible entity chooses to be classified initially as other than the default classification or when an eligible entity chooses to change its classification. * * *
(b) Classification of eligible entities that do not file an election. — (1) Domestic eligible entities.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
OPINION
Cohen, Judge:
This case was commenced in response to a Notice of Determination Concerning Collection Action(s) Under Section 6320 and/or 6330 addressed to “Medical Practice Solutions LLC, Carolyn Britton, Sole Member” (petitioner), with respect to unpaid employment taxes for quarters ended March 31 and June 30, 2006. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
The issue for decision is whether “check-the-box” regulations, specifically section 301.7701-3(b), Proced. & Admin. Regs., in effect for the periods in issue were invalid in allowing pursuit of collection of employment taxes against the sole member of a limited liability company.
Background
All of the facts have been stipulated, and the stipulated facts are incorporated in our findings by this reference. Carolyn Britton (Britton) resided in Massachusetts at the time the petition was filed. During the periods in issue, Medical Practice Solutions, LLC (the llc), was a single-member limited liability company registered in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with its principal office in Massachusetts.
Britton was the sole member of the LLC during the periods in issue and treated the LLC as her sole proprietorship on Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business, of her Federal income tax return for 2006. She did not elect to have the llc treated as a corporation for Federal income tax purposes.
Forms 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the periods in issue were filed in the name of the LLC. For the period ended March 31, 2006, the Form 941 reported tax liability of $16,648.01. For the period ended June 30, 2006, the Form 941 reported tax liability of $18,434.58. The reported amounts were not paid for either period.
On December 12, 2006, the Internal Revenue Service (irs) sent to Britton a Final Notice, Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Your Right to a Hearing with respect to the unpaid employment taxes for the periods in issue. On December 20, 2006, the IRS sent to Britton a Notice of Federal Tax Lien Filing and Your Right to A Hearing Under IRC 6320. On January 10, 2007, Britton requested a hearing with respect to each collection action. The request for hearing suggested as a collection alternative a purported installment agreement dated August 9, 2006. The request for hearing also requested penalty abatement for “reasonable cause”. A letter attached to the request asserted, among other things, that the notice of Federal tax lien was against the wrong taxpayer because Britton “is not liable for the employment Taxes; Medical Practice Solutions, LLC is liable.” A hearing pursuant to section 6330 was conducted on April 23, 2007. In the notice of determination sent May 25, 2007, the levy action and the lien were sustained. At the time of the hearing and at the time of the notice, petitioner had not proposed an amount for an installment agreement and had not submitted supporting financial information. Petitioner had merely sent a letter dated August 9, 2006, asking that the letter be considered “a written request to set up a payment plan of the maximum duration and the minimum due now, permitted by law.”
Discussion
Before addressing the main issue in this case, we dispose of some arguments raised by petitioner that are unsupported by evidence, reason, or authority.
This case was submitted fully stipulated, and the requirements with respect to adducing proof, or the effect of failure of proof, apply. See Rule 122(b). Several of petitioner’s arguments are based on claims as to the manner in which demands and notices were addressed and the pendency of an installment agreement, but there is no evidence in the record supporting those arguments. The stipulated exhibits contradict petitioner’s assertions that certain notices, including the notice of determination that is the basis of this case, were addressed “only” to the LLC. So far as the record reflects, all notices were addressed either to the LLC, Carolyn Britton, Sole Member, or to Britton.
The petition was initially filed in the names of the LLC and Britton, but the caption was corrected on order of the Court to be consistent with the notice of determination. Petitioner now claims that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Britton because no notice of determination was sent to her. The manner of address in the notice speaks for itself: it was sent to Britton as the sole member of the LLC, consistent with the regulations discussed below. For purposes of this proceeding, under those regulations the LLC and its sole member are a single taxpayer or person to whom notice is given.
Petitioner asserts that certain IRS instructions for filing employment tax returns are misleading. There is no evidence supporting that characterization or showing that petitioner was misled.
Although in the request for hearing and the petition, petitioner raised an issue of abatement of penalties, there is no evidence of reasonable cause. Petitioner’s opening brief did not address the penalties, and petitioner failed to file the reply brief ordered by the Court. Thus arguments concerning the penalties have been abandoned. See, e.g., Nicklaus v. Commissioner, 117 T.C. 117, 120 n.4 (2001).
The “Check-The-Box” Regulations
The relevant parts of the regulations provide:
(b) Corporations. — For federal tax purposes, the term corporation means—
(1) A business entity organized under a Federal or State statute, or under a statute of a federally recognized Indian tribe, if the statute describes or refers to the entity as incorporated or as a corporation, body corporate, or body politic; [Sec. 301.7701 — 2(b)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs.]
(2) Wholly owned entities. — (i) In general. — A business entity that has a single owner and is not a corporation under paragraph (b) of this section is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner. [Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2), Proced. & Admin. Regs.]
^ # iH #
(a) In general. — A business entity that is not classified as a corporation under §301.7701-2(b)(l), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), or (8) (an eligible entity) can elect its classification for federal tax purposes as provided in this section. An eligible entity with at least two members can elect to be classified as either an association (and thus a corporation under §301.7701 — 2(b)(2)) or a partnership, and an eligible entity with a single owner can elect to be classified as an association or to be disregarded as an entity separate from its owner. Paragraph (b) of this section provides a default classification for an eligible entity that does not make an election. Thus, elections are necessary only when an eligible entity chooses to be classified initially as other than the default classification or when an eligible entity chooses to change its classification. * * *
(b) Classification of eligible entities that do not file an election. — (1) Domestic eligible entities. — Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, unless the entity elects otherwise, a domestic eligible entity is—
(i) A partnership if it has two or more members; or
(ii) Disregarded as an entity separate from its owner if it has a single owner.
[Sec. 301.7701-3(a) and (b)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs.]
For employment taxes related to wages paid on or after January 1, 2009, a disregarded entity is treated as a corporation for purposes of employment tax reporting and liability. Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2)(iv), Proced. & Admin. Regs., T.D. 9356, 2007-2 C.B. 675.
Petitioner’s position is that the LLC was the employer liable for the taxes in issue and that so-called check-the-box regulations under which the IRS pursues collection against Britton are invalid. Petitioner contends that the amended regulations, which reverse the effect of regulations applicable to the periods in issue here, show that the prior regulations were unreasonable. Each of petitioner’s contentions in this regard, however, has been consistently rejected by other courts.
In Littriello v. United States, 484 F.3d 372 (6th Cir. 2007), the Court of Appeals upheld the check-the-box regulations in the context of employment tax liabilities of a single-member LLC. After reviewing the history of the regulations and their purpose in filling gaps left in the definitions of entities set out in section 7701, the Court of Appeals analyzed the regulations under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). The Court of Appeals rejected arguments that the Chevron test had been modified by subsequent Supreme Court cases; the argument that the LLC’s separate existence under State law had to be recognized; and the argument that the amendments to the regulations that had been proposed as of the time of Littriello’s litigation should reflect then-current Treasury Department policy and be applied to that case.
In McNamee v. Dept. of the Treasury, 488 F.3d 100 (2d Cir. 2007), the Court of Appeals considered almost identical arguments and reached the same result. The court stated:
In light of the emergence of limited liability companies and their hybrid nature, and the continuing silence of the Code on the proper tax treatment of such companies in the decade since the present regulations became effective, we cannot conclude that the above Treasury Regulations, providing a flexible response to a novel business form, are arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable. The current regulations allow the single-owner limited liability company to choose whether to be treated as an “association” — i.e., a corporation — or to be disregarded as' a separate entity. If such an LLC elects to be treated as a corporation, its owner avoids the liabilities that would fall upon him if the LLC were disregarded; but he is subject to double taxation — once at the corporate level and once at the individual shareholder level. If the LLC chooses not to be treated as a corporation, either by affirmative election or by default, its owner will be liable for debts incurred by the LLC, but there will be no double taxation. The IRS check-the-box regulations, allowing the single-owner LLC to make the choice, are therefore eminently reasonable. Accord Littriello, 484 F.3d 372, 376-79. [Id. at 109.]
Other courts that have addressed the specific issue before us have followed Littriello and McNamee. See Stearn & Co., LLC v. United States, 499 F. Supp. 2d 899 (E.D. Mich. 2007); Kandi v. United States, 97 AFTR 2d 721, 2006-1 ustc par. 50,231 (W.D. Wash. 2006), affd. 295 Fed. Appx. 873 (9th Cir. 2008).
Petitioner asserts that in Dover Corp. & Subs. v. Commissioner, 122 T.C. 324, 331 n.7 (2004), this Court “intimated, sua sponte” that the check-the-box regulations were invalid. The Court, however, specifically declined to give an opinion on the validity of the regulations, because neither party had raised the issue, and mentioned only that commentators had speculated on the subject. Moreover, Dover Corp. did not involve employment tax liability of a single-member LLC. Petitioner also cites People Place Auto Hand Carwash, LLC v. Commissioner, 126 T.C. 359 (2006), which involved employment tax liability of an LLC with more than one member. None of the cases petitioner cites speaks to the subject here.
Petitioner has not even addressed the authorities directly in point. She has given us no reason to reach a different result, and we have found none. She has not contested the underlying liabilities. We have considered her other contentions, but they are irrelevant or lack merit.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered for respondent.