McMillan v. County of Shasta

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 JAMES I. MCMILLAN, No. 2:20-cv-00564-JAM-JDP 11 Plaintiff, 12 v. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO DISMISS 13 COUNTY OF SHASTA, a public entity, et. al., 14 Defendants. 15 16 James I. McMillan (“Plaintiff”) brings this Section 1983 17 action pro per against the County of Shasta, the City of 18 Anderson, the Anderson Fire Protection District, Fire Chief Steve 19 Lowe, Anderson Police Officer Kameron Lee, Shasta County Sheriff- 20 Coroner Thomas Bosenko, County Jail Captain Dave Kent, California 21 Forensic Medical Group Inc., and Jail Nurses Linda Smith and 22 Amanda Ream (“Defendants”). See Third Amended Complaint (“TAC”) 23 at 2-3, ECF No. 43. 24 Before the Court are two motions to dismiss.1 Mot. to 25 Dismiss by the Anderson Fire Protection District and Fire Chief 26

27 1 These motions were determined to be suitable for decision without oral argument. E.D. Cal. L.R. 230(g). The hearings 28 were scheduled for August 10, 2021. 1 Steve Lowe (“Fire Defendants”) (hereinafter the “Fire Mot.”), ECF 2 No. 45; Mot. to Dismiss by the City of Anderson and Anderson 3 Police Officer Kameron Lee (“City Defendants”) (hereinafter the 4 “City Mot.”), ECF No. 46. Plaintiff opposed both motions. Opp’n 5 to Fire Mot. (“Fire Opp’n”), ECF No. 50; Opp’n to City Mot. 6 (“City Opp’n”), ECF No. 51. Defendants replied. Reply by City 7 Defendants (“City Reply”), ECF No. 52; Reply by Fire Defendants 8 (“Fire Reply”), ECF No. 53. 9 After consideration of the parties’ briefing and relevant 10 legal authority, the Court GRANTS both motions to dismiss. 11 12 I. BACKGROUND 13 The parties are familiar with the factual background of this 14 case—it is set forth extensively in the operative complaint, the 15 parties’ briefings, and the Court’s prior order. See Order 16 Granting Mots. to Dismiss (“Prior Order”) at 1-4, ECF No. 38. 17 The Court does not restate those allegations here. 18 On February 2, 2021, the Court granted Fire Defendants’ and 19 City Defendants’ motions to dismiss. See generally Prior Order. 20 On May 1, 2021, Plaintiff filed a 51-page third amended complaint 21 with sixteen causes of action. See TAC. Fire Defendants and 22 City Defendants again move to dismiss all claims against them. 23 See Fire Mot.; City Mot. 24 25 II. OPINION 26 A. Request for Judicial Notice 27 Plaintiff requests the Court take judicial notice of three 28 exhibits, namely documents from the court files in his Shasta 1 County Superior Court criminal case. See Pl.’s Req. for Jud. 2 Notice (“RFJN”) at 3, ECF No. 50-1. 3 All of the above exhibits are matters of public record and 4 therefore proper subjects of judicial notice. See Lee v. City 5 of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001). Accordingly, 6 the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s request for judicial notice. 7 However, the Court takes judicial notice only of the existence 8 of these documents and declines to take judicial notice of their 9 substance, including any disputed or irrelevant facts within 10 them. Lee, 250 F.3d at 690. 11 B. Legal Standard 12 A Rule 12(b)(6) motion challenges the complaint as not 13 alleging sufficient facts to state a claim for relief. See Fed. 14 R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismiss [under 15 12(b)(6)], a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 16 accepted as true, to state a claim for relief that is plausible 17 on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 18 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). While 19 “detailed factual allegations” are unnecessary, the complaint 20 must allege more than “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of 21 a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.” 22 Id. In considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a 23 claim, the court generally accepts as true the allegations in 24 the complaint, construes the pleading in the light most 25 favorable to the party opposing the motion, and resolves all 26 doubts in the pleader’s favor. Lazy Y Ranch LTD. v. Behrens, 27 546 F.3d 580, 588 (9th Cir. 2008). 28 /// 1 C. Analysis 2 1. Fire Defendants’ Motion 3 Fire Defendants move to dismiss all claims against Chief 4 Lowe and the Anderson Fire Protection District, contending that 5 none of the factual allegations involving Lowe or the Anderson 6 firefighters provide a basis for liability. Fire Mot. at 5-14. 7 The Court agrees. 8 The only factual, non-conclusory allegations as to Lowe and 9 the Anderson firefighters are as follows: On the evening of 10 March 7, 2019, firefighters arrived at Plaintiff’s home after 11 receiving a call about a fire at the property. TAC ¶ 7. The 12 firefighters “demanded” to inspect the area surrounding the 13 house, and Plaintiff reluctantly agreed. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Shortly 14 after, Chief Lowe arrived and asked Plaintiff to provide his 15 name, age, and driver’s license. Id. ¶¶ 11-12. Plaintiff 16 refused to provide his driver’s license, stating he was not 17 required to because he was not operating a vehicle. Id. ¶ 12. 18 Chief Lowe then prepared a citation for violations of Health & 19 Safety Code Section 42400.2(c) and Penal Code Section 148(A)(1). 20 Id. ¶ 15. Plaintiff refused to sign the Notice to Appear. Id. 21 ¶ 16. Following Plaintiff’s refusal to sign the Notice to 22 Appear, Plaintiff was arrested. Id. After Plaintiff was placed 23 in the police cruiser by Officer Lee, Chief Lowe walked over and 24 asked in a “tormenting tone” if Plaintiff was willing to sign 25 the citation. Id. ¶¶ 20,32. Plaintiff also claims Fire Chief 26 Lowe fabricated evidence in his state court criminal case. Id. 27 ¶¶ 73-77. 28 /// 1 Taking these allegations as true and drawing all inferences 2 in Plaintiff’s favor, these allegations do not amount to 3 sufficient “factual content that allows the [C]ourt to draw the 4 reasonable inference that defendant is liable for the misconduct 5 alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Simply put, Plaintiff still 6 has not pled any legally actionable conduct by the Fire 7 Defendants. 8 Beginning with Plaintiff’s first claim for relief captioned 9 “Fourth Amendment- Seizure, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, 10 Deliberate Indifference”2, see TAC at 21-24, the allegations 11 above do not support this excessive force claim against Chief 12 Lowe. There are no factual allegations that Chief Lowe actively 13 participated in arresting, handcuffing, or searching Plaintiff’s 14 body. See TAC. Indeed, there is no allegation that Chief Lowe 15 touched Plaintiff whatsoever. Id. Rather, Plaintiff seeks to 16 hold Chief Lowe liable as an “integral participant” under Boyd 17 v. Benton County, 374 F.3d 773 (9th Cir.2004). Id. ¶ 89. But 18 no facts support Plaintiff’s conclusory allegation that Chief 19 Lowe was an “integral participant.” See Fire Mot. at 8-10; Fire 20 Reply at 5-6. Rather, the allegations indicate Chief Lowe was a 21 “mere bystander,” for which the Boyd Court clearly instructed 22 liability cannot attach. Boyd, 374 F.3d at 780 (explaining that 23 2 In so captioning, Plaintiff appears to ignore the Court’s prior 24 holding that: “Plaintiff does not have a cognizable claim for cruel and unusual punishment or deliberate indifference under 25 either the Eighth or Fourteenth Amendments because Plaintiff was neither a convicted prisoner nor a pre-trial detainee during his 26 interactions with Officer Kameron Lee. Accordingly, the Court’s analysis. . . is limited to excessive force claims under the 27 Fourth Amendment.” Prior Order at 13 (internal citations omitted). Thus, notwithstanding Plaintiff’s caption, the Court 28 limits its analysis to the Fourth Amendment claims. 1 liability cannot attach to “’a mere bystander’ who had no role 2 in the unlawful conduct’” and requiring “‘integral 3 participation’ by each officer as a predicate to liability.”) 4 Because Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged that Chief Lowe 5 was an integral participant, his Fourth Amendment claim is 6 dismissed. Further, the Court finds it appropriate to dismiss 7 this claim with prejudice. See Gompper v. VISX, Inc., 298 F.3d 8 893, 898 (9th Cir. 2002) (finding leave to amend need not be 9 granted when amendment would be futile). As Plaintiff has 10 already amended his complaint three times, any further amendment 11 would be futile. See Zucco Partners, LLC v. Digimarc Corp, 552 12 F.3d 981, 1007 (9th Cir. 2009) (noting that where the plaintiff 13 has previously been granted leave to amend and subsequently 14 failed to cure deficiencies the district court’s discretion to 15 deny leave to amend is particularly broad). 16 Turning next to Plaintiff’s fifth claim for relief under 17 Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658 18 (1978) (hereinafter “Monell”) against the Anderson Fire 19 Protection District, see TAC at 28-37, the limited factual 20 allegations set forth above also do not support this claim. To 21 properly state a Monell claim, allegations in a complaint “may 22 not simply recite the elements of a cause of action but must 23 contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give fair 24 notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself 25 effectively.” AE ex rel. Hernandez v. Cty. of Tulare, 666 F.3d 26 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal citations omitted). Here, as 27 in the SAC, Plaintiff’s allegations do not support his Monell 28 claims against the Anderson Fire Protection District. See Prior 1 Order at 15-16 (explaining why Plaintiff’s allegations did not 2 suffice to state a Monell claim). Any further amendment would 3 be futile. Accordingly, his Monell claims against the Anderson 4 Fire Protection District are dismissed with prejudice. See 5 Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 1007. 6 Finally, the limited factual allegations involving the Fire 7 Defendants do not support any of Plaintiff’s state law claims 8 against Chief Lowe or the Anderson Fire Protection District. 9 Plaintiff’s seventh claim for relief is for false arrest by 10 Chief Lowe. TAC ¶¶ 158-166. But no facts support Plaintiff’s 11 conclusory allegation that Chief Lowe arrested him. Id. ¶ 164. 12 For instance, Plaintiff does not allege Chief Lowe participated 13 in handcuffing him, escorting him to the police cruiser, getting 14 him into the police cruiser, or transporting him in the police 15 cruiser. Rather, Plaintiff alleges Officer Lee took those 16 specific actions. Id. ¶¶ 17-36. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s 17 seventh claim is dismissed. 18 Likewise, Plaintiff’s eighth claim for enhanced elder 19 abuse, id. ¶¶ 167-175, his tenth claim for violation of the Bane 20 Act, id. ¶¶ 182-199, his eleventh claim for negligence per se, 21 id. ¶¶ 200-208, and his twelfth claim for negligence, id. 22 ¶¶ 209-212, are dismissed because they are factually 23 unsupported.3 See TAC; see also Fire Mot. at 12-13. As any 24 further amendment would be futile, all of Plaintiff’s state law 25 claims are dismissed with prejudice. See Zucco Partners, 552 26 3 Because these claims are factually unsupported and dismissed on 27 that ground, the Court need not address the additional legal barriers to these claims raised by the Fire Defendants. See Fire 28 Mot. at 12-13. 1 F.3d at 1007. 2 This analysis is not altered by Plaintiff’s presentment of 3 new evidence – evidence not alleged in the TAC, but rather 4 presented in Plaintiff’s request for judicial notice filed with 5 his opposition brief – that his criminal conviction has been 6 vacated. See Ex. B to Pl.’s RFJN. Even if Plaintiff were 7 correct that this update in his state criminal case means the 8 Heck bar no longer applies, see Prior Order at 8-12, the factual 9 deficiencies with the TAC remain and warrant dismissal. Iqbal, 10 556 U.S. at 678. 11 In sum, Plaintiff has amended his complaint multiple times 12 yet still has not pled any legally actionable conduct by the 13 Fire Defendants. Accordingly, Fire Defendants’ motion to 14 dismiss is GRANTED and these Defendants are dismissed from the 15 case with prejudice. 16 2. City Defendants’ Motion 17 City Defendants move to dismiss all claims against Officer 18 Lee and the City of Anderson. City Mot. at 5-13. 19 As a threshold matter, Plaintiff’s fifteenth claim for 20 assault and sixteenth claim for battery by a peace officer are 21 dismissed because the Court did not grant Plaintiffs leave to 22 add these claims. See City Mot. at 12; see also Jameson Beach 23 Prop. Owners Ass’n v. U.S., No. 2:13-cv-01025-MCE-AC, 2014 WL 24 4925253, at *3-4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2014) (“whether a district 25 court will accept new claims and/or parties in an amended 26 complaint after a motion to dismiss will depend on whether the 27 plaintiff was granted leave to amend with or without limitation 28 . . . when the language of an order clearly states that a 1 plaintiff may only amend to address certain deficiencies 2 identified in the order, courts have held that a plaintiff is 3 barred from adding new claims or parties.”) Here, the Court’s 4 prior order did not grant Plaintiff leave to add new claims. 5 See Prior Order. Nor did Plaintiff seek leave to do so. 6 Plaintiff is therefore barred from adding these new claims. See 7 Jameson Beach, 2014 WL 4925253 at *4. 8 Turning to Plaintiff’s first claim for “Fourth Amendment – 9 Seizure, Cruel and Unusual Punishment, Deliberate Indifference”4, 10 Plaintiff added only two new factual allegations: (1) that 11 Officer Lee “did not upright [Plaintiff] before driving,” and (2) 12 that Officer Lee “did not place a seatbelt on [Plaintiff] before 13 driving.” TAC ¶ 33. These new allegations still do not state a 14 valid excessive force claim. The Court previously explained that 15 Plaintiff’s allegations “indicate only a reasonable use of force, 16 the kind of force to be expected during an arrest” and thus did 17 not plausibly state a claim that Officer Lee’s use of force was 18 unreasonable. Prior Order at 13-14. Plaintiff’s two additional 19 allegations do not alter the Court’s prior analysis because the 20 failure to “upright” Plaintiff and failure to “seatbelt” him are, 21 like his previous allegations, de minimis. Indeed, as City 22 Defendants emphasize, these two allegations do not even involve 23 physical contact. City Mot. at 6-7. Nor does Plaintiff cite to 24 any authority supporting the idea that failure to seatbelt or to 25 upright an arrestee plausibly states an excessive force claim.

26 4 As explained in footnote 2, Plaintiff’s caption ignores the Court’s prior holding that he does not have cognizable claims for 27 cruel and unusual punishment or deliberate indifference under either the Eighth or Fourteenth Amendments. Prior Order at 13. 28 Accordingly, the Court analyzes only his Fourth Amendment claims. 1 See City Opp’n. Rather, he cites only to Fontana v. Haskin, 262 2 F.3d 871, 880 (9th Cir. 2001) to support his contention that 3 “when there is no need for force, any force used is 4 constitutionally unreasonable.” See City Opp’n at 5. 5 Specifically, Plaintiff argues that under Fontana there was no 6 need for Officer Lee to use any force because he is “an elderly 7 man who did not resist arrest on a non-violent, trivial offense.” 8 Id. at 7. 9 But Fontana is distinguishable. The Fontana plaintiff 10 alleged she was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving, placed in 11 the backseat of a patrol vehicle, and then “wrongfully and 12 inappropriate touched and sexually assaulted” by an officer who 13 sat in the back seat of the patrol car with her. Fontana, 262 14 F.3d at 875. The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court’s 15 dismissal of Fontana’s Fourth Amendment claim, holding, “[t]here 16 is no situation that would justify any amount of purposeful 17 sexual verbal and physical predation against a handcuffed 18 arrestee. No risk of flight nor threat to officer safety exists 19 to justify such an abuse of the one-sided power arrangement that 20 arises from a custodial arrest such as this one.” Id. at 881. 21 Plaintiff’s allegations here come nowhere close to those in 22 Fontana, thus Fontana cannot save his Fourth Amendment claims. 23 For these reasons, the Court again finds Plaintiff’s 24 allegations indicate the force used by Officer Lee was de minimis 25 and thus cannot form the basis for a constitutional claim. See 26 Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989) (“Our Fourth Amendment 27 jurisprudence has long recognized that the right to make an 28 arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the 1 right to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof 2 to effect it.”); see also Parker v. City of Los Angeles et al., 3 No. 2:15-CV-04670-SVW-JEM, 2016 WL 9153765, at *7 (C.D. Cal. June 4 22, 2016) (“a de minimis use of force is insufficient to support 5 a claim of excessive force”). Plaintiff’s first claim against 6 Officer Lee is dismissed with prejudice as further amendment 7 would be futile. See Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 1007. Because 8 the claim is dismissed on these grounds, the Court does not reach 9 City Defendants’ additional arguments regarding qualified 10 immunity. See City Mot. at 7-8; City Reply at 2-3. 11 Next, City Defendants argue Plaintiff’s allegations as to 12 his fourth claim under Monell are entirely conclusory and fail to 13 state a claim. See City Mot. at 8-9; City Reply at 3-4. The 14 Court agrees. The Court previously found Plaintiff’s allegations 15 to be “entirely conclusory” and insufficient. Prior Order at 15- 16 16. In the TAC, Plaintiff alleged three additional customs, 17 policies, or practices of the City: (1)“[A]llowing police 18 officers known to be violent remain on the Anderson police 19 force,”; (2)“[A]llowing APD officers to participate in arrests 20 based upon false statements and lies,”; and (3)“not providing 21 appropriate treatment for the elderly during investigations 22 and/or arrests.” TAC ¶ 120(c)-(e). However, to support these 23 allegations, Plaintiff provides only his own experience and a 24 citation to the first amended complaint in Knighten v. City of 25 Anderson, et al., 2:15-cv-01751-TLN-CMK, ECF No. 21(E.D. Cal. 26 April 29, 2016), which involved different allegations of excessive 27 force by a different Anderson police officer . See TAC at 28. 28 From this lone citation, Plaintiff asks the Court to infer the 1 City maintains a policy of retaining “violent” police officers. 2 But the Court does not find Plaintiff has alleged more than 3 “merely random, unconnected acts of misconduct.” Estate of Osuna 4 v. Cty. Of Stanislaus, 392 F.Supp.3d 1162, 1174 (E.D. Cal. 2019). 5 The law requires that an unwritten policy or custom must be so 6 “persistent and widespread” that it constitutes a “permanent and 7 well settled” practice. Monell, 436 U.S. at 691; see also 8 Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Liability 9 for improper custom may not be predicated on isolated or sporadic 10 incidents; it must be founded upon practices of sufficient 11 duration, frequency and consistency that the conduct has become a 12 traditional method of carrying out policy.”). As City Defendants 13 argue, “Plaintiff’s citation to a single, factually dissimilar 14 case from 2016 is thus insufficient to state a Monell claim.” 15 City Mot. at 9. 16 Plaintiff counters that he has provided “multiple specific 17 policies and/or customs” supporting a Monell claim and that he 18 can “further define and expand this list” of alleged customs and 19 policies during discovery. City Opp’n at 8-9. But this argument 20 overlooks the well-settled rule that “facts are still required at 21 the pleading stage.” City Reply at 4 (citing to Via v. City of 22 Fairfield, 833 F.Supp.2d 1189, 1196 (E.D. Cal. June 13, 2011) 23 (“Although plaintiff may benefit from discovery, the Supreme 24 Court has made it clear that threadbare allegations are 25 insufficient to ‘unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff 26 armed with nothing more than conclusions.’”). 27 In sum, Plaintiff has failed to support his Monell claims 28 against the City with sufficient facts. His three new 1 allegations in the TAC are inadequate to salvage these claims. 2 Accordingly, these claims are dismissed with prejudice. See 3 Zucco Partners, 552 F.3d at 1007. 4 Finally, City Defendants argue Plaintiff’s remaining state 5 law claims should be dismissed. See City Mot. at 9-13; City 6 Reply at 4. As to his eighth claim for enhanced elder abuse, 7 Plaintiff did not plead any action by Officer Lee from which the 8 Court can plausibly infer physical abuse that is “reckless, 9 oppressive, fraudulent, or malicious” as required by Section 10 1567 of the California Welfare and Institutions Code. City Mot. 11 at 9-11. Rather as explained above and in the Court’s prior 12 order, see Prior Order at 14, the allegations indicate Officer 13 Lee used a de minimis amount of force, the kind of force to be 14 expected during an arrest. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. 15 City Defendants’ cited authority, Cochrum v. Costa Victoria 16 Healthcare, LLC, 25 Cal.App.5th 1034, 1046 (2018), illustrates 17 how Plaintiff’s allegations fall short here. City Mot. at 10. 18 In Cochrum, the court set forth examples of “conduct sufficiently 19 egregious” to state an enhanced elder abuse claim, including a 20 case in which “a nursing facility failed to provide an elderly 21 man suffering from Parkinson’s disease with sufficient food and 22 water and necessary medication . . . left him unattended and 23 unassisted for long periods of time . . . left him in his own 24 excrement so that ulcers exposing muscle and bone became infected 25 . . . [and] misrepresented and failed to inform his children of 26 his true condition.” 25 Cal.App.5th at 1046. Those facts are 27 oceans apart from what Plaintiff has alleged here. Accordingly, 28 Plaintiff’s eighth claim is dismissed. —— mm EE INE III IQ IIE IRIE IIIS INO INO IIE IOI IIE OS INGE IEE

1 As to his tenth claim for violation of the Bane Act, 2 Plaintiff fails to plausibly plead any underlying constitutional 3 violation. See M.H. v. Cnty. of Alameda, No. 11-CV-02868 JST, 90 4 F.Supp.3d 889, 896 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 18, 2013) (explaining that an 5 | underlying constitutional violation is required to state a Bane 6 | Act claim). Lastly, as to his eleventh claim for negligence per 7 se and his twelfth claim for negligence, Plaintiff’s allegations 8 simply do not provide a sufficient factual basis for these 9 claims. See City Mot. at 11-12; City Reply at 4. Further as to 10 the eleventh claim, Plaintiff did not plead a specific statute 11 establishing the duty or standard of care. See City Mot. at □□□ 12 12 (citing to Elsner v. Uveges, 34 Cal. 4th 915, 928 (2004)). 13 In sum, despite having had four opportunities to plead 14 factually supported claims against City Defendants, Plaintiff has 15 failed to do so. Further amendment would be futile. 16 | Accordingly, City Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED and 17 these Defendants are dismissed from the case with prejudice. 18 19 Til. ORDER 20 For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS WITH 21 PREJUDICE Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss. 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 Dated: October 25, 2021 24 kA 25 Geren aaa pebrsacr 00k 26 27 28 14