Gray, J.
By the Gen. Sts. c. 144, § 1, “ every person imprisoned or restrained of his liberty, except in the cases mentioned in the following section,” (all of which are of persons held under judicial conviction or process,) “ may, as of right and of course, prosecute a writ of habeas corpus, according to the provisions of this chapter, to obtain relief from such imprisonment or restraint, if it proves to be unlawful.” The person in whose custody the prisoner is foimd is required to make a full statement or return in writing, to the court or justice before whom the writ is returnable, of the authority and cause of the imprisonment or restraint, and at the same time to bring in the body of the prisoner. §§ 12-14. The prisoner may deny any of the facts set forth in such return or statement, and may allege any other material facts; and the court or judge is bound “ to proceed in a summary way to examine the causes of imprisonment or restraint, hear "the evidence produced by any person interested or authorized to appear, both in support of such imprisonment or against it, and thereupon to dispose of the party as law and justice may require,” and, if no legal cause is shown for the imprisonment or restraint, to discharge him therefrom. §§ 18, 28.
The jurisdiction of the state courts to discharge upon writ of habeas corpus minors illegally enlisted into the army of the United States is too well settled, by the concurrent opinions of the highest judicial authorities that have had occasion to pass upon it, and by a practice of more than half a century in accordance therewith, to be now disavowed, unless in obedience to an express act of congress, or to a direct adjudication of the supreme court of the United States.
[161]*161The intrinsic importance of the question, and the ability and thoroughness with which it has been argued at the bar, have induced us to recur once more to the leading decisions upon this subject.
The earliest case reported is Busted’s ease, 1 Johns. Cas. 186, in 1799, in which an application to the supreme court of Hew York for a writ of habeas corpus to bring up a man detained in custody by a captain in the army of the United States, who claimed him as enlisted under the authority of the United States, was denied, against the opinions of Lansing, C. J., and Lewis, J., by the three other judges; but it appears by the report that “ Rad-cliff, J., and Kent, J., were of opinion that the application ought to be refused on the ground that, if the facts stated were returned on the habeas corpus, it would be conclusive against his discharge; ” and Benson, J., was the only judge who was of opinion that the court had no jurisdiction in the case. In Ferguson’s case, 9 Johns. 239, in the same court in 1812, Chief Justice Kent indeed expressed an opinion that the state courts had no jurisdiction to discharge a person illegally enlisted; but his associates, including Mr. Justice Thompson, (afterwards chief justice of Hew York and a justice of the supreme court of the United States,) distinctly avoided the expression of any opinion upon that question, and as a matter of discretion refused to grant the writ, and left the petitioner to apply to the federal courts for relief. As Chief Justice Kent afterwards said in his Commentaries, “ the supreme court did not decide the question, and the motion was denied on other grounds ; but subsequently, in the matter of Stacy, 10 Johns. 328,” within the same year (in which he himself delivered the unanimous judgment of the court,) “ the same court exercised a jurisdiction in a similar case, by allowing and enforcing obedience to the, writ of habeas corpus. The question was therefore settled in favor of a concurrent jurisdiction in that case.” 1 Kent Com. (6th ed.) 401. The same court again affirmed the jurisdiction m 1827 in Carlton’s case, 7 Cowen, 471; and assumed it as unquestioned in United States v. Wyngall, 5 Hill, 16, while Judge Nelson (since a justice of the supreme court of the United States) was chief justice of that court. And in Barlow’s case, 8 West-[162]*162em Law Journal, 567, in 1850, Mr. Justice Woodruff' (since appointed one of the circuit judges of the United States) said that since the decision in Stacy’s case the jurisdiction had been constantly exercised in that state, “ so constantly, indeed, that the revival of the objection at this day was the cause of some surprise.”
In Pennsylvania and in Massachusetts the like jurisdiction was well established as long ago as 1813 or 1814, and has since been repeatedly asserted in published opinions of the full bench of the supreme court and in many unreported cases before single justices thereof sitting in chambers or at nisi prius. Lockington’s case, 5 Hall’s Law Journal, 92, 301; S. C. Brightly, 269. Commonwealth v. Callan, 6 Binn. 255. Commonwealth v. Camac, 1 S. & R. 87. Commonwealth v. Fox, 7 Penn. State, 336. Commonwealth v. Wright, 3 Grant, 437. Commonwealth v. Harrison, 11 Mass. 63. Commonwealth v. Cushing, Ib. 67. Commonwealth v. Downes, 24 Pick. 227. Kimball’s case, 9 Law Reporter, 500. Sims’s case, 7 Cush. 285, 309. Sanborn v. Carleton, 15 Gray, 399. And it has been sustained by the decisions and practice of the courts of last resort in other states. Ex parte Mason, 1 Murphy, 336. State v. Dimick, 12 N. H. 194. Lanahan v. Birge, 30. Conn. 438. Disinger’s case, 12 Ohio State, 256. Higgins’s case, 16 Wisc. 351.
The earliest reported judgments of the supreme courts of New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, sitting in banc, in the eases of Stacy, Loehington and Harrison, above cited, derive additional weight from having been rendered upon full consideration and independently of each other.
The reasons in support of this jurisdiction are so clearly and strongly set forth by Chief Justice Tilghman of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, and by Mr. Justice Jackson of this court, in two of'the earliest cases, that we deem it unnecessary to add anything to their arguments. The facts that neither of them is printed in any book of reports in common use, and that the jurisdiction has been long treated as so well established that its groimds are not fully stated in any of the later cases, justify us in quoting from them at some length.
[163]*163Lochington’s ease was that of a man held by a marshal of the United' States under the authority of the President, as an alien enemy. Upon a suggestion made in the return of the marshal, that a state judge had no authority to issue a writ of habeas corpus in such a case, Chief Justice Tilghman expressed himself as follows:
“ It is to be observed that the authority of the state judges, in cases of habeas corpus, emanates from the several states, and not from the United States. In order to destroy their jurisdiction, therefore, it is necessary to show, not that the United States have given them jurisdiction, but that congress possess, and have exercised, the power of taking away that jurisdiction which the states have vested in their own judges. Our act of assembly directs that in all cases, 6 where any person, not being committed or detained for any criminal or supposed criminal matter, shall be confined or restrained of his liberty, under any color or pretence whatsoever,’ he shall be entitled to a writ of habeas corpus. Now, it is no answer to this law, to say that, being made before the present Constitution of the United States was established, it could not be intended to apply to cases arising under the Constitution. The people of Pennsylvania still remain citizens of the Commonwealth, as well as of the United States; and it is of as much importance to them to be relieved from unlawful imprisonment under color derived from the United States, as from any other imprisonment. When file present Federal Constitution was adopted, the people were not easy until they had obtained an amendment declaring that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, were reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. A writ of habeas corpus must therefore be issued, in all cases where the right to issue it has not been given up to the United States.”
“ But that is not all. It is a principle well established, that, even in cases where congress might assume an exclusive jurisdiction, the authority of the state remains until such a jurisdiction is assumed. There are many instances in which the powers of the United States are suffered to lie dormant; such as the power >f establishing uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, and' [164]*164while the power remains dormant, the several states regulate the subject. In subjects also within the jurisdiction of congress, when they do legislate, the authority of the states is taken away only so far as the law of the United States declares. This is exemplified in the act establishing the judicial courts of the United States, where it will be found that in some instances the courts of the United States are vested with an exclusive jurisdiction, but in many more they have jurisdiction concurrent with the courts of the several states. And although it is true that by the terms of the act the courts of the United States have only a concurrent jurisdiction, yet I apprehend the construction would have been the same if the express terms had been omitted. By the fourteenth section of the same act, power is given to the judges of the United States to grant writs of habeas corpus for the 6 purpose of an inquiry into the cause of commitment; provided that they shall in no case extend to prisoners in jail, unless where they are in custody under, or by color of, the authority of the United States, or committed for trial before some court of the same, or are necessary to be brought into court to testify.’ Now, if it had been intended to exclude the state judges, this is the place in which we might expect to find evidence of such intention; for the subject was full in the mind of the legislature, as appears by the care with which they restrained their own judges from interfering with commitments not under the authority of the United States.”
“ As to an attempt to take away from the state courts altogether the right of issuing a writ of habeas corpus in any case where a man pretends to justify an imprisonment under the authority of the United States, whenever the subject shall .be brought before congress it will be found to be attended with very great, if not insuperable difficulties.” “ The inconvenience of clashing opinions between federal and state judges may sometimes be felt; but when I consider the situation of a Pennsylvanian, imprisoned unlawfully, by color of a pretended authority from the United States, on the banks of the Ohio or the shore of Lake Erie, with only one federal judge to whom he can apply, and that judge in the city of Philadelphia, I feel as little incli[165]*165nation, as I have right, to surrender the authority of the Commonwealth,” 5 Hall’s Law Journal, 94 f seq.; Brightly, 273 # seq.
In the case of Lewis, which was of the enlistment of a minor, Mr. Justice Jackson, after referring to jFerguson’s ease, 9 Johns. 239, said : “ It appears from that case, that the law of New York differs in one respect at least from the law of this state, inasmuch as the writ of habeas corpus there may be granted or refused in the discretion of the court; whereas it is here declared by our statute to be ‘a writ of right, to which the citizens of this Commonwealth are, by the Constitution and law of the land, at all times entitled, to obtain relief from every wrongful imprisonment or unlawful restraint of personal liberty.’ St. 1784, c. 72. The right thus solemnly declared and secured would be defeated, if the court on the return of the writ should refuse to examine the causes alleged in justification of the imprisonment. Indeed the very question raised in this case could not occur, until the court had so far examined the return as to see that the party was held at least under color of the authority of the United States. And can it be supposed that a mere color of authority, which perhaps on examination would appear to be wholly mistaken or unfounded, is sufficient to deprive a citizen of his personal liberty ? Supposing the laws for raising this army had been repealed, or that this soldier had been regularly discharged, and that the officer, from ignorance of the fact or from some less excusable motive, still detained the man under his command; must this court remand the prisoner and leave him in such unlawful restraint, merely because his oppressor thinks proper to allege that he is acting under the authority of the United States ? The Constitution of the United States, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, are the supreme laws of the land, and have the same force and effect in this court as in the courts of the United States. Suppose, then, that the law under which this man is enlisted had expressly prohibited the enlistment under any circumstances of minors, or of any other particular description of persons; when one of that description is brought before us on habeas corpus, and is claimed as a soldier by the party who holds him, are we not authorized, nay, are we not bound, to declare that such enlistment is void ?
[166]*166“ Suppose the Constitution itself had contained a prohibition like the one here supposed, and that congress should notwithstanding pass an act for the enlisting of minors; should we not be bound to declare that such act was void, and to discharge any minor enlisted under it ? It is then evident that, in order to do our duty under the statute of this Commonwealth before referred to, we must examine the whole case, both as to law and fact. If on such examination it appear that the party is lawfully detained, whether under the authority of this state or of the United States, we must remand him. But if the person to whom the writ is directed rely for his justification on a mistaken construction of the law, or on an act which is repealed or in any other way void; or if the facts are not duly substantiated which are necessary to bring the case within an existing law; it is our duty to discharge the prisoner, although the officer should pretend, or really believe, that he was proceeding lawfully under the authority of the United States.” 1 Carol. Law Bepos. 49 seq.
The existence of this power in the state courts has never been denied by the supreme court of the United States, nor, so far as we are informed, by any judge of that court. In United States v. Bainbridge, 1 Mason, 71, 86, Mr. Justice Story found it unnecessary to consider how far such a jurisdiction of the state courts could reach, and simply said, “ Whenever that question shall arise, it will deserve very grave consideration.” In Stearns v. United States, 2.Paine, 300, 310, Mr. Justice Thompson spoke of the jurisdiction to discharge upon habeas corpus a prisoner held by an officer of the United States by color or under pretext of the authority of the United States, as one which might be assumed or declined by the state courts at their discretion. Mr. Justice Kelson, in a charge to the grand jury, reported in 1 Blatchf. C. C. 635, 642, defined the extent of the jurisdiction of the state courts as follows : “ It is proper to say, in order to guard against misconstruction, that I do not claim that the mere fact of the commitment or detainer of a prisoner by .an officer of the federal government bars the issuing of the writ, or the exercise of power under it. Far from that.. Those officers may be guilty of illegal restraints of the liberty of the citizen, the same as others, The [167]*167right of the state authorities to inquire into such restraints is not doubted; and it is the duty of the officer to obey the authority by making a return.” And the only case in which he declared it to be the duty of a federal officer not to give up the prisoner upon a writ of habeas corpus from a state court was “ wl en the prisoner is in fact held under process from a federal tribuna..” The opinions of Mr. Justice McLean in Norris v. Newton, 5 McLean, 92, and Mr. Justice Grier in Ex parte Jenkins, 2 Wallace, Jr. 521, were similarly limited. Nor do we understand the adjudication of the supreme court of the United States in the cases of Ableman v. Booth and United States v. Booth, 21 How. 506, as going any farther than this.
Booth was originally brought before a commissioner of the courts of the United States in Wisconsin upon a charge of having committed an offence against a law of the United States, and held to bail for his appearance before the next district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the offence, and, failing to give such bail, was committed by the commissioner to the custody of the marshal of the United States, and from such commitment was discharged on habeas corpus by the supreme court of the state. He was afterwards, in the district court of the United States, indicted, tried, convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for the offence, and was again discharged from this imprisonment by the supreme court of the state. In each instance, the imprisonment, from which he was discharged, was under a commitment upon judicial process of the United States, in the first case to compel him to stand his trial, and in the second to punish him after he had been found guilty. It is to such imprisonment only, that is to say, imprisonment upon judicial process of the United States, that the judgments of the supreme court, upon writs of error, reversing, the judgments of the supreme court of the state, could apply; for no question arose in either of those cases, of the effect, as against a writ of habeas corpus from a state court, of the detention of a citizen by a mere executive officer, civil or military, of the United States, without color of judicial process or proceeding of any kind. Such was the whole effect attributed to that decision, after full consideration, and an inclination of opinion expressed in favor [168]*168of the concurrent jurisdiction of the state courts to discharge minors illegally enlisted, "by Mr. Justice Dillon (now one of the circuit judges of the United States) in Anderson’s case, 16 Iowa, 595, and by Mr. Stanbery as attorney general of the United States in (rormley’s case, 12 Opinions of Attorneys General, 258. And Mr. Bates as attorney general gave an opinion to the same effect. 10 Ib. 146. The same line of distinction is preserved in our own statute of 1861, c. 91, § 3, which declares that “nothing contained in the statutes of this Commonwealth shall be construed to authorize the taking of any1 person by writ of habeas corpus out of the custody of the United States marshal or his deputy, holding him by legal and sufficient process, issued by any court or magistrate of competent jurisdiction; provided, however, that this shall not affect the authority of the supreme judicial court or its justices, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitutions of the United States and of this Commonwealth, to investigate and determine upon the validity and legal effect of any process which may be relied on to defeat the writ, or any other matter properly arising.”
Neither of the three remaining cases, cited by the learned counsel for the respondent, of which authentic reports have been furnished us, in which opinions adverse to the jurisdiction of the state courts in cases like the present have been expressed in the highest court of any state, required a decision upon the general question. The weight of Spangler’s case, 11 Mich. 298, as a judicial precedent, it is not easy to estimate; for no authorities except Ableman v. Booth were cited by either of the judges, and, while the chief justice and one of his associates expressed opinions that the court had no jurisdiction and that the writ of habeas corpus (should be dismissed, the third judge limited his concurrence with them upon the question of jurisdiction to the facts of the case, this judge and the remaining member of the court, as well as the chief justice, expressed opinions that upon those facts, which each of them discussed at length, the prisoner was lawfully held by the military officer, and the judgment of the court was that the prisoner be remanded to his custody. Kneedler v. Lane, 45 Penn. State, 238, was a bill in equity, brought during the sus* [169]*169pension of the writ of habeas corpus in the recent civil war, by a man drafted under the act of congress of 1863, c. 75, and was decided upon the ground that that act was constitutional; and Justices Strong and Agnew, who, together with Mr. Justice Reed, made up the majority of the court upon the final decision, did not concur with his obiter dicta on pp. 293, 301 f seq., (cited by this respondent,) but cautiously refrained from expressing any opinion upon the general question of jurisdiction, pp. 295, 323. In the eases of Willis & Armistead, 38 Alab. 429, 458, the majority of the supreme court of Alabama, differing from the chief justice, expressed an opinion in favor of their jurisdiction to discharge on habeas corpus a conscript who was not liable to enrolment on account of his age or other like exemption, and remanded the prisoner to the custody of the military' officer upon distinct grounds.
The other cases cited on either side .at the argument were decided by district judges of the United States, or by single judges or lower courts of the states, and it would be superfluous to refer to them in detail, because, in view of the many higher authorities upon the subject, they can have no controlling influence upon our decision on the general question.
It was argued for the respondent, that the acts of congress of 1864, cc. 13, 237, authorizing and directing the secretary of war to discharge minors under the age of eighteen, enlisted without the consent of their parents or guardians, took away by implication all power of any court to discharge on habeas corpus an enlisted person upon account of his minority; and in support of this argument several decisions in Hew York were referred to. But in Massachusetts it has been uniformly held otherwise, by the judges of this court, as well as of the federal courts; and the reasons have been well stated by Judge Lowell: “It has always been the right and the duty of the war department to discharge persons illegally enlisted.” “ While the privilege of this writ was suspended, as it was when these acts were passed, this was he only remedy, and it still is often the most convenient; but it would be contrary to all precedent to oust the jurisdiction of the courts, in a matter involving the liberty of the citizen, by a [170]*170mere implication from the fact that the legislature has given the appropriate executive departments power to act in the premises, and that during a war, when there was, for the time, no other remedy.” In re McDonald, 1 Lowell, 100,106. See also, in addition to cases there cited, Barlow's case, 8 Western Law Journal, 567 ; Gormley's case, 12 Opinions of Attorneys General, 258, 266.
The act of congress of 1867, c. 28, providing that the courts and judges of the United States “ shall have power to grant writs of habeas corpus in all cases where any person may be restrained of his or her liberty in violation of the Constitution or of any treaty or law of the United States,” can no more impair or restrict the inherent jurisdiction of the courts of the several states, than the authority to issue writs of habeas corpus, conferred by the original judiciary act of 1789, c. 20, which was in force at the time of all the decisions to which we have referred.
In the light of those decisions, and of the reasons on which they are founded, we cannot avoid the conclusion that the justice of this court, before whom John McConologue was originally brought by writ of habeas corpus, had jurisdiction to inquire into the causes of his detention by Captain Wheaton, and, if they were found insufficient, to discharge him.
A minor’s contract of enlistment is indeed voidable only and not void, and if, before a writ of habeas corpus is sued out to avoid it, he is arrested on charges for desertion, he should not be released by the court while proceedings for his trial by the military authorities are pending. Dew's case, 25 Law Reporter, 538. Tyler v. Pomeroy, 8 Allen, 480, 501. Commonwealth v. Gamble, 11 S. & R. 93. And it was argued that the fact that the petitioner had been registered and ordered into custody as a deserter before the suing out of the first writ of habeas corpus should be allowed the same effect.
But the decision upon that writ, after notice and full hearing, discharging him from the custody of Captain Wheaton, was an adjudication that he was not liable to be held as an enlisted soldier, and a conclusive determination of all questions of law and fact necessarily involved in that result. Any facts, which the respondent deemed material upon that issue should have been [171]*171proved at that hearing, and any ruling in matter of law with which he was dissatisfied should have been then reserved. The judicial discharge of a prisoner upon habeas corpus conclusively settles that he was not liable to be held in custody upon the then existing state of facts. Ex parte Milburn, 9 Pet. 704, 710. Mercein v. People, 25 Wend. 64, and 3 Hill, 399. Nelson, C. J., in Spalding v. People, 7 Hill, 301, 304. Betty's ease, before Shaw, C. J. 20 Law Reporter, 455. Gen. Sts. c. 144, § 29. Neither the effect of his having been previously registered and ordered into custody as a deserter, nor either of the other questions, discussed at the bar— whether his oath that he was of age should be deemed conclusive upon that point, or whether a minor more than eighteen years old could be lawfully enlisted without the consent of his parent or guardian—is therefore now open for our consideration.
The respondent having appeared and been heard in opposition to the first writ, his omission to file the formal return in writing required by the Gen. Sts. e. 14.4, § 12, cannot affect the conclusiveness of the adjudication thereon.
Nor is it material that the petition for the first writ was made by the prisoner’s father, and that for the present writ by himself. An application for a writ of habeas corpus may be made either by the person imprisoned or by any one in his behalf, and a father or guardian may always sue out a writ of habeas corpus for his minor child or ward. Gen. Sts. c. 144, § 4. Commonwealth v. Harrison, 11 Mass. 63. Commonwealth v. Downes, 24 Pick. 227. United States v. Anderson, Cooke (Tenn.) 143. Neither the form of the writ, nor the effect of the discharge, is varied by the name in which the petition is presented.
The judgment upon the first writ, therefore, was a valid and conclusive adjudication that the status of the minor, at the time of rendering that judgment, was that of a citizen and not a soldier. Such being the case, he could not be subject to subsequent arrest or trial by a military officer or court. Stacy's case, 10 Johns. 328. Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193, 209. Ex parte Mil ligan, 4 Wallace, 2. And there is no proof of any new proceeding since commenced against him as a deserter. The despatch of [172]*172the secretary of war, a copy of which is annexed to the return, does not purport to be an order to arrest him as a step in such a proceeding, but simply “ directs that he be arrested wherever found, and sent out of the state of Massachusetts.” It is not an order to hold him for trial before a military court, but to take him out of the jurisdiction and beyond the reach of any civil court, state or federal, held within this Commonwealth.
Prisoner discharged.
At December term 1871 of the supreme court of the United States it wag decided (the chief justice dissenting) that a state court had no authority to discharge upon writ of habeas corpus a minor even under eighteen years of age, held by an officer of the United States army under an enlistment made with out the consent of his parent or guardian. Tarble’s case, 13 Wallace, 397 The practice in this Commonwealth has since conformed to that decision.