Mr. Justice Chambliss
delivered the opinion of the Court.
It is .sought by this suit to enforce specific performance of an oral two year option, given by William W. Faw to M. T. McArthur, without consideration, in January 1941, for the purchase of stock in the John Sevier Hotel Corporation of Johnson City, upon the charge that the option was bindingly accepted by the tender and receipt of the .stipulated price. It was insisted for the seller, among other defenses, that the option agreement was subject to certain material conditions which were never complied with. The chancellor deniéd relief on several grounds and dismissed the suit. The court of appeals reversed, apparently taking the view that the conditions were substantially met by or on behalf of the proposed purchaser, before the expiration of an extended time limit, or a withdrawal of the offer, and that the right to enforcement of the option contract thereupon accrued, and likewise overruling the chancellor as to other defenses relied on, entered a decree. We granted
certiorari.
Giving full recognition to the evidence set forth in the opinion of the court of appeals touching preceding conversations and oral negotiations between the parties, beginning early in 1941, as to the offer of sale by Faw to McArthur of an interest in stock Faw then purchased in the hotel company, it is clear that, prior to February 10, 1943, when McArthur remitted to Fa;w his check for $16,000, no- enforceable contract had arisen obligating Faw to sell to McArthur the stock. That is to say, had Faw promptly returned this check and expressed his refusal to sell to McArthur, this would have concluded the matter. This is recognized in McArthur’s previous letter of January 29,1943, suggesting a written contract, etc. And McArthur testifies he had written Faw in September, 1942, after advice from his attorneys that his verbal op
tion was enforceable for several reasons, that lie knew Faw was not legally obligated to carry out Ms verbal option agreement. It was at this time that McArtliur first offered to bind Mmself. He bad waited nearly two years, free to buy or not as conditions might prove to dictate, while Faw was taking the chances of success or failure of the enterprise.
The first question for consideration, therefore, is: Did the receipt by Faw of this check and his retention thereof constitute, as argued for McArthur, a binding acceptance on his part, giving rise to a contract enforceable in equity?
Immediately upon receipt of the check Faw wrote from his home in .Gainesville, Georgia, a letter addressed to his attorney, Guy S. Chase, in Johnson City, and at the same time wrote McArthur and sent a copy thereof to him. Faw did not cash the check, but forwarded it immediately to his attorneys with instructions to hold it pending the “working out” of a definite agreement with McArthur covering several mentioned material conditions and the preparation of a written contract of sale and purchase to be executed by McArthur and himself. It thus appears that, if receipt and retention of this check was an acceptance at all, it was conditional only. In view of its indicated importance, this letter follows, the italics being inserted:
“February 13, 1943.
“Hon. Guy S. Chase,
“Johnson.City, Tennessee. '
“Dear Judge:
“It being impossible for me to get to Johnson City at this time, I want you to handle a transaction between Mr. M. T. McArthur and myself, involving stock in the John Sevier Hotel Corporation.
“Of that stock I own 306% preferred and 463- 3/10 common shares, pins one share common, recorded in the name of H. D. Gump. and 9/10. share. common recorded in the name .of C. H. Brown.
“When I bought this stock two years ago, part from H. D. dump and part from Sam Sells, Mr. McArthur owned 43 4/5 preferred and 40 shares common. He has since acquired as agreed additional shares for our joint account, at prices and in numbers of which he will advise and which are to be taken into account in an equalization of shares between us.
“At the time I bought this stock Mr. McArthur and I had an understanding that
under certain conditions
he would have an option for .two years from that date to buy from me a sufficient number of my shares to make us own an equal number of each class of shares, taking into consideration any shares which either of us may have acquired in the meantime.
“This price of the stock so optioned to Mr. McArthur is $100.00 a share for the preferred and $35.00 a share for the common, with 3% yearly interest on the common from the time I purchased it until the option might be taken up by Mr. McArthur.
“This sale by me and-the purchase by Mr. McArthur
is conditional
on our each having a continuous and everlasting option on all of the other’s stock in case either should die, should want to sell or be forced to sell any or all of his shares. This option price being $100.00 a share for the preferred and $35.00 a share for the common, plus
3°/o
yearly interest on the common from the date this presently contemplated sale is made, with two years to pay after this option might be exercised. A further consideration being that if either of us exercise any opportunity to buy additional shares they .will be bought for
our joint account if we both so elect -and will thereafter be subject to the conditions of this joint option.
“Our object is to devise a plan whereby we will always have an equal interest in the corporation and
to safeguard our holdings
in such a way that the stock can never get out of our hands. Neither of us want to ever get in the position of having to bid for his stock in an open market to retain control of the corporation.
“At.the present time I do not own actually fifty-one percent of the stock, but do own enough to give me a practical working control. I am willing to share this with Mr. McArthur,
but only under contractual assurance
that it will never get out of our hands. I think that is the same assurance Mr. McArthur wants and that is what I want you to provide for us.
“Based on the information I have given you and as it may be supplemented by Mr. McArthur, I want you to work out this agreement since
he wishes
to exercise his option and buy a sufficient amount of my stock so that we will own an equal amount. He has sent me a cashier’s check for $16,000.00 and you and he can determine what balance might be due.
“When this has been done,
place in escrow his cashier’s check for the balance and sufficient stock certificates of mine
until a satisfactory and safe agreement has been arrived at.
You might also better place along with them the $16',000.00 check which I will mail to you Monday with my stock certificates.
“Just how you will arrive at what we want accomplished I do not know. It may be that we should both place all our stock in the, hands of a trustee who will hold it indefinitely. Should either of us be free to encumber our portion of the stock at will, it would certainly make an option inoperative and of little assurance.
“Please keep me advised of your progress and when you are ready I may then he able to get up there. I have, been so short handed here that I am closer tied down than I have been for the past eight years.
“I will send you my „stock certificates and the check Monday. I will want to register them and the Post Office is closed at this hour.
‘ ‘ Yery truly yours,
“William W. Faw
“P. S. I have sent Mr. McArthur a copy of this letter and have asked him to go into this right away, since the essence of an option is promptness.”
• The opinion of the court of appeals states the facts of the case with the clearness and accuracy characteristic of the learned writer, and we have no quarrel with its statement of general legal principles. However, it is touching these “conditions”' of Faw’s proposal, their nature and relevant importance, and whether or not complied with, that we find ourselves in disagreement with the learned court of appeals.
Faw sets forth in this letter of February 13th, above quoted, said by the court of appeals to be the first binding basis of contract, two major conditions, (1) that an arrangement must be arrived at by which each of the parties would have “contractual assurance” of the optional right to purchase the stock of the other in the event of either a. voluntary, or forced sale, before or after death and good against creditors, and (2) at the fixed price of $35 for common stock and $100 for preferred.
It will be seen that this letter of instructions from Faw to his attorney (copy going to McArthur) states with unusual clearness and much emphasis what these conditions are and their determinative importance. It appears from a statement in this letter-that Faw’s original pro
posal to'sell to MoArth.nr was subject to these conditions and the court of appeals finds this to be sustained by the weight of the proof. So that, insistence upon these conditions was nothing newly injected into the negotiations by. Paw in an effort to evade and avoid performance of an oral agreement he had made. The financial difficulties McArthur is shown in the record to have experienced, and his then financial condition, justified the caution Paw showed and his insistence upon protection in case of McArthur’s death or insolvency.
Promptly upon receipt of Paw’s letter of instructions, his attorney, Chase, and his partner, Neel, did two things, (1) entered into negotiations with McArthur to secure his approval of the terms and conditions set out in Paw’s letter and (2) began an investigation into the legal question whether or not the parties could so contract as to assure the option rights of each other against the creditors of the other, and thus afford that “contractual assurance” desired.
They found McArthur in full accord as to these “conditions,” except with respect to the provision for a fixed price for the stock if and when sold under this continuing mutual option. As to this he strongly contended over several months for a basic price to be determined by the book value at the time of sale. Faw held to his demand for a fixed price. Quite apparently their minds had never met on this issue. Finally, finding Paw still insistent, McArthur yielded this controverted point and his attorneys so notified Paw’s attorneys, but not until July 23, 1943, at the same time presenting a written contract which,
in the opinion of McArthur’s attorneys,
but not concurred in by Paw’s attorneys, provided the “contractual assurance” desired by both parties for the con-
tinning mntnal option to purchase the stock of the other, good- as against creditors of either.- .
Now, we understand the court of appeals to concede that up to the submission to his attorneys of this draft of a contract, Paw had -the right to withdraw his offer. This Paw claims to have done and his attorneys testify that they had so notified Judge SimmoNds, who had been retained on July 17th by McArthur to represent him in the negotiations, in an interview between these attorneys, on July 21, 1943. As to this there appears to be a sharp conflict in recollection ■ between the respective counsel, Chase and Neel, testifying that they so notified Judge SimmoNds, attorney for McArthur, on this occasion, and he testifying to the contrary. The court of appeals does not appear to have definitely resolved this issue of fact, apparently giving determinative significance on this point to the fact that the check was not returned to McArthur until several days later, while, meanwhile, Judge ¡Sim-moNds had presented to Chase and.Neel (on July 23d) his draft of a contract, above mentioned, in which it was offered by McArthur to meet the condition contended for by Paw of a fixed price on the stock.
While we are inclined to the view that the exact date of the return of the check is not of controlling importance, if the weight of the evidence is that Paw had withdrawn his offer and his counsel had so notified Judge SimmoNds before the presentation of the contract in which McArthur abandoned his contention for an option price based on book value, we find it unnecessary to discuss this phase of the case further, in view of our conclusion as to the decisive importance of another issue to be now considered.
With due deference to the apparently contrary conclusion of the learned court of appeals, we are of
opinion that the condition for “contractual assurance” that the mutual continuing option of purchase should be good against the claims of creditors was (1) an absolute and essential condition, and that (2) this condition was not met, and that on this determinative issue Faw acted in good faith; that he had a clear right to exact compliance with this condition, and having consistently and steadfastly done so, no enforceable contract arose affording a basis for a decree for specific performance. Not only did Faw have a right to rely and act upon the view and advice of legal counsel on this involved and somewhat legal question, having referred the matter to them in his letter of February 13th and thus indicated his purpose to do so, but we are of opinion that the attorneys, whose professional obligation it was to advise Mr. Faw, could not, with any degree of safety, have advised him that either the plan submitted to them by the legal representative of Mr. McArthur, or any other open to them, would have afforded protection to the parties against the intervening rights of creditors in the possible event of insolvency. If for no other reason, this is so because it is apparent that such a protective plan against the claims of future creditors would contravene the Uniform Fraudulent Conveyances Law, our Code, Section 7277, reading as follows: “Conveyance made with intent to defraud. — Every conveyance made and every obligation incurred with actual intent, as distinguished from intent presumed in law, to hinder, delay, or defraud, either present or future creditors, is fraudulent as to both present and future creditors.”
Construing this code provision we recently said, in
M.
&
N. Freight Lines
v.
Kimbel Lines, Inc.,
180 Tenn. 1, at page 4, 170 S. W. (2d) 186: “In applying this statute it is necessary only to find an actual intent to hinder and
delay present or future creditors. . . . It is sufficient .. . . if it appears that the purpose, motive or intent was to hinder and delay. It need not appear that there was an intention ultimately to defraud.”
Now it could never be denied that a material and declared purpose of the agreement or plan was to secure and maintain indefinitely a preference in favor of each party as against future creditors of the other; each party to enjoy the income from his investment without interference by his creditors, so long as the parties thus mutually interested might elect to continue the arrangement. Meanwhile, creditors are blocked, hindered and delayed, and, in the event of bankruptcy of either party, the other would have the right to take over the stock of the other at a fixed price of $35' and $100 per share, respectively, without regard to what greatly increased value this asset of the insolvent might then have.
The opinion in the case above cited discusses this statute fully and cites many authorities for the holding, much in point here, thus expressed in
24
Am. Jur., Fraudulent Conveyances, Sec. 11, p. 170: “If, however, the intention to hinder and delay creditors is not only present in the mind of the debtor, but is also the object and constitutes a part of the cause for the execution of the conveyance, the transaction is void. Furthermore, this intention need not be the debtor’s primary, active, controlling purpose; it is enough if it is one of the purposes which was entertained, either directly or as incidental to a more active purpose.”
That the purpose was to protect against creditors is made very plain in the letter of Judge SimmoNds of July 23d transmitting his proposed draft of a contract. We quote, italicizing certain language: “After discussing the matter with you gentlemen and getting your idea and
the ideas of Mr. Faw, we have drafted a contract which in onr opinion meets the conditions mentioned in Mr. Faw’s letter of February 13th, and gives Mr. Faw and Mr. McArthur an option on the stock of each, and meets the objection which you gentlemen raised
that the rights of creditors might intervene to defeat the option.
"Where the stock is deposited with a trustee and a lien declared thereon in order to guarantee the performance by the proposed seller of his option to the proposed buyer, and a beneficial interest created in the stock, there is no doubt in our minds that
the option is good against the claims of creditors or anyone else.”
Judge Simmonds' opinion was apparently influenced, as suggested elsewhere in his letter, by his conception that the relationship between Faw and McArthur was that of a partnership, a view which the court of appeals rejected, in the following language, in which we concur: “We find the evidence insufficient to support either the theory of a joint enterprise, or partnership relation, or to charge defendant as trustee. It is true the stock was purchased in furtherance of the common purpose of the parties to gain control of the corporation, but neither had any proprietary interest in the stock purchased by the other or control over purchases made by the other. A further reason for this conclusion is that there was no reciprocal sharing in the profits and losses of stock purchased.
Memphis Natural Gas Co.
v.
Pope et al.,
178 Tenn. 580, 161 S. W. (2d) 211.”
In point on the principle involved is the decision in
Dunlop
v.
Baker et al.,
4 Cir., 1916, 239 F. 193, 198, 199, where rights of an option holder are discussed as against creditors of optionor in bankruptcy. The holding was without reference to the Fraudulent Conveyance Law, the case having been decided in 1916, before its enact
ment, and no purpose to defeat or delay creditors appeared. Nevertheless, the court said: “Finally, we think these conclusions may be stated as evident: Before the petition in bankrupty, Dunlop had an option on the land, good and enforceable against Baker. After the filing-of the petition in bankruptcy, the right of Dunlop became subordinate to the superior lien of the trustees, to the extent of the bankrupt’s debts and the costs of the proceedings. When Dunlop filed his petition to be allowed to exercise his option, and to protect it by paying into court, not only the option price, but a sum which, together with the price, would satisfy the debts and costs, equity required that he be allowed to pay in the money and to have a conveyance of the property.. As holder of a claim to the property subordinate to the lien in favor of the trustees for the benefit, of creditors, under a familiar equity rule, he had the right to be subrogated to the rights of the trustees and creditors upon payment of all debts and costs.”
Again, from yet another point of view, the plan for providing “contractual assurance” against creditors outlined in the form of contract submitted by counsel for McArthur appears to be vulnerable. It called for placing in trust the stock embraced in the continuing option, thus to insure the desired right to each of the parties to acquire at any future time the holdings of the other at a fixed price, whatever might be its actual value at that time. By this pooling of the stock a sort of Siamese twins reciprocal trust would be created by which the stock of both parties would be indefinitely protected from creditors of either. Would we not have here a form of ‘ ‘ spendthrift”, in which the several trustors would be the beneficiaries?' Each would enjoy unlimited protection from the claims of his creditors by virtue of this trust to which
each had contributed. Would not this be a violation, in principle, of the well-settled limitation upon the doctrine of spendthrift trusts that the trustor may not be his own beneficiary? In
Memken Co.
v.
Brinkley,
94 Tenn. 721, 731, 31 S. W. 92, 95, the Court.said: “It is a general rule that all property to which a debtor has a right may be subjected to his debts, unless the state shall seek to exempt a portion of it.
Hawkins
v.
Pearce,
11 Humph. 44, [30 Tenn. 44].” A headnote to- this case (prepared by the Court) reads: “The case of
Jourolmon v. Massengill,
86 Tenn. 81, 5 S. W. 719, determining that, under the act of 1832 (Code, Section 4283), one person may convey property in trust for the benefit of another, and so limit and restrict it as to exempt it from the debts of the beneficiary thereafter created, does not authorize the creation of such a trust by a person for his own benefit.”
Without discussion of other questions, being satisfied that it was within the contemplation of the parties, and a material condition of the option, that provision should be made for a continuing option on the stock of each party in favor of the other by contract valid as against creditors of the other, and that, despite good faith efforts, no such contract has been devised, we are constrained to reverse the decree of the court of appeals and dismiss the bill. •