Mr. Justice Baker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Frank Maynard, the plaintiff in error, was indicted in the circuit court of Whiteside county for the crime of perjury, and upon trial was convicted, and sentenced to the penitentiary for a term of two years. The charge in the indictment was, that on the 26th day of August, 1889, at the hearing before the police magistrate of the city of Sterling of a certain bastardy proceeding, he was sworn and examined as a witness, and feloniously, willfully, corruptly and falsely testified, in substance, that he never had sexual intercourse with Margaret Nillen, the complainant in. said proceeding, and that he did not have sexual intercourse with her at any time in the year 1889, nor within either six, four or three months previous to such examination.
It is urged that the motion interposed by plaintiff in error to quash the indictment should have prevailed; that the police magistrate must have had jurisdiction in the bastardy case, or no perjury could be assigned; that the indictment neither alleges that he had jurisdiction, nor states facts from which the court can see that he had jurisdiction, and that it is therefore fatally defective. All that there is in said indictment that is material to the question now under consideration, are the averments “that on the twenty-sixth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine, at the city of Sterling and in said county, a certain complaint, in due form of law, against Frank Maynard, for bastardy, before then duly made by Margaret Nillen, was duly depending before John M. Goltman, then and there a police magistrate in and for the city of Sterling, and then and there the matter of said complaint duly came on to be heard, in the presence of said Frank Maynard, before said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, and then and there, upon the said hearing of the matter of said complaint, in the presence of the said Frank Maynard, before said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, said Frank Maynard appeared as a witness, and was then and there duly sworn as a witness therein by said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, and examined on said hearing touching the matter of said complaint, the said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, then and there having full power and authority to administer the said oath to the said Frank Maynard in that behalf.”
The Criminal Code provides: “In every indictment for perjury or subornation of perjury, it shall be sufficient to set forth the substance of the offense charged upon the defendant, and before what court or authority the oath or affirmation was taken, averring such court or authority to have had full power to administer the same, together with the proper averments to falsify the matter wherein the perjury is assigned, without setting forth any part of the records or proceedings, either in law or equity, other than as aforesaid, and without setting forth the commission or authority of the court or other authority before whom the perjury was committed, or the form of the oath or affirmation, or the manner of administering the same.” (Rev. Stat. 1874, chap. 38, sec. 227.) This statute is, substantially, the first and second sections of Stat. 23 Geo. II, c. 11,
There is no perjury in false testimony given under the sanction of an oath, unless such oath is administered by some one having legal authority, and the case, proceeding or matter in respect to which it is administered must be one of which the tribunal or magistrate has jurisdiction. 2 Bishop on Crim. Law, (5th ed.) sec. 1020. Jurisdiction being an element without which there can be no perjury, it must appear with certainty, from the indictment, that "there was jurisdiction; but this may be done either by direct averment that there was jurisdiction, or by the statement of facts from which the court can see that there was jurisdiction. Here the allegation is, “the said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, then and there having full power and authority to administer the said oath to the said Frank Maynard in that behalf.” The doctrine as stated by Bishop is, that jurisdiction and authority to administer the oath must be expressly averred in the indictment, or, in the absence of such express averment, such facts must be set out as to make them judicially appear, and that the two things thus stated are alternative ones, and that the indictment is good if it contains either, and that it need not contain both. 2 Bishop on Crim. Proc. (2d ed.) sec. 914. From the allegation in the indictment before us, that the police magistrate “then and there had full power and authority to administer the said oath to the said Frank Maynard in that behalf,” it follows, by necessary implication, that the proceeding in which such oath was administered was one over which said police magistrate had jurisdiction. There is some conflict in the authorities in respect to the point in question, but the decided weight of authority is in favor of the proposition that the averment of competent authority to administer the oath is sufficient to show jurisdiction. Rex v. Calaman, 6 B. & C. 102; Lacey v. Regina, 2 Den. C. C. 504; 7 Eng. L. and Eq. 404; Regina v. Lawler, 6 Cox C. C. 187; People v. Phelps, 5 Wend. 9; Halleck v. State, 11 Ohio, 400; State v. Newton, 1 G. Greene, 160; State v. Cunningham, 66 Iowa, 97; State v. Ammons, 3 Mun. 126; State v. Hough, 6 Ired. 3; State v. Davis, 69 N. C. 495; People v. Kelley, 59 Cal. 272; People v. Ah Bean, 77 id. 12; State v. Keel, 54 Mo. 187; Commonwealth v. Hughes, 5 Allen, 501; Commonwealth v. Hatfield, 107 Mass. 229; Commonwealth v. Butland, 119 id. 320.
The conclusion we have reached is not inconsistent with the decision of this court in Pankey v. People, 1 Scam. 80, for there, although it was alleged in the indictment that the foreman of the grand jury had “lawful authority to administer the oath in that behalf,” yet the facts to show jurisdiction were specifically alleged therein, and conclusively demonstrated the want of jurisdiction.
It is also urged, that from the allegation that the police magistrate had authority to administer the oath, the most that can be said is, that an inference may be drawn that he had jurisdiction of the case, but that this would not be good pleading, even in a civil case. It is a sufficient answer to this claim to say, that in Baysinger v. People, 115 Ill. 419, which was a criminal case, wherein the defendant was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary, it was expressly held, that it is a principle of 'pleading that whatever is included in or is necessarily implied from an express allegation need not be otherwise averred, and that an allegation in an indictment of the detention of a record from the office to which it belongs, necessarily implies a detention of it from the officer or lawful custodian of the same.
It is insisted that the indictment is insufficient, in that it does not state the substance of the offense, as is required by the section of the statute that we have quoted above. The claim is, that the averment that “a certain complaint, in due form of law, against Frank Maynard, for bastardy, before then duly made by Margaret Filien, was duly depending,” shows that the charge then and there pending against Maynard was his being a' bastard.
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Mr. Justice Baker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
Frank Maynard, the plaintiff in error, was indicted in the circuit court of Whiteside county for the crime of perjury, and upon trial was convicted, and sentenced to the penitentiary for a term of two years. The charge in the indictment was, that on the 26th day of August, 1889, at the hearing before the police magistrate of the city of Sterling of a certain bastardy proceeding, he was sworn and examined as a witness, and feloniously, willfully, corruptly and falsely testified, in substance, that he never had sexual intercourse with Margaret Nillen, the complainant in. said proceeding, and that he did not have sexual intercourse with her at any time in the year 1889, nor within either six, four or three months previous to such examination.
It is urged that the motion interposed by plaintiff in error to quash the indictment should have prevailed; that the police magistrate must have had jurisdiction in the bastardy case, or no perjury could be assigned; that the indictment neither alleges that he had jurisdiction, nor states facts from which the court can see that he had jurisdiction, and that it is therefore fatally defective. All that there is in said indictment that is material to the question now under consideration, are the averments “that on the twenty-sixth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine, at the city of Sterling and in said county, a certain complaint, in due form of law, against Frank Maynard, for bastardy, before then duly made by Margaret Nillen, was duly depending before John M. Goltman, then and there a police magistrate in and for the city of Sterling, and then and there the matter of said complaint duly came on to be heard, in the presence of said Frank Maynard, before said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, and then and there, upon the said hearing of the matter of said complaint, in the presence of the said Frank Maynard, before said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, said Frank Maynard appeared as a witness, and was then and there duly sworn as a witness therein by said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, and examined on said hearing touching the matter of said complaint, the said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, then and there having full power and authority to administer the said oath to the said Frank Maynard in that behalf.”
The Criminal Code provides: “In every indictment for perjury or subornation of perjury, it shall be sufficient to set forth the substance of the offense charged upon the defendant, and before what court or authority the oath or affirmation was taken, averring such court or authority to have had full power to administer the same, together with the proper averments to falsify the matter wherein the perjury is assigned, without setting forth any part of the records or proceedings, either in law or equity, other than as aforesaid, and without setting forth the commission or authority of the court or other authority before whom the perjury was committed, or the form of the oath or affirmation, or the manner of administering the same.” (Rev. Stat. 1874, chap. 38, sec. 227.) This statute is, substantially, the first and second sections of Stat. 23 Geo. II, c. 11,
There is no perjury in false testimony given under the sanction of an oath, unless such oath is administered by some one having legal authority, and the case, proceeding or matter in respect to which it is administered must be one of which the tribunal or magistrate has jurisdiction. 2 Bishop on Crim. Law, (5th ed.) sec. 1020. Jurisdiction being an element without which there can be no perjury, it must appear with certainty, from the indictment, that "there was jurisdiction; but this may be done either by direct averment that there was jurisdiction, or by the statement of facts from which the court can see that there was jurisdiction. Here the allegation is, “the said John M. Goltman, as such police magistrate, then and there having full power and authority to administer the said oath to the said Frank Maynard in that behalf.” The doctrine as stated by Bishop is, that jurisdiction and authority to administer the oath must be expressly averred in the indictment, or, in the absence of such express averment, such facts must be set out as to make them judicially appear, and that the two things thus stated are alternative ones, and that the indictment is good if it contains either, and that it need not contain both. 2 Bishop on Crim. Proc. (2d ed.) sec. 914. From the allegation in the indictment before us, that the police magistrate “then and there had full power and authority to administer the said oath to the said Frank Maynard in that behalf,” it follows, by necessary implication, that the proceeding in which such oath was administered was one over which said police magistrate had jurisdiction. There is some conflict in the authorities in respect to the point in question, but the decided weight of authority is in favor of the proposition that the averment of competent authority to administer the oath is sufficient to show jurisdiction. Rex v. Calaman, 6 B. & C. 102; Lacey v. Regina, 2 Den. C. C. 504; 7 Eng. L. and Eq. 404; Regina v. Lawler, 6 Cox C. C. 187; People v. Phelps, 5 Wend. 9; Halleck v. State, 11 Ohio, 400; State v. Newton, 1 G. Greene, 160; State v. Cunningham, 66 Iowa, 97; State v. Ammons, 3 Mun. 126; State v. Hough, 6 Ired. 3; State v. Davis, 69 N. C. 495; People v. Kelley, 59 Cal. 272; People v. Ah Bean, 77 id. 12; State v. Keel, 54 Mo. 187; Commonwealth v. Hughes, 5 Allen, 501; Commonwealth v. Hatfield, 107 Mass. 229; Commonwealth v. Butland, 119 id. 320.
The conclusion we have reached is not inconsistent with the decision of this court in Pankey v. People, 1 Scam. 80, for there, although it was alleged in the indictment that the foreman of the grand jury had “lawful authority to administer the oath in that behalf,” yet the facts to show jurisdiction were specifically alleged therein, and conclusively demonstrated the want of jurisdiction.
It is also urged, that from the allegation that the police magistrate had authority to administer the oath, the most that can be said is, that an inference may be drawn that he had jurisdiction of the case, but that this would not be good pleading, even in a civil case. It is a sufficient answer to this claim to say, that in Baysinger v. People, 115 Ill. 419, which was a criminal case, wherein the defendant was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment in the penitentiary, it was expressly held, that it is a principle of 'pleading that whatever is included in or is necessarily implied from an express allegation need not be otherwise averred, and that an allegation in an indictment of the detention of a record from the office to which it belongs, necessarily implies a detention of it from the officer or lawful custodian of the same.
It is insisted that the indictment is insufficient, in that it does not state the substance of the offense, as is required by the section of the statute that we have quoted above. The claim is, that the averment that “a certain complaint, in due form of law, against Frank Maynard, for bastardy, before then duly made by Margaret Filien, was duly depending,” shows that the charge then and there pending against Maynard was his being a' bastard. It is suggested in that behalf, that bastardy is defined by lexicographers and in the law dictionaries as meaning, “a state of being a bastard,” and that at all events the language of the indictment is susceptible of two meanings, and that the pleading must be construed most strongly against the pleader.
The expression, a “complaint for bastardy,” must receive a reasonable and natural interpretation. The courts will take notice that the law does not recognize “being a bastard” either as an offense against the State or as a violation of any private or personal right of any citizen, and.to give the words the signification intimated would involve an absurdity. On the other hand, there have been in force in this State ever since the year 1827, statutes making provision for proceedings against the putative fathers of bastard children, for the purpose of compelling them to contribute towards the support, maintenanee and education of such children. (Rev. Laws 1833, p. 334; Rev. Stat. 1845, p. 85; Rev. Stat. 1874, p. 183.) In the act of 1827 the expressions, “charge of bastardy,” “issue of bastardy,” and other like expressions, are found, which were continued in the revision of 1833. The title of chapter-16 of the Revised Statutes of 1845 was “Bastardy,” and the title of the act of 1872 (Rev. Stat. 1874, chap. 17,) is, “An act concerning bastardy, ” and the entire scope of both of said statutes was the institution and enforcement of proceedings against the reputed father of a bastard child, and the expressions, “charge of bastardy,” “issue of bastardy,” and the like, are found in both of said statutes. Moreover, the expressions, “offense of bastardy,” “complaint for bastardy,” “charge of bastardy,” “bastardy warrant,” “bastardy proceeding,” “prosecution for bastardy,” “bastardy case” and “bastardy bond,” are found in very numerous reported decisions of the highest courts of the State, and always used and applied with reference to proceedings under the public statutes of the State against putative fathers of bastard children. And we are satisfied from the examinations which we have "made, that the same and similar expressions have been used by the courts of most, and probably all, of the States of the Union, and always as designating or referring to statutory proceedings of like character against putative fathers of supposed bastard children. So there can be no doubt but that the words “complaint for bastardy,” found in the indictment under consideration, meant a proceeding under the Bastardy act against the supposed father of a bastard child, and could not reasonably have been understood otherwise either by the courts, the jury, the defendant in such proceeding, or any one else. We think the motion to quash the indictment was properly denied.
It is claimed that the complaint which was made by Margaret Nillen before the justice of the peace, from whom a change of venue was taken to the police magistrate, was insufficient to confer jurisdiction, and that therefore it was error in the circuit court, upon the trial of the case now in hand, to admit said complaint in evidence over the objections of plaintiff in error. Said complaint was as follows:
“State of Illinois, )
Whiteside County. ) ss.
“The complaint of Margaret Nillen, in said county, an unmarried woman, made before J. W. Alexander, one of the justices of the peace in and for said county, under oath, who says that she is now pregnant with a child, and that said child is likely to be born a bastard, and that Frank Maynard, of Sterling, in said county, is the father of said child.
Margaret Nillen.
“Taken, signed and sworn to before me, this 9th day of August, 1889. J. W. Alexander, J. P.”
Section 1 of the Bastardy act reads as follows: “When an unmarried woman, who shall be pregnant, or delivered of a child which by law would be deemed a bastard, shall make complaint to a justice of the peace of the county where she may be so pregnant or delivered or the person accused may be found, and shall accuse, under oath or affirmation, a person with being the father of such child, it shall be the duty of such justice to issue a warrant against the person so accused, and cause him to be brought forthwith before him, or, in his absence, any other justice of the peace in such county.” Section 6 of article 2 of the constitution of 1870 provides, that “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue without probable cause, supported by affidavit, particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. ”
Plaintiff in error claims that under this statute and the constitutional provision of 1870 the complaint in a bastardy proceeding must be made by the mother; that when the complaint is made while she is pregnant, she must allege therein that she is unmarried, and that she is pregnant with a child which by law would be deemed a bastard, and that she must accuse some person with being the father of such child, and that all these allegations must be in writing, and be sworn to by the mother. We fully concur in these several contentions. The complaint here in issue was insufficient to justify the issuance of a warrant. All that part of the complaint which precedes the words “who says,” etc., is a mere recital, and forms no part of that which was sworn to. (Miller v. Railroad Co. 58 Wis. 310.) The complaint did not show probable cause.
It does not follow, however, that the further contention of plaintiff in error, that perjury can not be assigned for any false testimony given by witnesses upon the hearing of said complaint, on account of the want of jurisdiction in the police magistrate to entertain such - complaint, should prevail. A prosecution under the Bastardy act is a civil and not a criminal proceeding. (Scharf v. People, 134 Ill. 240, and cases there cited.) It is therefore governed by the rules,- and is within the statutes, allowing amendments. (2 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 144; Wilbur v. Crane, 13 Pick. 284; Bailey v. Chesley, 10 Cush. 284.) It is within section 1 of the Statute of Amendments and Jeofails, which provides, “that the court in which an action is pending shall have power to permit amendments in any process, pleading or proceeding in such action, either in form or substance, for the furtherance of justice, on such terms as shall be just, at any time before judgment rendered therein.” That which is absolutely void is not amendable, but that which is voidable, merely, can be amended. From the statement in the complaint, “that said child is likely to be born a bastard,” an implication arises that the mother was an unmarried woman; but such implication is not a necessary implication, for a child born during wedlock may, under some circumstances, be a bastard. (1 Blackstone’s Com. *457.) So, also, while the same statement is not a positive and unequivocal allegation that the child, “by law, would be deemed a bastard,” such as the statute requires, yet from it an inference arises that the child would, by law, be deemed a bastard unless the mother married before its birth. In Truitt v. People, 88 Ill. 518, it was held by this court that even in a criminal prosecution, if commenced by information or by affidavit, such information or affidavit is amendable.
We understand the true doctrine to be, that although a tribunal must have jurisdiction of the cause or proceeding before perjury can be committed therein, yet that. where the defect renders the proceeding voidable, only, and not absolutely void, and such proceeding is amendable, or where the defect has been waived by the parties, there may be perjury committed. See 2 Bishop on Crim. Law, (5th ed.) sec. 1028, and authorities cited in notes. So, also, one may, if he will, and under some circumstances, waive even a right which the constitution secures to him. 1 Bishop on Crim. Law, secs. 842-850; 1 Bishop on Crim. Proc. secs. 112, 118, et seq. In the proceeding here involved, plaintiff in error elected to waive the right to quash the process or .dismiss the complaint, and to go to a hearing upon the merits, and introduced testimony. If such conduct left the record destitute of an essential part, it perhaps did not estop him from afterwards taking advantage of the defect in it, in case of a conviction therein; but, at the same time, it should be considered as a waiver of any right to claim that perjury could not be assigned upon false testimony given by him upon such hearing.
Our conclusion is, that perjury could be prosecuted for false testimony given in the bastardy proceeding, and that there was no error in the rulings of the circuit court in respect to the complaint made in said proceeding.
The indictment charges that the perjury was committed on August 26, 1889. It appears from the record that plaintiff in error was sworn on that day, and examined as a witness on behalf of the People, and gave the testimony alleged to be false, and that on the next day, without being again sworn, he testified in his own behalf. The admission in evidence of his denial on the 27th, of sexual intercourse, is assigned as ■error. Proof of such denial on the 27th, and after the introduction of proof of what he testified to on the 26th, was inadmissible as proof of a substantive crime. But we think such "testimony was probably admissible, he not having been again sworn, for the purpose of showing that he did not, in his subsequent testimony, explain or qualify his testimony given in the first instance. The subsequent testimony was permitted to go to the jury upon the express ground it was admitted for the purpose of showing that the witness made no retraction during his examination. The court expressly instructed the jury, “that the indictment alleges the pur jury to have been ■committed on the 26th day of August, 1889, and time in that respect is material, and the jury can not find the defendant guilty for any false statement made by him at any other time.” Moreover, the fact that the defendant had sworn in denial of ■sexual intercourse by him with Margaret Nillen was not a controverted question of fact in the case. There was no reversible error in the admission of the testimony.
The circumstances relied upon as corroborative evidence of •sexual intercourse were properly allowed to go to the jury. 'The fact that such circumstances tended to prove other offenses —seduction and an attempt to produce an abortion—did not render them incompetent. The fact that they tended to prove an element in the offense charged in the indictment made them admissible. It would occupy unwarranted time and space to consider in detail the relevancy of these numerous ■circumstances. Suffice it' to say, that we regard' them as tending to prove the controverted fact of sexual intercourse.
It is urged that the trial court refused to permit plaintiff in ■error to introduce proper evidence. The material issue of fact involved in the case, as we have already seen, was, whether •or not there had been sexual intercourse between plaintiff in error and Margaret Nillen. There was an irreconcilable conilict in the evidence hearing upon that question. It was of the utmost importance, in order that the jury might arrive at a correct conclusion in .respect thereto, that they should have the benefit of every fact and circumstance legitimately calculated to throw light upon the matter. The prosecution was allowed to show, as a corroborating circumstance tending to show such intercourse, the fact that she was pregnant. She testified that she became pregnant on the Saturday night before Easter Sunday, 1889, which was equivalent to saying that her pregnancy dated from the 20th day of April of that year. One George Fridley, a witness for the defense, stated in his testimony that he first became acquainted with her the last of September or first of October, 1888, and that between the 20th of March, 1889, and the 20th of May, following, he had sexual intercourse with her -some three or four times, but could not fix the dates of such intercourse. The court refused to permit him to answer whether or not his acquaintance with her continued right along from the fall of 1888 until the 20th of March following, or whether or not he met her occasionally during each of the intervening months. We think that this . was error, and that the defense should have been allowed to show that the witness and said Nillen were on friendly and intimate terms, and frequently in the society of each other, prior to the time of the alleged intercourse. It is at least improbable that a girl would submit to the embraces of one who is a stranger or a mere casual acquaintance. The claim of illicit commerce is more reasonable and credible where it appears that the supposed participants are, and for months have been, upon terms of intimacy.
We also think it was error to refuse to allow the witness William Flynn to testify that he saw said Margaret Nillen out late at night with men and boys during the month of April, 1889. If the fact of pregnancy was a circumstance tending to prove sexual intercourse with plaintiff in error, then it follows, by parity of reason, that any circumstances tending to show that her condition was or might have been caused by sexual connection with either Fridley or with other men or boys, would have detracted greatly from the probative force of such fact of pregnancy, as tending to prove intercourse with plaintiff in error.
James Leigh, a witness for the prosecution, swore that the. plaintiff in error made certain damaging admissions to him on an. occasion when he was at the livery stable of plaintiff in error. One Oliver Bouse, a witness introduced for the defendant below, testified that he was present on that occasion, and heard all the conversation between Maynard and Leigh, and that no such statements as those sworn to by Leigh were made. It was'error to refuse to permit the witness to answer whether, if there had been any such conversation between Maynard and Leigh as that detailed, he, the witness, would have heard it.
One of the circumstances introduced in evidence against the defendant, Maynard, was the purchase by him of a corset for Margaret Nillen. The defense offered to prove by Mark Campbell that the mother of the girl sent an order to Willie Nillen, brother of the girl, who was working at the livery stable of .Maynard, requesting him to get a corset for his sister, and the boy said he was no judge of corsets, and wanted Maynard to buy it. As we understand the testimony, what passed between Maynard and the boy in regard to the corset was part of the res gestee connected with the matter of the purchase of the corset by the former, and it was therefore error to exclude the proffered testimony. The purchase of the article of clothing in question and giving it to Margaret Nillen was a circumstance which, unexplained, was likely to prejudice the case of the defendant in the minds of the jury, and his explanation of the transaction should have been permitted to go before them for their consideration.
We also think that the several questions asked Margaret .Nillen on cross-examination, and in respect to which objections .were made and sustained and exceptions taken, should have been allowed. In view of the character and circumstances of the case, a liberal latitude of cross-examination should have been given the defendant, and- especially so in regard to the testimony of the principal witness against him.
•It is claimed that there were errors in the rulings of the court upon the instructions. We find, upon examination of the record, that the instructions given by the court stated the law applicable to the case, fully, fairly and with substantial accuracy. The thirteenth instruction for the People, and a few others, were not strictly accurate, but the defects in them can readily be corrected at another trial without their being here specifically pointed out.
For the errors of the trial court in excluding from the jury competent and proper testimony offered by plaintiff in error, the judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Judgment reversed.