Mr. Chief Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
On the 29th day of August, 1885, D. H. Baysinger, the plaintiff in error, xvas tried and convicted, in the Jackson county circuit court, for a violation of the 216th section of the Criminal Code, the jury fixing the term of his confinement in the penitentiary at one year. The accused was formally sentenced in conformity with the verdict, and the present writ of error is brought to reverse that sentence.
Numerous errors are assigned in the record, some of them presenting objections of a highly technical character, and clearly not tenable. Others are of a more serious character.
It appears that the defendant had been elected to the office of supervisor of Grand Tower township, in said county, and that subsequently, by a vote of the electors of the county, township organization was abolished, and that his office as such supervisor, by operation of law, thereupon ceased; that upon his office being thus determined, the county authorities made various ineffectual efforts to get possession of the “supervisor’s book, ” being the same in which the defendant kept his accounts with the town, and which it is claimed would show him to be in arrears with the .town $107.05. These efforts having failed to secure a return of the book to the clerk of the county court, the defendant was thereupon presented to and indicted by the grand- jury, under the section of the statute above stated.
The only question about which we have had any serious doubt, is the sufficiency of the indictment. The section upon which it is founded is as follows: “If any person whose office, shall be abolished by law, * * * shall willfully and unlawfully withhold or detain from his successor, or other person entitled thereto by law, the records, papers, documents, or other articles of property appertaining or belonging to such office, * * * the person so offending shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary not less than one year nor more than five years.” This section, however, must be considered in connection with section 25, chapter 139, of the Be vised Statutes, which provides that “where township organization is discontinued in any county, the records of the several towns shall be deposited in the county clerk’s office,” etc. This section obviously imposes the duty upon all town officers who have in their possession any such records pertaining to their respective offices, to deposit them in the county clerk’s office. The 104th section of the same chapter requires a supervisor to “keep a just" and true account of the receipts and expenditures of all moneys which shall come into his hands by virtue of his office, in a book to be provided for that purpose at the expense of the town, and said book shall be delivered to his successor in office. ” From this section it is clear that the book mentioned in the indictment is one of the records of the town, and that it was the duty of the defendant, on the discontinuance of township organization, to return it to the office of the clerk of the county court. The duty to return it was imperative, and absolute, and in no sense dependent upon a demand or request from any quarter.
In the light of the several provisions of the statute above cited, we will now turn our attention to the indictment. The first count alleges, in language not to be misunderstood, the following facts, namely: That the defendant was holding the office of supervisor in and for the town of Grand Tower, etc., on the 1st day of January, 1883; that on that day his said office was abolished by law; that the defendant, so being supervisor, kept a book, which was a part of the records of the town; that he was the lawful custodian of said book, and that the same contained an account of the receipts and expenditures of all moneys which came into his hands by virtue of his office as supervisor of the town of Grand Tower, and that the defendant “did then and there, feloniously, willfully and unlawfully, withhold and detain said book from the office of the county clerk of the said county of Jackson, and State of Illinois, the said office of county clerk then and there.being the lawful depository of said book. ” A motion to quash was sustained as to the second count, and the third is substantially like the first.
The first and third counts which were sustained by the court are, in some respects, very inartificially drawn, yet on a careful consideration of them we think they severally contain all the facts essential to a good indictment under the statute. The concluding averment in the first count, which is set out in hcec verba in the above summary of what that count contains, is the one that has given us most trouble, and given rise to most serious doubts. It will be observed the statutory offence consists in the defendant willfully and unlawfully withholding or detaining a record, or other article of property, pertaining to his office, from “his successor, or other person entitled thereto by law.” The present case of course falls within the latter clause, and it will be observed that it is not expressly averred in the concluding part of the count set out in hcec verba, nor, indeed, in any other part of it, that the book in question was detained from any person. The averment is that the book was detained from the office of the county clerk. Now, to sustain the count, we must be able to say that the averment, as made, was, in legal effect, equivalent -to a direct charge that the defendant detained or withheld the book from some one; and as the court will judicially take notice that the person to whom the delivery should have been made was the clerk of the county court, the question resolves itself into this: Is the charge in the indictment, in legal effect, equivalent to a direct averment that the defendant withheld and detained the book from the county clerk? It is a principle of pleading, that whatever is included in or necessarily implied from an express allegation, need not be otherwise averred. Now, as the detention of a record from the office to which it belongs of necessity detains it from the officer or lawful custodian of the record, we have, on this principle, reached the conclusion that the averment is sufficient. This view is certainly strengthened by the language of the 25th section of chapter 139 of the statute above cited. By that it will be perceived the defendant Avas not required to deliver the book to the county clerk personally, but he was required to deposit it “in the county clerk's office.” This form of expression was doubtless used to enable parties to comply with the laAV by making the delivery to the party having charge of the office for the time being, whether it Avas the clerk himself, a deputy, or even a temporary custodian of the effects of the office. A delivery of a record to any one in apparent ■ control of the office, if made.in good.faith, would clearly exonerate the party making it from all .liability under the 216th section of the Criminal Code, and would be a strict compliance Avith the requirements of the 25th section of the Township Organization act. The averment, therefore, that the defendant withheld and detained the book from the office, not only negatives a delivery to the county clerk personally, but also a personal delivery to a deputy, or even to a third party having a temporary control of the office, and in this respect it is really more comprehensive than if the charge had been that the defendant withheld and detained the book from the county clerk.
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Mr. Chief Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
On the 29th day of August, 1885, D. H. Baysinger, the plaintiff in error, xvas tried and convicted, in the Jackson county circuit court, for a violation of the 216th section of the Criminal Code, the jury fixing the term of his confinement in the penitentiary at one year. The accused was formally sentenced in conformity with the verdict, and the present writ of error is brought to reverse that sentence.
Numerous errors are assigned in the record, some of them presenting objections of a highly technical character, and clearly not tenable. Others are of a more serious character.
It appears that the defendant had been elected to the office of supervisor of Grand Tower township, in said county, and that subsequently, by a vote of the electors of the county, township organization was abolished, and that his office as such supervisor, by operation of law, thereupon ceased; that upon his office being thus determined, the county authorities made various ineffectual efforts to get possession of the “supervisor’s book, ” being the same in which the defendant kept his accounts with the town, and which it is claimed would show him to be in arrears with the .town $107.05. These efforts having failed to secure a return of the book to the clerk of the county court, the defendant was thereupon presented to and indicted by the grand- jury, under the section of the statute above stated.
The only question about which we have had any serious doubt, is the sufficiency of the indictment. The section upon which it is founded is as follows: “If any person whose office, shall be abolished by law, * * * shall willfully and unlawfully withhold or detain from his successor, or other person entitled thereto by law, the records, papers, documents, or other articles of property appertaining or belonging to such office, * * * the person so offending shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary not less than one year nor more than five years.” This section, however, must be considered in connection with section 25, chapter 139, of the Be vised Statutes, which provides that “where township organization is discontinued in any county, the records of the several towns shall be deposited in the county clerk’s office,” etc. This section obviously imposes the duty upon all town officers who have in their possession any such records pertaining to their respective offices, to deposit them in the county clerk’s office. The 104th section of the same chapter requires a supervisor to “keep a just" and true account of the receipts and expenditures of all moneys which shall come into his hands by virtue of his office, in a book to be provided for that purpose at the expense of the town, and said book shall be delivered to his successor in office. ” From this section it is clear that the book mentioned in the indictment is one of the records of the town, and that it was the duty of the defendant, on the discontinuance of township organization, to return it to the office of the clerk of the county court. The duty to return it was imperative, and absolute, and in no sense dependent upon a demand or request from any quarter.
In the light of the several provisions of the statute above cited, we will now turn our attention to the indictment. The first count alleges, in language not to be misunderstood, the following facts, namely: That the defendant was holding the office of supervisor in and for the town of Grand Tower, etc., on the 1st day of January, 1883; that on that day his said office was abolished by law; that the defendant, so being supervisor, kept a book, which was a part of the records of the town; that he was the lawful custodian of said book, and that the same contained an account of the receipts and expenditures of all moneys which came into his hands by virtue of his office as supervisor of the town of Grand Tower, and that the defendant “did then and there, feloniously, willfully and unlawfully, withhold and detain said book from the office of the county clerk of the said county of Jackson, and State of Illinois, the said office of county clerk then and there.being the lawful depository of said book. ” A motion to quash was sustained as to the second count, and the third is substantially like the first.
The first and third counts which were sustained by the court are, in some respects, very inartificially drawn, yet on a careful consideration of them we think they severally contain all the facts essential to a good indictment under the statute. The concluding averment in the first count, which is set out in hcec verba in the above summary of what that count contains, is the one that has given us most trouble, and given rise to most serious doubts. It will be observed the statutory offence consists in the defendant willfully and unlawfully withholding or detaining a record, or other article of property, pertaining to his office, from “his successor, or other person entitled thereto by law.” The present case of course falls within the latter clause, and it will be observed that it is not expressly averred in the concluding part of the count set out in hcec verba, nor, indeed, in any other part of it, that the book in question was detained from any person. The averment is that the book was detained from the office of the county clerk. Now, to sustain the count, we must be able to say that the averment, as made, was, in legal effect, equivalent -to a direct charge that the defendant detained or withheld the book from some one; and as the court will judicially take notice that the person to whom the delivery should have been made was the clerk of the county court, the question resolves itself into this: Is the charge in the indictment, in legal effect, equivalent to a direct averment that the defendant withheld and detained the book from the county clerk? It is a principle of pleading, that whatever is included in or necessarily implied from an express allegation, need not be otherwise averred. Now, as the detention of a record from the office to which it belongs of necessity detains it from the officer or lawful custodian of the record, we have, on this principle, reached the conclusion that the averment is sufficient. This view is certainly strengthened by the language of the 25th section of chapter 139 of the statute above cited. By that it will be perceived the defendant Avas not required to deliver the book to the county clerk personally, but he was required to deposit it “in the county clerk's office.” This form of expression was doubtless used to enable parties to comply with the laAV by making the delivery to the party having charge of the office for the time being, whether it Avas the clerk himself, a deputy, or even a temporary custodian of the effects of the office. A delivery of a record to any one in apparent ■ control of the office, if made.in good.faith, would clearly exonerate the party making it from all .liability under the 216th section of the Criminal Code, and would be a strict compliance Avith the requirements of the 25th section of the Township Organization act. The averment, therefore, that the defendant withheld and detained the book from the office, not only negatives a delivery to the county clerk personally, but also a personal delivery to a deputy, or even to a third party having a temporary control of the office, and in this respect it is really more comprehensive than if the charge had been that the defendant withheld and detained the book from the county clerk.
But conceding the indictment might not be sufficient according to the strict rules of pleading as they exist at common law, Ave are of. opinion there is little, if'any, ground to doubt that it fully meets the requirements of the 40Sth section of the Criminal Code, which declares that “every indictment and accusation of a grand jury shall be deemed sufficiently technical and correct Avhicli states the offence in the terms and language of the statute creating the offence, or so plainly that the nature of the offence may be easily understood by the jury. ” Noav, that the defendant, court and jury all well understood, from the indictment, that the offence Avith which he was charged was his failure to deposit' the book in the county clerk’s office,—or, in other words, was his failure to deliver the book to the county clerk,—is too clear to admit of serious doubt. As we have already seen, to have deposited it with any one having charge of the office, would, in legal effect, have been a delivery to the clerk, hence a failure to so deposit it was a failure to deliver it to him.
It is also claimed the indictment is defective in not averring the book was demanded of the defendant, and section 93 of the Township Organization act is referred to as sustaining that view. This is clearly a misapprehension. That section, as well as the two immediately succeéding it, apply only to cases where there is a successor in office. In that case the successor is required to make a demand. Here there was no successor, and could be none, for the office was abolished. As already stated, the duty of the defendant to deliver the book to the county clerk, or to deposit it in his office, which means the same thing, was imperative and absolute, independent of a demand or request from any one. There is no law making it obligatory upon the county clerk or any one else to make a demand in such case.
It is further objected that the indictment should have shown, -by express 'averments, the manner in which the defendant’s office was abolished. There is nothing in this objection. That was matter of proof, and that the people are not in default so far as that is concerned, is fully shown by the stipulation of the parties in the record.
Complaint is also made of the instructions. We perceive no serious objection to them, nor is any pointed out. On the whole, we think they fairly laid down the law to the' jury as applicable to the ease before them.
The point is also made that the People’s attorney indulged in improper remarks in his closing address, calculated to prejudice the jury, and place the defendant at a disadvantage before them. - The remarks-, to which exceptions are taken were clearly improper, and a manifest breach of both professional and official duty; yet, under the circumstances, we do not regard them of so gross a character as to warrant a reversal of the cause for that reason.
• As to the claim the evidence does not support the finding of the j ury, it is sufficient to say it was the peculiar province of the jury to pass upon the weight of evidence and the credibility of witnesses, and to render such a verdict as their own judgments and consciences, under the law, approved. ■ This duty has been performed, and we must presume honestly; and after a careful consideration of the whole of the evidence, we are -unable to say that the finding of the jury is so clearly wrong as to warrant a reversal of the judgment on that ground.
The other points made by defendant’s counsel we do not think are well taken, or- of sufficient importance to require special notice.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.