MR. JUSTICE PIGOTT
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
Tbis action was brought to recover judgment for damages alleged to bave been suffered by reason of tbe defendant’s neglect to maintain one of its streets in repair. By tbe complaint it is alleged that tbe defendant, a city organized under tbe statutes of Montana providing for tbe organization of municipal corporations, established public streets within its limits and undertook tbe duty of keeping them in safe condition; that among tbe officers of the city was a street commissioner,, having supervision of all tbe streets; that on tbe 3d day of July,. [142] .1897, and for a long time prior thereto, there Avas in Pine street (a street of the defendant) a large rock,or bowlder,which was dangerous to the life and safety of any person or persons who might travel over the street at night, the dangerous character whereof had been and ought to have been known to the defendant and its officers, and which the defendant negligently permitted to remain in the street on July 3, 1897; that on the night of July 3, 1897, while the plaintiff was traveling and driving a wagons on that street, being unaware of the danger and of the presence of the bowlder or rock so negligently left there by the defendant, his wagon, without his fault or negligence, ran over it, throwing the plaintiff from the wagon and causing the lasting and permanent injuries of which he complains. The answer admits that the defendant is a municipal corporation, but denies every ether allegation of the complaint. The jury found for the plaintiff, assessing his damages at $3;500, and the defendant appeals.
1. The complaint is assailed upon the ground that it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and hence does not support the judgment, in that there is no statute imposing upon cities a liability for injuries caused by their negligent omission to keep the streets in a reasonably safe condition. This objection ivas considered and overruled in Snook v. The City of Anaconda, ante, p. —, this day decided.
Section 5036 of the Political Code declares that- every city or town is responsible for injuries to real or personal property within its corporate limits done or caused by mobs or riots, and the defendant argues-that this would seem to- indicate the legislative intent to exempt municipal corporations from liability for all other torts, upon the principle that expressio unius est exclusio alterius. The sole purpose of the section was to create a liability which did not exist at the common law. Its object was not to relieve municipal corporations of burdens, but to impose a new one-. If the defendant’s argument be correct and the maxim applicable, cities are not answerable for .positive or affirmative acts of negligence whereby the streets [143] are made unsafe, — a rule which we think nowhere finds support or countenance.
2. The defendant’s counsel argue that there was no negligence proved against the city. The bowlder had been a dangerous obstruction in the street for many months and the jury, by their general verdict, impliedly found that the city knew, or ought to have known, of its presence, and was negligent in failing to remove it. Upon the city was imposed the power and the attendant or resulting duty to exercise a reasonable degree of diligence to keep the street free from such obstructions; its omission to use such diligence was actionable negligence. This case is similar to Davis v. City of Austin, 22 Texas Court of Civil Appeals Reports, 460 (54 S. W. 927), but is very different from Kieffer v. Hummelstown Borough, 151 Pennsylvania State Reports, 304, 17 Lawyers’ Reports Annotated, 217, 24 Atlantic Reporter, 1060.
3. The plaintiff testified that in a conversation which he had with the defendant’s street commissioner several months after the accident, the latter declared that he knew the bowlder [was in the street prior to the accident. The defendant objected to the reception of this testimony upon the sole ground that the proper foundation had not been laid to show that the place where the accident occurred was a public street. The court overruled the objection, but no exception was reserved. Under these circumstances it is clear that the question whether there was error cannot be entertained on appeal. The defendant now argues that it could not be bound by any statement made by the street commissioner after the accident. This may be true, and the testimony may have been hearsay, but no such objection was made at the time and no exception whatever was taken.
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MR. JUSTICE PIGOTT
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
Tbis action was brought to recover judgment for damages alleged to bave been suffered by reason of tbe defendant’s neglect to maintain one of its streets in repair. By tbe complaint it is alleged that tbe defendant, a city organized under tbe statutes of Montana providing for tbe organization of municipal corporations, established public streets within its limits and undertook tbe duty of keeping them in safe condition; that among tbe officers of the city was a street commissioner,, having supervision of all tbe streets; that on tbe 3d day of July,. [142] .1897, and for a long time prior thereto, there Avas in Pine street (a street of the defendant) a large rock,or bowlder,which was dangerous to the life and safety of any person or persons who might travel over the street at night, the dangerous character whereof had been and ought to have been known to the defendant and its officers, and which the defendant negligently permitted to remain in the street on July 3, 1897; that on the night of July 3, 1897, while the plaintiff was traveling and driving a wagons on that street, being unaware of the danger and of the presence of the bowlder or rock so negligently left there by the defendant, his wagon, without his fault or negligence, ran over it, throwing the plaintiff from the wagon and causing the lasting and permanent injuries of which he complains. The answer admits that the defendant is a municipal corporation, but denies every ether allegation of the complaint. The jury found for the plaintiff, assessing his damages at $3;500, and the defendant appeals.
1. The complaint is assailed upon the ground that it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and hence does not support the judgment, in that there is no statute imposing upon cities a liability for injuries caused by their negligent omission to keep the streets in a reasonably safe condition. This objection ivas considered and overruled in Snook v. The City of Anaconda, ante, p. —, this day decided.
Section 5036 of the Political Code declares that- every city or town is responsible for injuries to real or personal property within its corporate limits done or caused by mobs or riots, and the defendant argues-that this would seem to- indicate the legislative intent to exempt municipal corporations from liability for all other torts, upon the principle that expressio unius est exclusio alterius. The sole purpose of the section was to create a liability which did not exist at the common law. Its object was not to relieve municipal corporations of burdens, but to impose a new one-. If the defendant’s argument be correct and the maxim applicable, cities are not answerable for .positive or affirmative acts of negligence whereby the streets [143] are made unsafe, — a rule which we think nowhere finds support or countenance.
2. The defendant’s counsel argue that there was no negligence proved against the city. The bowlder had been a dangerous obstruction in the street for many months and the jury, by their general verdict, impliedly found that the city knew, or ought to have known, of its presence, and was negligent in failing to remove it. Upon the city was imposed the power and the attendant or resulting duty to exercise a reasonable degree of diligence to keep the street free from such obstructions; its omission to use such diligence was actionable negligence. This case is similar to Davis v. City of Austin, 22 Texas Court of Civil Appeals Reports, 460 (54 S. W. 927), but is very different from Kieffer v. Hummelstown Borough, 151 Pennsylvania State Reports, 304, 17 Lawyers’ Reports Annotated, 217, 24 Atlantic Reporter, 1060.
3. The plaintiff testified that in a conversation which he had with the defendant’s street commissioner several months after the accident, the latter declared that he knew the bowlder [was in the street prior to the accident. The defendant objected to the reception of this testimony upon the sole ground that the proper foundation had not been laid to show that the place where the accident occurred was a public street. The court overruled the objection, but no exception was reserved. Under these circumstances it is clear that the question whether there was error cannot be entertained on appeal. The defendant now argues that it could not be bound by any statement made by the street commissioner after the accident. This may be true, and the testimony may have been hearsay, but no such objection was made at the time and no exception whatever was taken.
4. The defendant contends that there was not sufficient 'evidence to prove that the place where the accident occurred was part of a public street which the defendant was obliged .■to use reasonable care to maintain in a state of repair. We think there was. Pine street, upon which the accident occurred, is shown upon the plat or map of the city filed with the [144] 'county clerk in 1883. Section 320 of tbe Fifth Division., General Laws, Compiled Statutes of 1887, provides that the fee of streets shown on such map' or plat shall be vested in the city for the use of the public. The statute'granted, and the defendant by ordinance assumed, control of all the streets and the duty to keep them in repair. Ordinances /were passed providing for the raising of money by taxation for the purpose of improving and repairing all the streets. In establishing grades, the city recognized Pine street as one of its streets. The city, through the council, granted permits for the building of sidewalks on Pine street. There was evidence tending to prove that for fifteen years the street had been regularly traveled, and at the point where the accident happened there were houses and fences on each side of the street. The city had performed work at that -point, and after the accident the street commissioner caused the bowlder to be removed, — of course the removal of the bowlder after the accident was not evidence to show negligence on the part of the city in failing to remove it before the accident, but it was relevant as tending to show that the point where the accident occurred was part of' a street over which the city had assumed control and hence- was under the obligation to- keep in repair. It is difficult to conceive what further evidence could be required as to this matter. In Mayor v. Sheffield, 4 Wallace, 189, the court said: “If the authorities of a city or town have treated a place as a public street, taking charge of it and regulating it as they do other streets, and an individual is injured in consequence of the negligent and careless manner in which this is done, the corporation cannot, when it is sued for such injury, throw the party upon an inquiry into the regularitiy. of the proceedings by which the land bo-came a street, or into the authority by which the street was originally established.” quote also the following language from Maus v. City of Springfield, 101 Missouri Reports, 613, (14 S. W. 630, 20 Am. St. Rep. 634) : “To establish, the character of the locality, where the injury occurred, as part of a public streot, nothing more was essential than to -show that it [145] was in actual possession of the city and open to, and used by, the public as a thoroughfare at the time. This plaintiff did. It was not necessary to prove any formal dedication or appropriation of the street.” To the same effect are Houfe v. Town of Fulton, 34 Wisconsin Reports, 608 (17 Am. Rep. 463) ; Town of Salida v. McKinna, 16 Colorado Reports, 523, 27 Pacific Reporter, 810, and City of Abilene v. Wright, 4 Kansas Appeal Reports, 708, 46 Pacific Reporter, 715.
5. Counsel for the defendant say that it was conclusively shown by the plaintiff’s own testimony that he was injured through his own negligence in driving with a loose rein, out of a walk, on a dark night, over an unlighted street, in a sparsely settled part of the city, of which he had but little knowledge. The evidence given by him tended to prove that when injured he was driving slowly in the night time, in the middle of the street which had been traveled as such for many years, and that he knew nothing of the obstruction which lay in his path. He was justified in assuming that the city had used diligence to keep the street in a reasonably safe condition. We are unable, therefore, to agree with counsel; on the contrary, if his testimony stated the facts (and under the verdict we must assume that it did) he was not guilty of contributory negligence.
Several other supposed errors are mentioned in defendant’s brief; some of them have been treated of in the consideration of the points already discussed, and those not so disposed of are without merit.
The judgment and the order refusing a new trial are affirmed. Memittitur may issue forthwith.
Affirmed.
The Chibe Justioe, having tried the cause in the court below as judge, takes no part in the foregoing opinion.