FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION APR 04 2017 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MATTHEW FLETCHER, No. 13-56958
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:09-cv-09115- JFW- MAN v.
J. SOTO, Warden, MEMORANDUM* Respondent-Appellee.
JENNIFER FLETCHER, No. 13-57054
Petitioner-Appellant, DC No. 2:09-cv-09107- JFW- MAN v.
VELDA DOBSON-DAVIS,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Central District of California John F. Walter, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 8, 2017 Pasadena, California
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Before: REINHARDT, TASHIMA, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.
Matthew and Jennifer Fletcher, husband and wife, and co-defendants below,
appeal from the district court’s denial of their separate 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petitions.
Exercising our jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253, we affirm.
Matthew and Jennifer Fletcher were jointly convicted of murdering
Jennifer’s ex-husband, Joel Shanbrom. After unsuccessful direct appeals and state
habeas proceedings, Matthew and Jennifer each filed a § 2254 petition in federal
district court. The district court denied the petitions and these appeals followed.
With respect to Matthew’s appeal, this Court issued a certificate of
appealability (“COA”) on a single issue: “whether the prosecutor committed
misconduct by asking Detective McCartin whether he believed [Matthew] and
Jennifer Fletcher’s story.” We also issued a COA to Jennifer on a related issue:
namely, “whether [Jennifer’s] 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition included a claim that the
prosecutor committed misconduct by asking Detective McCartin whether he
2 believed [Jennifer] and Matthew Fletcher’s story, and if so, whether [Jennifer] is
entitled to relief on this claim.”1
A district court’s decision to deny a § 2254 habeas petition is reviewed de
novo. See Visciotti v. Martel, 839 F.3d 845, 856 (9th Cir. 2016). And, while this
Court normally affords AEDPA deference to state court judgments, see, e.g.,
Sexton v. Cozner, 679 F.3d 1150, 1153 (9th Cir. 2012), where, as here, “the state
court has not decided an issue, we review that question de novo.” Stanley v.
1 Pursuant to Ninth Cir. R. 22-1(e), Appellants request that we expand their respective COAs. First, both Jennifer and Matthew ask that we expand their COAs to decide whether the trial court erred by barring the admission of third-party culpability evidence. Second, Jennifer asks that we decide whether the trial court’s failure to instruct on third-party culpability evidence was structural error and, if not, whether the California Court of Appeal’s harmless error analysis was unreasonable. Third, both Jennifer and Matthew request that we consider the totality of their prosecutorial misconduct claim, rather than only the single aspect of that claim for which their COAs issued. We conclude that neither petitioner has made “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). See Hiivala v. Wood, 195 F.3d 1098, 1104 (9th Cir. 1999). We therefore deny Appellants’ requests to expand their COAs.
Relying on Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319 (2006), the partial dissent would expand the COAs to include third-party culpability issues. But this case is unlike Holmes, which held that excluding third-party guilt evidence “where there is strong evidence of an appellant’s guilt,” was a constitutional violation. Id. at 324 (quoting State v. Holmes, 605 S.E.2d 19, 24 (S.C. 2004)). The district court expressly considered and rejected any analogy to Holmes because here, unlike in Holmes, the trial court excluded the third-party evidence, not because of any perceived strength of the prosecution’s evidence, but based on the probative value of the proffered evidence. This was neither “an unreasonable application of” Holmes, nor “an unreasonable determination of the facts.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) & (2). 3 Cullen, 633 F.3d 852, 860 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Reynoso v. Giurbino, 462 F.3d
1099, 1109 (9th Cir. 2006)).
The certified issue concerns the following exchange during the prosecutor’s
re-direct examination of Detective McCartin following Matthew’s pro se cross-
examination:
Q: Well, first of all, in general, [Matthew] said from time to time, would you tell somebody something that was not truthful – his word was “lie” – in order to get information. Did you do that in this case?
A: Yes. ...
Q: At the time that you were doing that, did you, in your own mind, based upon your experience, have reason to believe that Mr. Fletcher was not being candid? ...
A: Yes. Yes, we did.
Q: And the same with Jennifer?
Q: And you mentioned something that the perceptions that people had of Matthew Fletcher, they already had before you talked to them.
A: Absolutely.
Q: Could you explain that, please.
4 A: The perception that most of these – I say 99 percent of witnesses that we interviewed – and I’ve interviewed over 100-plus, 150 witnesses in this case . . . the perception that most of the people have – not all of them – is that Matthew Fletcher was a con man and he would – he’s a good salesman and he would bring them in, suck them into this business he was in, and then leave them hanging and not take care of their needs when they would call for help; or if they had a meeting to go to, he would not show up; moneys that were owed, he would not pay them and, as a result, they all felt he was a crook.
Assuming, without deciding, that we are not barred from reviewing this
question by any procedural bar, see Lambrix v. Singletary 520 U.S. 518, 525
(1997) (noting that a procedural bar issue need not always be resolved first), we
reject Appellants’ argument on the merits. “A habeas petition will be granted for
prosecutorial misconduct only when the misconduct ‘so infected the trial with
unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’”
Sassounian v. Roe, 230 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Darden v.
Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986)). Here, Appellants’ certified claim rests
entirely on the prosecutor’s questioning of a single witness, Detective McCartin.
The challenged exchange arose only after Matthew, acting as his own counsel
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION APR 04 2017 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MATTHEW FLETCHER, No. 13-56958
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:09-cv-09115- JFW- MAN v.
J. SOTO, Warden, MEMORANDUM* Respondent-Appellee.
JENNIFER FLETCHER, No. 13-57054
Petitioner-Appellant, DC No. 2:09-cv-09107- JFW- MAN v.
VELDA DOBSON-DAVIS,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Central District of California John F. Walter, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 8, 2017 Pasadena, California
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Before: REINHARDT, TASHIMA, and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.
Matthew and Jennifer Fletcher, husband and wife, and co-defendants below,
appeal from the district court’s denial of their separate 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petitions.
Exercising our jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253, we affirm.
Matthew and Jennifer Fletcher were jointly convicted of murdering
Jennifer’s ex-husband, Joel Shanbrom. After unsuccessful direct appeals and state
habeas proceedings, Matthew and Jennifer each filed a § 2254 petition in federal
district court. The district court denied the petitions and these appeals followed.
With respect to Matthew’s appeal, this Court issued a certificate of
appealability (“COA”) on a single issue: “whether the prosecutor committed
misconduct by asking Detective McCartin whether he believed [Matthew] and
Jennifer Fletcher’s story.” We also issued a COA to Jennifer on a related issue:
namely, “whether [Jennifer’s] 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition included a claim that the
prosecutor committed misconduct by asking Detective McCartin whether he
2 believed [Jennifer] and Matthew Fletcher’s story, and if so, whether [Jennifer] is
entitled to relief on this claim.”1
A district court’s decision to deny a § 2254 habeas petition is reviewed de
novo. See Visciotti v. Martel, 839 F.3d 845, 856 (9th Cir. 2016). And, while this
Court normally affords AEDPA deference to state court judgments, see, e.g.,
Sexton v. Cozner, 679 F.3d 1150, 1153 (9th Cir. 2012), where, as here, “the state
court has not decided an issue, we review that question de novo.” Stanley v.
1 Pursuant to Ninth Cir. R. 22-1(e), Appellants request that we expand their respective COAs. First, both Jennifer and Matthew ask that we expand their COAs to decide whether the trial court erred by barring the admission of third-party culpability evidence. Second, Jennifer asks that we decide whether the trial court’s failure to instruct on third-party culpability evidence was structural error and, if not, whether the California Court of Appeal’s harmless error analysis was unreasonable. Third, both Jennifer and Matthew request that we consider the totality of their prosecutorial misconduct claim, rather than only the single aspect of that claim for which their COAs issued. We conclude that neither petitioner has made “a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). See Hiivala v. Wood, 195 F.3d 1098, 1104 (9th Cir. 1999). We therefore deny Appellants’ requests to expand their COAs.
Relying on Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319 (2006), the partial dissent would expand the COAs to include third-party culpability issues. But this case is unlike Holmes, which held that excluding third-party guilt evidence “where there is strong evidence of an appellant’s guilt,” was a constitutional violation. Id. at 324 (quoting State v. Holmes, 605 S.E.2d 19, 24 (S.C. 2004)). The district court expressly considered and rejected any analogy to Holmes because here, unlike in Holmes, the trial court excluded the third-party evidence, not because of any perceived strength of the prosecution’s evidence, but based on the probative value of the proffered evidence. This was neither “an unreasonable application of” Holmes, nor “an unreasonable determination of the facts.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) & (2). 3 Cullen, 633 F.3d 852, 860 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Reynoso v. Giurbino, 462 F.3d
1099, 1109 (9th Cir. 2006)).
The certified issue concerns the following exchange during the prosecutor’s
re-direct examination of Detective McCartin following Matthew’s pro se cross-
examination:
Q: Well, first of all, in general, [Matthew] said from time to time, would you tell somebody something that was not truthful – his word was “lie” – in order to get information. Did you do that in this case?
A: Yes. ...
Q: At the time that you were doing that, did you, in your own mind, based upon your experience, have reason to believe that Mr. Fletcher was not being candid? ...
A: Yes. Yes, we did.
Q: And the same with Jennifer?
Q: And you mentioned something that the perceptions that people had of Matthew Fletcher, they already had before you talked to them.
A: Absolutely.
Q: Could you explain that, please.
4 A: The perception that most of these – I say 99 percent of witnesses that we interviewed – and I’ve interviewed over 100-plus, 150 witnesses in this case . . . the perception that most of the people have – not all of them – is that Matthew Fletcher was a con man and he would – he’s a good salesman and he would bring them in, suck them into this business he was in, and then leave them hanging and not take care of their needs when they would call for help; or if they had a meeting to go to, he would not show up; moneys that were owed, he would not pay them and, as a result, they all felt he was a crook.
Assuming, without deciding, that we are not barred from reviewing this
question by any procedural bar, see Lambrix v. Singletary 520 U.S. 518, 525
(1997) (noting that a procedural bar issue need not always be resolved first), we
reject Appellants’ argument on the merits. “A habeas petition will be granted for
prosecutorial misconduct only when the misconduct ‘so infected the trial with
unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’”
Sassounian v. Roe, 230 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Darden v.
Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986)). Here, Appellants’ certified claim rests
entirely on the prosecutor’s questioning of a single witness, Detective McCartin.
The challenged exchange arose only after Matthew, acting as his own counsel
during cross-examination, opened the door for the government to solicit Detective
McCartin’s views as to the veracity of the individuals he interviewed during his
investigation, including both witnesses to and targets of that investigation. See
United States v. Garcia-Guizar, 160 F.3d 511, 522 (9th Cir. 1998) (“We have
5 emphasized that [w]here the defendant opens the door to an argument, it is fair
advocacy for the prosecution to enter.” (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted)).
Accordingly, Appellants have failed to carry their burden to show that a
constitutional violation occurred. We therefore reject their claim of prosecutorial
misconduct and affirm the district court’s denial of their § 2254 petitions.
In both appeals, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
6 Fletcher v. Soto, 13-56958 FILED Fletcher v. Dobson-Davis, 13-57054 APR 4 2017 Reinhardt, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
While I agree with my colleagues that the petitioners failed to establish that
a constitutional violation occurred with respect to the certified claim, although not
necessarily for the reason given, I dissent from the decision not to expand
petitioners’ certificates of appealability to include the denial of their right to
present a complete defense. In Holmes v. South Carolina, the Supreme Court
established that criminal defendants have a right to present evidence of third-party
guilt as long as that evidence has more than “only a very weak logical connection to
the central issues” at trial. 547 U.S. 319, 330 (2006). If a state’s third-party
evidence rule, or that rule’s application in a particular case, prevents criminal
defendants from putting on evidence central to their defense, the application is
“arbitrary” and “violates a criminal defendant’s right to have ‘a meaningful
opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Id. at 331 (quoting Crane v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986)).
The application of California’s third-party guilt rule in the Fletchers’
criminal trial clearly violated the defendants’ right to put on evidence central to
their defense, and thus constituted an unreasonable application of well-established
Supreme Court law. Under California law, “evidence of mere motive or opportunity
to commit the crime . . . without more, will not suffice to raise a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt: there must be direct or circumstantial evidence linking the
third person to the actual perpetration of the crime.” People v. Hall, 41 718 P.2d 99,
104 (Cal. 1986). We need not consider whether that statute is on its face
constitutional because in the present case, the California court excluded evidence that
was central to the Fletchers’ defense and had a strong logical connection to that
defense. The exclusion of that evidence, therefore, constituted an unreasonable
application of well-established Supreme Court law. See Holmes, 547 U.S. at 330-31;
Crane, 476 U.S. at 690. The Fletchers provided direct evidence of both motive and
opportunity of a third party to commit the crime in question, as well as strong
circumstantial evidence linking that person – Donald Moffett – to the crime. The
Fletchers were prepared to present evidence from eight to ten witnesses at trial
consistent with their version of the facts that Moffett and his uncle entered the
Shanbrom home for the purpose of committing a robbery and shot Joel Shanbrom
when they encountered him. This evidence included testimony that Moffett and his
uncle were on the Shanbroms’ street that afternoon purportedly installing a security
system in a neighborhood home; that Moffett and his uncle were members of the East
Coast Crips, a gang that was committing home robberies around the time of the
shooting; that some of these robberies were committed by Crip members pretending to
be security or police officers by wearing clothing that said “Police” or “Security” on
it, and that Moffett had been seen in the Shanbrom neighborhood on the evening of
the shooting wearing a shirt with “Security Tech” printed on it; that Moffett’s uncle in particular was using his security company as an excuse to “scope out” homes for
burglaries and robberies; that members of the East Coast Crips had been committing
burglaries specifically by pouring water into security systems to disarm them and that
the gang members were carrying weapons during these crimes; that Moffett lied to
police about leaving the neighborhood at 5:30 p.m. while actually he was aggressively
approaching people to ask for cigarettes and otherwise acting strangely as late as at
least 7:30 p.m.; that asking for cigarettes was a technique sometimes used by gang
members as a pretext to approach people to rob them or even gain entry into a
person’s home; that the Shanbroms’ neighbor heard her two dogs begin barking
towards the Shanbrom house at around 8:30 p.m., and that this was something the
dogs did if they heard or saw somebody wandering around outside the house; and that
a different neighbor heard someone try to break into his home around 9 p.m. that
night. All of this would have substantiated Jennifer Fletcher’s statements, made
immediately after the shooting, that she was upstairs giving her child a bath when she
heard her husband say “I’m a cop,” followed by a shot, and then the voice of a black
man saying “What did you do dat for?” A gang expert would have testified that the
use of “dat” instead of “that” was consistent with the particular speech pattern of
someone from South Central Los Angeles, most often a gang member. That same
gang expert would also have testified that using two different types or brands of
ammunition in a shotgun, as the shooter of Joel Shanbrom did, was a practice
“particularly unique” to gang crimes. Because the Fletchers maintained their innocence at trial yet were denied the opportunity to present evidence corroborating
their version of the facts – that a black man and an accomplice were in the
Shanbroms’ home to commit a burglary and instead murdered Joel Shanbrom when
surprised by him – I believe the petitioners have sufficiently presented “a substantial
showing of a denial of a constitutional right.” Hiivala v. Wood, 195 F.3d 1098, 1104
(9th Cir. 1999). At the least, petitioners have shown that “jurists of reason would find
it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional
right.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). Therefore, in my view, the
petitioners are entitled to a certificate of appealability on the issue of third-party guilt.