Matthew Christopher Yost v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: June 5, 2020
• Docket: 19A-CR-2834
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jun 05 2020, 10:56 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Talisha R. Griffin Steven J. Hosler Marion County Public Defender Agency Samantha M. Sumcad Appellate Division Deputy Attorneys General Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Matthew Christopher Yost, June 5, 2020 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-2834 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Grant W. Hawkins, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49G05-1909-F5-35951

Bailey, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 1 of 11 Case Summary [1] Matthew Christopher Yost (“Yost”) appeals his five convictions of criminal

recklessness, as Level 5 felonies,1 and his sentence. We dismiss, without

prejudice, his appeal of his convictions, and we reverse his sentence and

remand with instructions.

Issues [2] Yost raises two issues which we restate as follows:

I. Whether Yost may challenge his convictions on direct appeal after pleading guilty without a plea agreement.

II. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed consecutive terms of imprisonment.

Facts and Procedural History [3] On September 12, 2019, the State charged Yost with five counts of criminal

recklessness, as Level 5 felonies. At his October 9 guilty plea hearing, Yost pled

guilty to all five counts. At that hearing, Yost admitted as follows.

[4] On September 7, 2019, Yost reported to police that there was a silver Dodge

Charger parked in front of his house and that the occupants of the Charger were

firing guns and attempting to enter his house. When Indianapolis Metropolitan

1 Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2(a), (b)(2).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 2 of 11 Police Department (“IMPD”) Officer Joshua Brown (“Officer Brown”) and

Detective Theodore Brink “(Det. Brink”) arrived at the scene, there was a silver

Dodge Charger there but no individuals firing any weapons or trying to enter

the house. The officers were in marked cars and in full police uniforms. The

officers saw Yost look out through the blinds of a window in his house several

times, but Yost relayed through dispatch that he did not see officers outside of

his house. Dispatch then hung up so that the officers on the scene could

attempt to communicate with Yost.

[5] After hanging up, Yost opened fire on the IMPD officers, firing bullets through

the French doors on the east side of the house towards the front yard and street

where Det. Brink and Officer Brown were located. The officers took cover and

requested back up. At least one of the bullets fired towards the officers hit the

house behind where they had taken cover. Yost also fired bullets into the house

of his neighbor, Mary Glaser (“Glaser”), and into an alley between Yost and

Glaser’s houses. Yost reported that at the time of the incident he was suffering

from withdrawal of Benzodiazepine, his mental health medication.

[6] Yost having admitted to a factual basis for his guilty plea, the trial court entered

convictions on all five criminal recklessness counts.

[7] At Yost’s November 6 sentencing hearing, the State offered testimony from

IMPD officers as to the timing in between the rounds of gunshots during the

September 7 incident. The first volley, comprised of two shots, was fired by

Yost through the French double doors on the side of Yost’s house and towards

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 3 of 11 Officer Brown and Det. Brink. After approximately two minutes of silence,

Yost fired a second volley of gunshot rounds, a number of which ricocheted off

the sidewalk in between the silver Dodge and the black CRV behind which the

officers had taken cover. During that volley, Det. Brink also heard gunshot

rounds hitting buildings. Yost also fired gunshot rounds at Glaser’s house.

Glaser was at a window looking across the side yard at Yost’s French double

doors when Yost fired ten rounds at her house, three of which entered the

house.

[8] A third volley of gunshot rounds began approximately eight to ten minutes after

the second volley. The third volley included four rounds which Det. Brink

believed were fired from the back of Yost’s house towards other officers who

had taken up position there. After the third volley ended, Det. Brink saw Yost

open a window at the front of the house, yell something, and then close the

window after Det. Brink called for Yost to show him his hands. Approximately

ten minutes after the third volley, Yost fired another single gunshot toward the

alley behind his and Glaser’s houses. Then a special weapons and tactics

(“SWAT”) team arrived and ordered Yost to exit his house. Yost complied and

was arrested.

[9] From this incident, Yost was charged with five separate offenses. Counts I and

III were based on the second volley of gunshot rounds fired at Glaser’s house

and into the sidewalk and street in front of Yost’s house, respectively. Count II

was based on a round of gunshots hitting Lexington Avenue after passing Det.

Brink during one of the first three volleys. Count IV stemmed from the first

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 4 of 11 volley of gunshot rounds fired at the sidewalk and street between Det. Brink

and Officer Brown. And, Count V was based on the single gunshot fired into

the alley between Yost’s and Glaser’s house approximately ten minutes after

the third volley.

[10] At the sentencing hearing, the State also presented evidence of Yost’s extensive

criminal history. The trial court sentenced Yost to an aggregate fifteen-year

term of imprisonment. Specifically, the court sentenced Yost to six years each

on Counts I and III with both counts running concurrently; three years on

Count II, which was to run concurrently with all other counts; six years on

Count IV to be served consecutively to Counts I and III; and three years on

Count V to be served consecutively to Count IV. Yost now appeals his

convictions and his sentence.

Discussion and Decision Appeal of Convictions [11] Yost directly appeals his convictions as violations of the constitutional

prohibition against double jeopardy, despite the fact that he pled guilty to all

five convictions. However, it is well-settled that a conviction based on a guilty

plea may not be challenged by direct appeal, Tumulty v. State, 666 N.E.2d 394,

395 (Ind. 1996); rather, it must be challenged through a petition for post-

conviction relief, Brightman v. State, 758 N.E.2d 41, 44 (Ind. 2001). As we

recently explained in Hoskins v. State, there are

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 5 of 11 [t]wo exceptions to the prohibition on challenging a guilty plea on direct appeal…. First, a person who pleads guilty is entitled to contest on direct appeal the merits of a trial court’s sentencing decision where the trial court exercised sentencing discretion. Collins v. State, 817 N.E.2d 230 (Ind. 2004). Further, a person who pleads guilty is entitled to contest on direct appeal the trial court’s discretion in denying withdrawal of the guilty plea prior to sentencing. Brightman v. State, 758 N.E.2d [41, 44 (Ind. 2001)].

143 N.E.3d 358, 360 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (emphasis added) (quoting Creekmore

v. State, 853 N.E.2d 523, 532-33 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), clarified on denial of reh’g,

858 N.E.2d 230). See also Hayes v. State, 906 N.E.2d 819, 821 n.1 (Ind. 2009)

(noting that, under Tumulty v. State, Hayes could not have directly appealed his

conviction because he pled guilty, and holding the Court of Appeals acted

contrary to Tumulty when it reversed Hayes’s conviction sua sponte); Mapp v.

State, 770 N.E.2d 332, 334 (Ind. 2002) (reaching same conclusion within the

context of a direct appeal based on double jeopardy grounds). Neither

exception discussed in Hoskins applies here; therefore, Yost may not challenge

his convictions through a direct appeal.

[12] Yost asserts that the inability to bring a direct appeal of a conviction to which a

defendant pled guilty applies only when there is a plea agreement, not when

there is an “open” guilty plea, such as his, where the trial court is left with

sentencing discretion. E.g., Collins, 817 N.E.2d at 231. However, the cases

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 6 of 11 Yost cites are either inapplicable2 or contrary to Indiana Supreme Court

precedent.3

[13] Because Yost’s challenge to his convictions cannot be brought on direct appeal,

we dismiss his appeal of his convictions without prejudice as to his ability to

present his claim in a petition for post-conviction relief. See Hoskins, 143

N.E.3d at 361.

Consecutive Sentences [14] Yost also challenges his sentence, and that is a challenge that he may—indeed,

must—raise in a direct appeal, if at all. Kling v. State, 837 N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind.

2005) (citing Collins, 817 N.E.2d at 230). Specifically, Yost contends that the

trial court erred when it imposed consecutive terms of imprisonment that

exceeded the maximum term allowed under Indiana Code Section 35-50-1-

2(d)(2). A trial court has discretion to sentence a defendant to consecutive or

concurrent terms of imprisonment. I.C. § 35-50-1-2(c); see also Cardwell v. State,

2 Graham v. State, 903 N.E.2d 538, 540 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), involved a challenge to a sentence, not a conviction. And McElroy v. State, 864 N.E.2d 392, 396 (Ind. Ct. App.), trans. denied, involved a challenge to a conviction within the context of a PCR, not a direct appeal. 3 Yost cites Thompson v. State, 82 N.E3d 376, 379 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017), trans. denied; Kunberger v. State, 46 N.E.3d 966, 971 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015); and Warton v. State, 42 N.E.3d 539, 540-41 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). To the extent those cases hold that a defendant may directly appeal his conviction when he enters an “open” guilty plea, they are inconsistent with Supreme Court caselaw such as Hayes and Tumulty, both of which involved “open” guilty pleas. See Hayes, 906 N.E.2d at 820; Tumulty, 666 N.E.2d at 395. Moreover, they are distinguishable from the instant case in one very important respect; they all emphasized that they involved open pleas from which the defendants received no benefit. See, e.g., Thompson, 82 N.E3d at 379; Warton, 42 N.E.3d at 540-41. Yost clearly did receive a benefit from his open guilty plea. Tr. at 74-55; 80-81 (both the prosecutor and trial court noting that, if Yost had not entered his guilty plea when he did, the State would have filed the additional charge of attempted murder for which the sentence of imprisonment would have been much longer).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 7 of 11 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1222 (Ind. 2008) (noting that sentencing decisions lie within

the sound discretion of the trial court). An abuse of discretion occurs if the

decision is “clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances

before the court, or the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn

therefrom.” Gross v. State, 22 N.E.3d 863, 869 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (citation

omitted), trans. denied.

[15] Unless a defendant’s offenses are crimes of violence as defined by statute,4

Indiana Code Section 35-50-1-2 limits the maximum consecutive terms of

imprisonment that a trial court may impose for a single “episode of criminal

conduct.” I.C. § 35-50-1-2(c), (d). The total of the consecutive terms of

imprisonment to which a defendant may be sentenced for felony convictions

arising out of an episode of criminal conduct is seven years when the most

serious crime is a Level 5 felony. I.C. § 35-50-1-2(d)(2); see also Daugherty v.

State, 52 N.E.3d 885, 895 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (holding the “aggregate

sentence” for offenses that were a single episode of criminal conduct could not

exceed maximum term of incarceration under the statute), trans. denied; Wood v.

State, 988 N.E.2d 374, 379 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (holding “cumulative

sentences” for five Class D felony convictions that were a single episode of

criminal conduct could not exceed statutory maximum term of incarceration).

Here, all of Yost’s convictions are Level 5 felony convictions for criminal

4 Criminal recklessness is not listed as a crime of violence. I.C. § 35-50-1-2(a).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 8 of 11 recklessness. Therefore, the only question is whether Yost’s crimes were part of

a “single episode of criminal conduct” for which his consecutive sentence must

be limited to seven years.

[16] An “episode of criminal conduct” is defined as “offenses or a connected series

of offenses that are closely related in time, place, and circumstance.” I.C. § 35-

50-1-2(b). See also Purdy v. State, 727 N.E.2d 1091, 1092 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)

(quotation and citation omitted) (stating a single episode of criminal conduct is

“an occurrence or connected series of occurrences and developments which

may be viewed as distinctive and apart although part of a larger or more

comprehensive series”), trans. denied. For criminal actions to be considered a

single episode of criminal conduct, it is not necessary that the victim of each

action is the same. Harris v. State, 861 N.E.2d 1182, 1188 (Ind. 2007). Nor is it

required that the alleged conduct was so closely related in time, place and

circumstances “that a complete account of one charge cannot be related without

referring to details of the other charge,” although that is a factor the court may

consider. Id.

[17] Both the Supreme Court and this court have held that criminal actions that

were not “precisely simultaneous or contemporaneous” but took place only

seconds or minutes apart were a single episode of criminal conduct. See Reed v.

State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1200 (Ind. 2006) (holding rounds of gunshots that were

fired a few seconds apart at two different officers in two different cars were a

single episode); see also Harris, 861 N.E.2d at 1188 (holding sexual acts against

two different victims that took place five minutes apart in the same location

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 9 of 11 were a single episode of criminal conduct); Dimmit v. State, 25 N.E.3d 203, 219

(Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (holding two batteries occurring during a bar fight within a

few minutes of each other and against two different victims were a single

episode), trans. denied; Henson v. State, 881 N.E.2d 36, 39 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008)

(holding two burglaries of different garages in the same morning were a single

episode of criminal conduct), trans. denied.5

[18] Here, Yost fired multiple rounds of gunshots within minutes of each other. The

rounds were fired at different people but from the same location and apparently

for the same reason—i.e., Yost contended he was experiencing withdrawal

symptoms because he had stopped taking his mental health medication. The

multiple rounds of gunfire took place within a total period of twenty minutes,

which is a relatively short period of time. See Purdy, 727 N.E.2d at 1092

(holding defendant’s assault of girlfriend and subsequent acts of resisting arrest

and battery of the police were a single episode of criminal conduct as they took

place during “a relatively short period of time and all were related to his assault

on [his girlfriend]”). The four rounds of gunfire were a “connected series of

offenses that [were] closely related in time, place, and circumstance,” i.e., a

single episode of criminal conduct.6 I.C. § 35-50-1-2(b). Therefore, the trial

5 We disagree with the State’s assertion that this case is closer to the facts of Williams v. State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 631 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), where the criminal acts took place a day apart. 6 We note that, although Yost’s acts were a single “episode of criminal conduct” for purposes of the consecutive sentencing statute, there was nevertheless a factual basis for the five counts of criminal recklessness to which Yost knowingly pled guilty in order to obtain the benefit of a sentence lower than that for attempted murder. And, while we do not address the merits of his convictions of those five counts, we do

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 10 of 11 court erred in imposing an aggregate sentence in excess of seven years. I.C. §

35-50-1-2(d)(2); Daugherty, 52 N.E.3d at 895.

Conclusion [19] Because Yost’s challenge to his convictions cannot be brought on direct appeal

given his guilty plea, we dismiss his appeal of his convictions without prejudice

as to his ability to present his claim in a petition for post-conviction relief.

However, we reverse Yost’s sentence and remand with instructions for the trial

court to limit the aggregate term of imprisonment to not more than seven years

per Indiana Code Section 35-50-1-2(c), (d)(2).

[20] Dismissed in part, reversed and remanded in part.

Crone, J., and Altice, J., concur.

note that his sentence under the consecutive sentencing statute would be limited to seven years whether he was convicted of two Level 5 felony counts or five such counts. I.C. § 35-50-1-2(c), (d)(2).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2834 | June 5, 2020 Page 11 of 11