The courts below have determined, by the order appealed from, that four different and distinct claims presented to the receivers were not entitled to the preference provided by chapter 376 of the Laws of 1885. One of the claims was presented by a clerk and bookkeeper who had been employed in the office of the corporation at a salary of $100 a month, payable at the end of each month. Another by the superintendent of the corporation who had been employed at a salary of $125 a month. Another by a draftsman employed in the office of the corporation at a salary of $125 a month, and the other claim was made by two foremen employed by the corporation, one of the boiler shop at a salary of $225 a month and the other in some other department at a salary of $125 a month.
The question is whether these claims were entitled to a preference under the provisions of the statute which reads as follows: "Where a receiver of a corporation created or organized
under the laws of this state and doing business therein, * * * shall be appointed, the wages of the employees, operatives and laborers thereof shall be preferred to every other debt or claim against such corporation, and shall be paid by the receiver from the moneys of such corporation which shall first come to his hands." It is said that the applicants were employees of the corporation, and doubtless that assertion is correct. But the word employee would include every person in the service of the corporation, without regard to his grade or rank, or the nature of his duties. If preference should be given to the claims of these parties on the ground that they were employees of the corporation, we would necessarily have to exclude the other words, "operatives and laborers." When two or more words of analogous meaning are employed together they are understood to be used in their cognate sense, to express the same relations and give color and expression to each other. Hence, although the word employee is general and comprehensive, it must be limited by the more specific words, operatives and laborers, which are found in the statute. (Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N.Y. 218; People exrel. Satterlee v. Board of Police, 75 id. 44.)
The most important word in the statute is the word "wages."
It was wages that the legislature intended to prefer in the distribution of the assets of the insolvent corporation, not salaries, nor earnings, nor compensation. It was not intended to prefer the claims of all employees, but it was manifestly intended to limit the preference to the particular class whose claims would be properly expressed by the use of the word wages. This word is applied in common parlance specifically to the payment made for manual labor, or other labor of menial or mechanical kind, as distinguished from salary and from fee, which denotes compensation paid to professional men. (Century Dictionary.) In its application to laborers and employees it conveys the idea of subordinate occupation which is not very remunerative, of not much independent responsibility, but rather subject to immediate supervision. This was the construction which this court placed upon the statute in
the case of People v. Remington (45 Hun, 338; affirmed here on the opinion below, 109 N.Y. 631). It was said in that case that the statute was designed to secure the prompt payment of the wages of persons who, as a class, are dependent upon their earnings for the support of themselves and their families, and it was not designed to give a preference to the salaries and compensation due to officers and employees of a corporation occupying superior positions of trust or profit. I cannot doubt that this is a correct interpretation of the statute which conforms to the purpose which the legislature evidently had in view in its enactment. In order to give the preference provided by the statute, the claim must be for wages in the ordinary sense of that term. It was not, we think, the purpose of the statute to secure a preference for claims due to the clerical force engaged in transacting the business, nor to the superintendent, foremen or officers of the corporation who are compensated by a fixed yearly salary. Although the word employees is used, yet the purpose of the statute was to protect mechanics, operatives or laborers from loss of their wages in the event of the insolvency of the corporation. It is significant to note that insurance and moneyed corporations are excepted from the operation of the statute. There was no reason for excepting these corporations but for the fact, well known, that they do not employ labor, in the ordinary sense of that word. The conduct of the business of these corporations requires a large clerical force, graded and organized according to the extent and necessities of the business. If it was intended to protect the claims of this class of employees, there was no reason why all corporations should not be included within the scope of the statute. But it evidently was not. It was supposed that that class of employees could protect themselves, whereas the common laborer, operative or mechanic would be left by the failure of the business in a much more helpless condition. The wages of laborers, mechanics and domestic servants has in modern times become the subject of protective legislation in this and many other countries, and whenever the law has been extended
beyond these classes, so as to include the claims of parties performing clerical duties or work of a like character, it was by judicial construction based upon language much broader than is to be found in the enactment in question. As was observed in the case of People v. Remington (supra), legislation of this character confers upon a class of persons having a specific contractual relation with corporations, new and unusual privileges and securities at the expense of other creditors whose distributive share of the assets is diminished. It is in derogation of the common law, and should not be extended to cases not within the reason as well as within the words of the statute. In the distribution of the assets of an insolvent corporation by courts of equity the maxim that equality is equity is a fundamental rule, and it is only by force of legislation that this principle can be departed from, and then only in favor of the class of creditors that come within the scope of the statute when fairly and reasonably interpreted. In a very recent case we were required to pass upon the claim of an attorney at law which it was contended was entitled to preference under the terms of the statute. In a general sense it might well be said that he was an employee since he was retained or employed in the business of the corporation, but it was held that he was not a laborer or servant within the scope or policy of the statute. (Bristor v.Smith, 158 N.Y. 157.) While the claim in that case was not based upon the statute in question, but upon another of a kindred nature, the reasoning applies to the claims in question. We adhere to the doctrine there announced in the opinion of Judge GRAY as a correct interpretation of the statute.
These views are not in conflict with the case of Palmer v.Van Santvoord (153 N.Y. 612). The claimant in that case was not a superintendent, or foreman, or bookkeeper, or clerk. The courts below had held that he was a laborer or operative within the meaning of the statute, and this court affirmed the decision.
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The courts below have determined, by the order appealed from, that four different and distinct claims presented to the receivers were not entitled to the preference provided by chapter 376 of the Laws of 1885. One of the claims was presented by a clerk and bookkeeper who had been employed in the office of the corporation at a salary of $100 a month, payable at the end of each month. Another by the superintendent of the corporation who had been employed at a salary of $125 a month. Another by a draftsman employed in the office of the corporation at a salary of $125 a month, and the other claim was made by two foremen employed by the corporation, one of the boiler shop at a salary of $225 a month and the other in some other department at a salary of $125 a month.
The question is whether these claims were entitled to a preference under the provisions of the statute which reads as follows: "Where a receiver of a corporation created or organized
under the laws of this state and doing business therein, * * * shall be appointed, the wages of the employees, operatives and laborers thereof shall be preferred to every other debt or claim against such corporation, and shall be paid by the receiver from the moneys of such corporation which shall first come to his hands." It is said that the applicants were employees of the corporation, and doubtless that assertion is correct. But the word employee would include every person in the service of the corporation, without regard to his grade or rank, or the nature of his duties. If preference should be given to the claims of these parties on the ground that they were employees of the corporation, we would necessarily have to exclude the other words, "operatives and laborers." When two or more words of analogous meaning are employed together they are understood to be used in their cognate sense, to express the same relations and give color and expression to each other. Hence, although the word employee is general and comprehensive, it must be limited by the more specific words, operatives and laborers, which are found in the statute. (Wakefield v. Fargo, 90 N.Y. 218; People exrel. Satterlee v. Board of Police, 75 id. 44.)
The most important word in the statute is the word "wages."
It was wages that the legislature intended to prefer in the distribution of the assets of the insolvent corporation, not salaries, nor earnings, nor compensation. It was not intended to prefer the claims of all employees, but it was manifestly intended to limit the preference to the particular class whose claims would be properly expressed by the use of the word wages. This word is applied in common parlance specifically to the payment made for manual labor, or other labor of menial or mechanical kind, as distinguished from salary and from fee, which denotes compensation paid to professional men. (Century Dictionary.) In its application to laborers and employees it conveys the idea of subordinate occupation which is not very remunerative, of not much independent responsibility, but rather subject to immediate supervision. This was the construction which this court placed upon the statute in
the case of People v. Remington (45 Hun, 338; affirmed here on the opinion below, 109 N.Y. 631). It was said in that case that the statute was designed to secure the prompt payment of the wages of persons who, as a class, are dependent upon their earnings for the support of themselves and their families, and it was not designed to give a preference to the salaries and compensation due to officers and employees of a corporation occupying superior positions of trust or profit. I cannot doubt that this is a correct interpretation of the statute which conforms to the purpose which the legislature evidently had in view in its enactment. In order to give the preference provided by the statute, the claim must be for wages in the ordinary sense of that term. It was not, we think, the purpose of the statute to secure a preference for claims due to the clerical force engaged in transacting the business, nor to the superintendent, foremen or officers of the corporation who are compensated by a fixed yearly salary. Although the word employees is used, yet the purpose of the statute was to protect mechanics, operatives or laborers from loss of their wages in the event of the insolvency of the corporation. It is significant to note that insurance and moneyed corporations are excepted from the operation of the statute. There was no reason for excepting these corporations but for the fact, well known, that they do not employ labor, in the ordinary sense of that word. The conduct of the business of these corporations requires a large clerical force, graded and organized according to the extent and necessities of the business. If it was intended to protect the claims of this class of employees, there was no reason why all corporations should not be included within the scope of the statute. But it evidently was not. It was supposed that that class of employees could protect themselves, whereas the common laborer, operative or mechanic would be left by the failure of the business in a much more helpless condition. The wages of laborers, mechanics and domestic servants has in modern times become the subject of protective legislation in this and many other countries, and whenever the law has been extended
beyond these classes, so as to include the claims of parties performing clerical duties or work of a like character, it was by judicial construction based upon language much broader than is to be found in the enactment in question. As was observed in the case of People v. Remington (supra), legislation of this character confers upon a class of persons having a specific contractual relation with corporations, new and unusual privileges and securities at the expense of other creditors whose distributive share of the assets is diminished. It is in derogation of the common law, and should not be extended to cases not within the reason as well as within the words of the statute. In the distribution of the assets of an insolvent corporation by courts of equity the maxim that equality is equity is a fundamental rule, and it is only by force of legislation that this principle can be departed from, and then only in favor of the class of creditors that come within the scope of the statute when fairly and reasonably interpreted. In a very recent case we were required to pass upon the claim of an attorney at law which it was contended was entitled to preference under the terms of the statute. In a general sense it might well be said that he was an employee since he was retained or employed in the business of the corporation, but it was held that he was not a laborer or servant within the scope or policy of the statute. (Bristor v.Smith, 158 N.Y. 157.) While the claim in that case was not based upon the statute in question, but upon another of a kindred nature, the reasoning applies to the claims in question. We adhere to the doctrine there announced in the opinion of Judge GRAY as a correct interpretation of the statute.
These views are not in conflict with the case of Palmer v.Van Santvoord (153 N.Y. 612). The claimant in that case was not a superintendent, or foreman, or bookkeeper, or clerk. The courts below had held that he was a laborer or operative within the meaning of the statute, and this court affirmed the decision. It will be seen by a careful reading of the facts that the duties performed by the person who presented the claim in that case were those of a mechanic or laborer, and
while it appears that he sometimes solicited and made sales of the machines manufactured by the company, yet that was merely incidental to his other duties. He was employed to go from place to place and set up moving machines for farmers to whom they had been sold. He was required to unpack the machines and repack them, and ship to the company when necessary. He was required to put the machines together and fit them for operation. All this was mechanical and manual labor, and hence his claim was within the scope of the statute. His claim differed from those of the other laborers and mechanics in the employ of the company only in the circumstance that his compensation was measured by the month instead of the day, and the fact that he sometimes acted as a salesman was regarded as a mere incident of the principal employment, and, hence, not affecting his right to the preference secured by the statute.
We think that the case was correctly decided below, and that the order should be affirmed, but since the question seems to have been presented in the first instance at least by the petition of the receivers themselves, no costs are awarded either party.