Matter of De Sanchez

2025 NY Slip Op 30072(U)

• Court: Surrogate's Court, New York County
• Decided: January 8, 2025
• Docket: File No. 2001-3187/A
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Matter of De Sanchez 2025 NY Slip Op 30072(U) January 8, 2025 Surrogate's Court, New York County Docket Number: File No. 2001-3187/A Judge: Hilary Gingold Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip Op 30001(U), are republished from various New York State and local government sources, including the New York State Unified Court System's eCourts Service. This opinion is uncorrected and not selected for official publication. New York county Surrogate's court DATA ENTRY DEPT.

SURROGATE'S COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK JANOS~~ COUNTY OF NEW YORK --------------------------------------------------------------------------x In the Matter of the Account of the Trust created under Agreement dated September 16, 1927, between DECISION & ORDER

ELIZABETH L. DE SANCHEZ,

as Granter, File No. 2001-3187/A

and Central Union Trust Company of New York, as Trustee, for the benefit of Gabriela Cadenas Sanchez et al. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------x In the Matter of the Account of the Trust created under Agreement dated September 16, 1927, between

as Granter, File No. 2001-3187/E

and Central Union Trust Company ofNew York, as Trustee, for the benefit of Maria Lamar Sanchez et al. --------------------------------------------------------------------------x GINGOLD,S.

The following papers were read in determining these motions:

Papers Numbered

Notice of Motion by Petitioner JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as trustee, dated May 3, 2024- Memorandum of Law in Support of Trustee's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated May 3, 2024 - Affirmation of Charles J. Keeley dated May 3, 2024 and Exhibits - Amended Notice of Motion dated May 6, 2024 - Second Amended Notice of Motion dated May 16, 2024 1-5

Memorandum of Law in Opposition to JPMorgan Chase Bank's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated June 7, 2024 - Affirmation of Mark S. Sullivan dated June 7, 2024 and Exhibits - Objectants' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to JPMorgan Chase Bank's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated June 6, 2024 - Affidavit of Stan V. Smith sworn to May 2, 2024 and Exhibits - Affidavit of Kerry Campbell sworn to April 29, 2024 and Exhibits - 6-10

Trustee's Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of its Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated July 3, 2024 -

[* 1] Third Affirmation of Charles J. Keeley dated July 3, 2024 and Exhibits 11-12

Notice of Motion by Objectants Pedro and Adolfo Arellano Lamar dated May 3, 2024 - Memorandum of Law in Support of the Arellano Lamars' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated May 3, 2024 -Affirmation of Richard A. Scalfani dated May 3, 2024 -Affirmation of Pedro Arellano Lamar dated May 3, 2024 and Exhibits - Affirmation of Mark S. Sullivan dated May 3, 2024 and Exhibits - Amended Notice of Motion dated May 15, 2024 1-6

Notice of Motion by Objectants Marcelo E. Fanjul, Justo E. Fanjul, Flora Fanjul de Suarez, Anna Fanjul, Julio A. Fanjul, Elisa G. Lamar, Emilio J. Lamar, Maria E. Lamar, Ana Maria Lamar, Peter Raul Lamar, Diane Lamar de Puccetti, Maria Luisa Suarez Rivas, Marcelo Lamar, Beatriz Lamar de Diego, Luis Lamar, and Justo Lamar, Jr. dated May 3, 2024- Objectants' Memorandum of Law in Support of their Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated May 3, 2024 - Affidavit of Kerry Campbell sworn to April 29, 2024 and Exhibits - Affidavit of Stan V. Smith sworn to May 2, 2024 and Exhibits 7-10

Second Affirmation of Charles J. Keeley dated June 6, 2024 and Exhibits - Trustee's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Objectants' Motions for Partial Summary Judgment dated June 7, 2024 - Affidavit of Charles Porten sworn to June 6, 2024 and Exhibits - Affidavit of Michael J. A. Smith filed June 7, 2024 and Exhibits 11-14

Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of the Arellano Lamar's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated July 3, 2024 - Reply Affirmation of Mark S. Sullivan dated July 3, 2024 and Exhibits 15-16

Supplemental Affidavit of Kerry Campbell sworn to July 5, 2024 and Exhibits - Objectants' Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of their Motion for Partial Summary Judgment dated July 5, 2024 17-18

Before the court are three motions for partial summary judgment in these contested trust

accounting proceedings.

Background

In 1927, Elizabeth de Sanchez (Ms. de Sanchez), as grantor, under agreements with Central

Union Trust Company of New York (now through a series of mergers and name changes, known

as JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.), as trustee (Trustee), created seven inter vivas trusts for the

[* 2] benefit of her six children: Emilio Sanchez (two trusts), Jorge B. Sanchez, Julio Sanchez, Marcelo

Sanchez, Maria Sanchez de Lamar, and Gabriela Sanchez de Cadenas. Each trust agreement

directed the Trustee to pay the trust's net income to the initial beneficiary, monthly, for his or her

lifetime (Affirmation of Charles J. Keeley dated May 3, 2024, Exh A [Trust Agreements] and Exh

C [Report of the Guardian Ad Litem filed in the 1953 Accounting Proceedings]). Each trust

continued until the death of the last "measuring life" named in the respective instrument. At the

time the trusts were created, Maria, Emilio, and Gabriela each had one or more children and his or

her then-living children were the named measuring lives in the respective trust agreements. Jorge,

Marcelo, and Julio had no children, and each was designated as the sole measuring life for each of

their respective trusts.

Each of the seven trust agreements were the same in so far as they related to the investment

powers of the Trustee. The agreements gave the Trustee broad powers of investment. During the

lifetime of the grantor, the Trustee was authorized, subject to the grantor's consent and direction,

to sell or dispose of any securities at any time, to invest and reinvest the same, and to invest in

securities that were not allowed trustees under the laws of the State of New York. After the death

of the grantor, the Trustee possessed sole investment authority over the trusts. Its investment

powers remained broad, but the Trustee was limited to investing in securities as are allowed

trustees under the laws of the state of New York. The initial principal, divided equally for the

benefit of the grantor's six children, was $498,944 (Keeley Aff, Exh B (1953 Accounting Order]).

Ms. de Sanchez died on March 15, 1951. Thereafter, in 1953, the Supreme Court, New

York County, settled the Trustee's first intermediate accounts for all seven trusts from their

inception through the date of the grantor's death (Matter ofDe Sanchez, Index No. 9650/1952 [Sup

Ct, New York County]; Keeley Aff, Exh B (1953 Order]). Subsequently, in separate proceedings

[* 3] filed in 1974, after the death of Jorge, Emilio, and Marcelo, the Trustee judicially settled in

Supreme Court, New York County, an account of the proceedings for their four trusts (Emilio had

two trusts) from March 15, 1951, through July 25, 1972 (Matter of De Sanchez, Index No.

04574/1974 [Sup Ct, New York County] and Matter of De Sanchez, Index No. 04573/1974 [Sup

Ct, New York County]; Keeley Aff, Exhs D and E [1974 Order and 1975 Order]).

In 2005, some thirty years later, certain income and remainder beneficiaries of the Jorge,

Emilio and Marcelo trusts moved, in the original Supreme Court proceedings, to vacate the judicial

settlements of these trust accountings under CPLR 5015 on the grounds of lack of personal

jurisdiction and constructive fraud or other misconduct. By decision and order dated January 3,

2008, the Supreme Court denied the motions to vacate, finding, in relevant part that there was no

fraud or misconduct because the family members were notified of the proceedings and had a full

and fair opportunity to contest the accounts (Keeley Aff, Exh J; Matter of De Sanchez, 18 Misc3d

l 138[A], at *9 [Sup Ct, NY County 2008]). This decision was affirmed by the Appellate Division,

First Department by its decision and order dated December 30, 2008 (Matter of De Sanchez, 57

AD3d 452 [1st Dep't 2008]).

During the pendency of the Supreme Court proceedings, certain trust beneficiaries also

commenced litigation in this Court by filing petitions to compel the Trustee to account. In response

thereto, the Trustee filed its account for Maria's, Emilio's and Gabriela's trusts. Objections to these

accounts were filed in 2005. On August 28, 2008, after the Supreme Court issued its decision on I

the motions to vacate but prior to the appellate decision, Pedro Arellano Lamar, individually, and

in his capacity as personal representative of the estate of Elizabeth Lamar de Arellano, along with

Adolfo Arellano Lamar, as beneficiaries, filed supplemental objections to the Trustee's accounts

in Maria's and Emilio's trust accounting proceedings pending in this Court, claiming that certain

[* 4] trust investments were tainted by self-dealing and a conflict of interest which the Trustee failed to

disclose in the 1953 and 1975 accounting proceedings (Matter of De Sanchez, File No. 2001-3187

[Sur Ct, New York County]; Keeley Aff, Exh 0). Thereafter, these objectants moved in this Court

for partial summary judgment on their supplemental objections, and the Trustee cross-moved for

summary judgment seeking dismissal of these objections on the ground of res judicata, or,

alternatively, to have the motions referred to the Supreme Court.

In addressing the motions for partial summary judgment, this Court found that the

supplemental objections in this matter related to the same investments previously adjudicated by

the Supreme Court in the 1953 and 1975 accounting proceedings, and then more recently, by the

Supreme Court's 2008 decision denying the motions to vacate the accounting decrees in those

proceedings. Accordingly, by decision and order dated September 3, 2009, this Court denied the

objectants' motion and granted the Trustee's cross-motion only to the extent of referring the

motions back to the Supreme Court, New York County (Matter of De Sanchez, 2009 NYLJ Lexis

4852 [Sur Ct, New York County, Sept 3, 2009]). By decision and order dated March 22, 2010, the

Supreme Court denied the objectants' motion for summary judgment on the supplemental

objections, granted the Trustee's cross-motion, and dismissed the supplemental objections,

holding that the 1953 Order settling the account for these trusts was conclusive as to all issues

raised therein and as to any issues that could have been raised, including the supplemental

objections alleging self-dealing (Matter of De Sanchez, NYLJ, April 5, 2010, at 18, col 1 [Sup Ct,

NY County]). This decision was also affirmed by the Appellate Division, First Department, by its

decision and order dated February 8, 2011 (Matter ofDe Sanchez, 81 AD3d 456 [1st Dep't 2011]).

Currently before the Court are two accounting proceedings brought by the Trustee to

judicially settle its second and final account of its proceedings for the Maria Trust and its second

[* 5] intermediate account of its proceedings for the Gabriela Trust, covering the period from March 15,

1951, to July 27, 2011 (Keeley Aff, Exhs Q-T). Certain income beneficiaries and remainder

beneficiaries of these trusts, the great and great-great grandchildren of Ms. de Sanchez, filed

objections to the accounts: (1) Pedro Arellano Lamar, individually and as executor of the Estate of

Elizabeth Lamar de Arellano, and Adolfo Arellano Lamar, individually (together Arellano Lamars

Objectants), filed objections to the Maria Trust accounting (Keeley Aff, Exh W); (2) Julieta

Cadenas, Eugenio J. Silva, individually and as personal representative of the Estate of Julieta

Cadenas Silva, and as deceased personal representative of the Estate of Gabriela Sanchez de

Cadenas, Felipa G. Silva, Justo E. Fanjul, individually and as executor of the estate of Flora Lama

de Fanjul, Luis B. Lamar, individually and as personal representative of the Estate of Maria Lamar,

Justo Lucas Lamar (son of Justo Lamar Sanchez, deceased), Beatriz Lamar Diego (daughter of

Justo Lamar Sanchez, deceased), Marcelo Lamar (son of Justo Lamar Sanchez, deceased), Maria

Lamar Suarez Rivas (daughter of Justo Lamar Sanchez, deceased), Maria Elizabeth Lamar, Ana

Maria Lamar (f/k/a Ana Maria Lamar de Casares), Elisa Gloria Lamar, Emilio Jose Lamar, Peter

Lamar, Diana Puccetti (a/k/a Diana Puccetty), Flora Fanjul Suarez, Marcelo Lamar, Maria Luisa

Lamar Suarez (a/k/a Maria Luisa Suarez Fanjul), Jorge B. Fanjul, Julio A. Fanjul and Marcelo E.

Fanjul (together Various Objectants), filed objections to the Maria Trust accounting (Keeley Aff,

Exh X); and (3) Julieta C. Silva, Julieta Cadenas, Eugenio J. Silva, and Felipe G. Silva (together

Gabriela Objectants), filed objections to the Gabriela Trust accounting (Keeley Aff, Exh V) (all

together Objectants).

The objections are substantially similar, alleging that the Trustee, in making its investment

decisions and managing the trust assets, breached its fiduciary duty to the Objectants by: (1) failing

to communicate with the trust beneficiaries regarding their investment needs and objectives, and

[* 6] with respect to substantive issues about the trusts (Keeley Aff, Exhs V, W, X); (2) failing to apply

the prudent person and prudent investor standards to the trusts at various time periods, including

imprudently investing exclusively in bonds from 1951-1967; (3) failing to maintain and retain

sufficient records; (4) failing to conduct periodic reviews of the investments, in violation of the

Trustee's own policies; (5) failing to evaluate the propriety of investing trust assets in Trustee

sponsored funds or to consider other funds; (6) failing to create an investment plan and failing to

manage the investments based on beneficiary needs and market conditions; (7) failing to properly

distribute trust assets and converting them; and (8) engaging in self-dealing by investing trust

assets in companies in which the Trustee held a substantial business interest and/or overlapping

directors (Keeley Aff, Exhs V, W, X).

The Trustee now moves in both proceedings for partial summary judgment seeking an

order dismissing the objections in part on the grounds that (1) the First Department's 2008 decision

precludes, under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, the objections regarding the alleged

impropriety of the Trustee's bond investments from 1951-1967; and (2) that the "lost profit"

measure of damages is inapplicable as a matter of law because the Trustee did not engage in any

self-dealing transactions (Trustee Motion). The Arellano Lamars Objectants move in the Maria

Trust Accounting proceeding for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability for breach of

fiduciary duty by the Trustee (Arellano Lamars Motion). Finally, the Various Objectants also move

in the Maria Trust proceeding for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability (Various

Objectants Motion). These motions were submitted on July 10, 2024, and are consolidated for

purposes of this decision and order.

[* 7] Discussion

It is well-established that "[t]he proponent of a summary judgment motion must make a

prima facie showing of entitlement to judgment as a matter of law, tendering sufficient evidence

to eliminate any material issues of fact from the case" (Pullman v Silverman, 28 NY3d 1060, 1062

[2016]). The burden then shifts to the motion's opponent "to present evidentiary facts in admissible

form sufficient to raise a genuine, triable issue of fact" (Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp v Credit

Suisse, 89 AD3d 561, 563 [1st Dept 2011], citing Zuckerman v City of New York, 49 NY2d 557,

562 [1980]). If there is any doubt as to the existence of a triable issue of fact, the motion for

summary judgment must be denied (O'Brien v Port Auth of NY and NJ, 29 NY3d 27, 37 [2017],

citing Sillman v Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 3 NY2d 395,404 [1957]).

Trustee Motion

In its motion for partial summary judgment, the Trustee seeks an order dismissing the

objections in part on the grounds that (1) the First Department's 2008 decision affirming the denial

of the motion to vacate the prior orders judicially settling certain trust accountings precludes, under

the doctrine of collateral estoppel, the objections that the trustee breached its fiduciary duty by

investing the trust's assets exclusively in bonds until 1967; and (2) that the "lost profit" measure

of damages is inapplicable as a matter of law because the Trustee did not engage in any self-dealing

transactions.

Collateral Estoppel

In its motion for partial summary judgment, the Trustee first argues that the Objectants are

precluded, under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, from challenging the Trustee's decision to

invest exclusively in bonds from I 951 until 1967.

[* 8] In support, the Trustee relies on the First Department's 2008 decision wherein the court

affirmed the Supreme Court's decision denying the movants' motion to vacate the 1953, 1974 and

I 975 Orders settling the Trustee's account for the trusts. In its decision, the First Department

rejected the movants' argument that the prior orders settling the trust accounts should be vacated

on the grounds of fraud or other misconduct under CPLR 5015(a)(3), stating that "[a]fter the trusts

were created in 1927, the goal of the investment fiduciary throughout the Great Depression and

long thereafter was to preserve the principal while creating a reasonable income ... The trust

investments were not for growth of assets for the grantor's grandchildren and great grandchildren,

but rather in accordance with her express direction that they be in securities that were 'long term'

and 'tax exempt'" (Matter of De Sanchez, 57 AD3d 452, 454 [1st Dep't 2008]). Based on this

language, the Trustee now argues that the First Department ruled that the Trustee's investment in

bonds for the first sixteen years of the accounting period was not, as a matter of law, a breach of

its fiduciary duty and thus the Objectants are collaterally estopped from challenging these

investments in their objections.

"Collateral estoppel or issue preclusion prevents a party from relitigating in a subsequent

action or proceeding an issue clearly raised in a prior action or proceeding and decided against that

party whether or not the causes of action are the same" (see Simmons v Trans Express Inc, 37

NY3d 107, 112 [2021] [internal quotations and ellipses omitted]). "The doctrine applies only

where the issue in the second action is identical to an issue which was raised, necessarily decided

and material in the first action and the party who is being estopped had a full and fair opportunity

to litigate the issue in the earlier action" (Id). "Furthermore, collateral estoppel should not be

applied mechanically" (Capstone Bus Funding, LLC v Shames Constr Co, 205 AD3d 606,607 [1st

Dep't 2022]). "[T]he fundamental inquiry is whether relitigation should be permitted in a particular

[* 9] case in light of what are often competing policy considerations, including fairness to the parties,

conservation of the resources of the court and the litigants, and the societal interests in consistent

and accurate results" (Simmons, 37 NY3d at 112).

As an initial matter, the First Department's 2008 decision simply does not apply to the

investment decisions in the Maria and Gabriela trusts from 1951 to 1967. These trusts have not

been judicially settled since the 1953 Order. The 1974 and 1975 Orders at issue in the motions to

vacate and the subsequent appeal only pertained to the Jorge, Emilio, and Marcelo trusts, and were

judicially settled after the death of the initial beneficiaries. Thus, the propriety of the Trustee's

bond investments for the Maria and Gabriela trusts for the first sixteen years of the accounting

period was not adjudicated by the First Department's 2008 decision, and the Objectants are not

collaterally estopped from addressing this issue in the current accounting proceedings (Simmons,

37 NY3d at 112 [collateral estoppel applies only when the issue in the second action is identical

to an issue that was decided in the first action]).

Further, the Trustee's argument that collateral estoppel applies is misplaced because the

Trustee ignores the procedural posture of the First Department's 2008 decision. While the decision

includes a discussion of general investment standards, this discussion was within the context of

the prior motion to vacate under CPLR 50 l 5(a)(3) based on constructive fraud. The First

Department did not evaluate each of the trusts' investment portfolios or engage in any detailed

analysis as to the appropriateness of the investments to determine whether the Trustee breached

its fiduciary duty.

The extensive briefing on the appeals and the underlying motions in the prior proceedings

further demonstrate that the issue of the Trustee's breach of fiduciary duty was not before the

court. The underlying motions to vacate under CPLR 5015(a)(3) focused on one dispositive

[* 10] argument: whether the Trustee properly notified the movants of the prior accounting proceedings

(Keeley Aff, Exhs F, G, H). While the motion papers discussed, in general terms, the Trustee's

allegedly imprudent investment strategy, the legal argument under CPLR 5015(a)(3) was that the

prior orders settling the accounts should be vacated because the Trustee failed to notify the

movants of the proceedings. This was the issue decided by the Supreme Court in its decision,

which held that the motions to vacate must be denied because "none of the beneficiaries appeared

in the accounting proceedings to contest the accounts, and there is no evidence that they were led

to believe that they should not contest these accounts" (Matter of de Sanchez, 18 Misc3d at *9).

Likewise, on appeal, the movants argued that the prior orders settling the accounts should

be vacated because the Trustee engaged in constructive fraud by failing to disclose relevant

information regarding its investments in the accounts and by failing to apprise the movants about

the nature of the proceedings or their interest therein (Keeley Aff, Exhs K-M). The movants' briefs

on appeal had no discussion regarding the Trustee's specific investment strategy or the relevant

investment standards. Thus, like the underlying motion, the issue on appeal was whether the

Trustee engaged in constructive fraud by making false statements in the accounts or by failing to

notify the movants about the proceedings (Oppenheimer v Westcott, 47 NY2d 595, 603 [1979];

HSBC Bank USA NA v Kantor, 215 AD3d 643, 644 [2d Dep't 2023] [discussing "intrinsic" and

"extrinsic" fraud under CPLR 5015(a)(3)]).

Viewing the First Department's 2008 decision within this context, it is evident that the First

Department did not and could not adjudicate the propriety of the Trustee's bond investments as

this issue had not been properly brought before the court. Rather, the only issue litigated was

whether prior accounting decrees should be vacated under CPLR 5015(a)(3) on the ground that

the Trustee allegedly engaged in constructive fraud by failing to file full, accurate and complete

[* 11] accountings and further failing to properly notify the movants about the accounting proceedings,

their interest in the proceedings and their right to contest the proceedings.

By contrast, the issue in these proceedings is the prudence of the Trustee's all bond

investments. This issue requires an analysis of different facts and laws (see Matter of Janes, 90

NY2d 41, 50 [1997] ["No precise formula exists for determining whether the prudent person

standard has been violated in a particular situation; rather, the determination depends on an

examination of the facts and circumstances of each case."]). Thus, the allegations regarding the

Trustee's bond investments cannot be dismissed on the ground of collateral estoppel as the First

Department's decision presented a different issue from the Objectants' current claims (Matter of

Asch, 164 AD3d 787, 789 [2d Dep't 2018] [holding that collateral estoppel did not apply where

the actions required "the establishment of different facts and the application of different laws"]).

In its reply, the Trustee argues that the issue of the bond investments was a key part of the

movants' arguments in support of vacating the prior accounting orders on the ground of

constructive fraud because the movants were trying to show that the Trustee obtained a possible

benefit through the fraud by covering up its allegedly imprudent investments. However, as

previously discussed, the movants' arguments regarding constructive fraud centered on the

Trustee's alleged failure to notify the movants of the prior accounting proceedings and its alleged

omission of certain information from the accountings. The movants argued that such conduct

constituted constructive fraud and they did not need to show that the Trustee acted with intent to

defraud given the parties' fiduciary relationship and the fact that the Trustee benefited from its

actions by covering up years of malfeasance. In this context, the movants' reference to the

Trustee's alleged malfeasance and imprudent investments was generalized and tangential to its

constructive fraud argument and therefore the prudence of the bond investments was not fully and

[* 12] actually litigated by movants (see Jeffreys v Griffin, 1 NY3d 34, 41 [2003] ["whether to apply

collateral estoppel depends upon general notions of fairness involving a practical inquiry into the

realities of litigation"]). Thus, the Trustee's motion for summary judgment on the ground of

collateral estoppel must be denied.

Lost Profits

In its motion for partial summary judgment, the Trustee also argues that in the event it is

found liable for breach of fiduciary duty for imprudent investments, its liability is limited to

negligence and mismanagement and thus, under Matter of Janes, 90 NY2d 41 (1997), the

Objectants' demand for appreciation or lost profits damages must be stricken.

It is fundamental that a fiduciary must make the trust whole for any damage resulting from

a breach of the fiduciary's duty (Matter of Rothko, 43 NY2d 305, 322 (1977)]). The calculation of

such damages is predicated upon the type of misconduct or breach of fiduciary duty found (Scalp

& Blade, Inc v Advest, Inc, 309 AD2d 219, 226 [4th Dep't 2003]). Under the Court of Appeals'

decision in Matter ofJanes, the measure of damages for negligent and imprudent failure to invest

and diversify is the value of lost capital (Matter of Janes, 90 NY2d at 55; Williams v JP Morgan

& Co, 199 FSupp2d 189, 193 [SDNY 2002]). This is calculated by determining the value of the

securities at the time they should have been sold, minus their value at the time they were ultimately

sold, or if unsold, at the time of the accounting (Matter o.fJanes, 90 NY2d at 55). However, where

there has been a breach of trust extending beyond mere negligence and committed for the personal

gain of the fiduciary, the award of lost profits may be an appropriate measure of damages for the

mismanagement of an investment portfolio (Matter of Rothko at 322; Scalp & Blade, 309 AD2d

at 229). Under this theory, the beneficiaries are entitled to recover the difference between what

they would have had if the assets were legitimately managed, estimated in most cases by the market

[* 13] index, minus what they in fact had at the time the misconduct ended (Scalp & Blade, 309 AD2d at

231).

Matter of Janes was an accounting proceeding by petitioner, Lincoln First Bank, to

judicially settle its account for a testamentary trust created for the benefit of decedent's widow and

certain charities for the period 1973 to 1994. The objectants argued that the trustee failed to act

prudently by failing to sell and diversify its investment interests. The trust's interests were

concentrated in the Eastman Kodak Company, which suffered a steep decline during the relevant

period. In affirming the Surrogate's Court finding of liability after trial, the Appellate Division,

Fourth Department found that the trustee, in violation of prudent practice and its own guidelines,

failed to conduct a formal analysis of the estate assets, failed to implement an investment plan or

establish any investment goals for the beneficiaries, failed to communicate with the beneficiaries

regarding the trust's performance, concealed and misrepresented the losses from the beneficiaries,

and, when faced with a steep decline in the stock price, did nothing to protect the interest of the

beneficiaries or prevent the estate from incurring disastrous losses (Matter ofJanes, 223 AD2d 20,

30-32 [4th Dep't 1996]). Nevertheless, the Appellate Division overturned the Surrogate's award

of lost profit damages, holding that the proper measure of damages for a fiduciary's negligent

retention of assets is the value of the capital that was lost (Id at 34). The Court of Appeals affirmed

the decision, finding that the Appellate Division correctly rejected the Surrogate's lost profits

measure of damages (Matter of Janes, 90 NY2d 41, 55). The Court held that "the Surrogate's

reliance on Matter of Rothko in imposing a 'lost profit' measure of damages is inapposite, since in

that case the fiduciary's misconduct consisted of deliberate self-dealing and faithless transfers of

trust property" (Id).

[* 14] Since then, courts have followed these guidelines in determining the proper measure of

damages for breach of fiduciary cases involving allegedly imprudent investments. For instance, in

Scalp & Blade, Inc v Advest, Inc, 309 AD2d 219 (4th Dep't 2003), the Appellate Division, Fourth

Department, once again opined on this issue, finding that "lost profit" damages may be appropriate

in a case involving the mismanagement of a trust fund where there were allegations that the trustee

engaged in "churning" or excessive trading (Id at 232). The court held that the plaintiffs had

"alleged a necessary predicate for such recovery, namely, a breach of fiduciary duty extending

beyond mere negligent retention of the portfolio's holdings and violation of a duty to sell or

diversify" (Id; see also Matter of Witherell, 37 AD3d 879 [3d Dep't 2007] [upholding award of

appreciation damages where trustee removed half of estate assets from New York without warning

or approval and was responsible for significant loss of these assets by authorizing an unsuitable

investment in junk bonds]). However, where the cases do not involve malfeasance or self-dealing

but are based on the negligent management of investments, courts have uniformly awarded lost

capital damages (Matter of Hunter, 100 AD3d 996 [2d Dep't 2012]; Matter of Saxton, 274 AD2d

110 [2d Dep't 2000]; Matter of Strong, 41 Misc3d 1231[A] [Sur Ct, Monroe County 2013];

Williams v JP Morgan Chase, 199 FSupp2d 189 [SONY 2002]; see also Matter of Newhojf, l 07

Misc2d 589, 595-96 [Sur Ct, Nassau County 1980] [holding that the measure of damages where

the initial investments are found to be imprudent is lost capital], aff'd, l 07 AD2d 417 [2d Dep't

1985]).

Here, the crux of the objections is that the Trustee breached its fiduciary duty by not

actively managing the investments. Towards this end, the Objectants allege that the Trustee

imprudently invested the trust assets by failing to communicate with the beneficiaries regarding

their investment needs, failing to consider the interest of the remainder beneficiaries, failing to

[* 15] develop an investment plan, and failing to analyze, monitor and manage the investments on an on-

going basis based on beneficiary needs and market conditions, including long-periods of inactivity

with no trading. These objections sound in negligence and failure to meet prudent investment

practices, rather than deliberate self-dealing or faithless transfers of property. Indeed, these

allegations are similar to the facts in Matter of Janes, where the court imposed liability on the

fiduciary not only for its imprudent failure to diversify but also for its "indifference, inaction,

nondisclosure, and outright deception in response to the prolonged and steep decline in the worth

of the estate" (Matter of Janes, 223 AD2d at 29).

Furthermore, although the objections include some allegations of self-dealing, these claims

lack merit. For instance, the Objectants allege generally that the Trustee engaged in self-dealing

by investing in companies in which it had a substantial business interest. In support, the Objectants

cite to the Trustee's purchase of bonds or stocks from large private and public corporations, such

as IBM and the Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Authority, which allegedly shared a single

overlapping director with the Trustee. While a corporate trustee is prohibited from purchasing

property for a trust from an affiliate or subsidiary corporation in which it has a controlling interest,

the allegations in the Objections fail to support "an interest in the entities in question of such a

substantial nature that there would be a temptation" for a trustee to have a conflict of interest

(Matter ofde Sanchez, 81 AD3d 456,457 [1st Dep't 2011] [citing Matter of Ryan, 291 NY 376,

406 (1943) and affirming dismissal of similar objections in prior accounting proceeding for the

Maria Trust]). Likewise, the Objectants' allegation that the Trustee engaged in self-dealing by

investing in a common trust fund lacks merit as these funds are authorized under New York

Banking Law§ 100-c (see Matter of Bankers Trust Co [Siegmund}, 219 AD2d 266 [1st Dep't

1995]). Finally, the Objectants' allegation that the Trustee engaged in self-dealing by investing the

[* 16] trust's assets in proprietary mutual funds is meritless as these investments are authorized under

EPTL 11-2.3(d) and the Trustee has demonstrated that it did not collect double fees as both trustee

and fund manager (Matter ofJP Morgan Chase NA [Roby}, 122 AD3d 1274 [4th Dep't 2014]).

In their opposition, the Objectants argue that Matter ofJanes is distinguishable because in

Janes, the fiduciary's misconduct consisted solely of negligent retention of a single asset whereas

here, the Trustee's misconduct was more egregious. However, while the failure to diversity was

one of the issues in Janes, the court also found that the trustee breached its duties by failing to

create an investment plan, failing to follow its own review protocols and policies, failing to

communicate with the beneficiaries and failing to consider the needs of the beneficiaries. As

discussed above, the allegations in this proceeding are similar and thus Janes, which limits the lost

profits measure of damages to cases involving "deliberate self-dealing and faithless transfers of

trust property," is applicable (Matter ofJanes, 90 NY2d at 55).

The Objectants also argue that the lost capital formula is inappropriate because it would

deny recovery to the beneficiaries. However, it is the Objectants' burden to show that a financial

loss resulted from the trustee's imprudent investments (Matter of Bankers Trust Co [Siegmund],

219 AD2d 266, 272 [1st Dep't 1995]; Matter of HSBC Bank [Knox], 98 AD3d 300,310 [3d Dep't

2012] ["the mere fact that a trust might have been able to earn more money through other

investments does not establish a breach of duty which would warrant a surcharge"]). The

Objectants may not relieve themselves of this burden by relying on an erroneous theory of

damages.

The Objectants also rely on the court's decision in Williams v JP Morgan Chase, 296

FSupp2d 453 (SONY 2003), opinion withdrawn and vacated, 2004 US Dist Lexis 22721 (SONY

Sept 24, 2004), to argue that the lost capital formula is inappropriate.

[* 17] Williams was an action by the remainder beneficiaries of an inter vivas trust against the

trustee for breach of fiduciary duty based on the trustee's negligent and imprudent failure to invest

and diversify the assets of the trust. In a prior decision in Williams, the court held that the rule in

Janes, limiting lost profit damages to cases involving self-dealing was applicable, and found that

lost profit damages were unavailable to plaintiff since his allegations sounded in negligence and

imprudent conduct ( Williams v JP Morgan Chase, 199 FSupp2d 189, 196 (SONY 2002). Thus,

this decision directly undercuts the Objectants' argument in this case as the court granted the

identical relief that the Trustee seeks here, namely, to strike the demand for lost profits.

Subsequently, the trustee in Williams moved for summary judgment seeking to dismiss the

breach of fiduciary claim because the absolute value of the trust increased, and thus, the trustee

argued, the plaintiff could not show that he had been damaged by the trustee's conduct under a

strict application of the lost capital formula (Williams, 296 FSupp2d at 456). The court in Williams

denied that motion, holding that the plaintiff could establish some amount of damages sufficient

to maintain a claim for breach of fiduciary duty (Id at 459). Although the court did not determine

the formula for calculating damages, it discussed with approval a calculation of lost capital that

takes into account the real-world value of the assets, i.e. inflation (Id at 457-59).

Like the first decision in Williams, this decision also undercuts the Objectants' position.

Here, the Objectants argue that absent lost profit damages, they would be left without a remedy

since the nominal value of the trusts increased during the accounting period. However, under

Williams, the fact that there may have been a nominal net gain in the absolute value of the trusts

does not absolve the Trustee of its obligation to comply with the prudent person and prudent

investor standards and does not bar the Objectants' claims. Thus, contrary to the Objectants'

argument, striking the lost profit measure of damages does not necessarily preclude their recovery

[* 18] of damages. Accordingly, the Trustee's motion to strike the Objectants' demand for an award of

lost profits damages is granted.

Motions by Arellano Lamars Objectants and Various Objectants

The Arellano Lamars Objectants and the Various Objectants (together the "Moving

Objectants") move for partial summary judgment on liability on their objections in the Maria Trust

accounting proceeding, arguing that the Trustee breached its fiduciary duty to the beneficiaries by

failing to comply with the prudent person and prudent investor rules which were in effect during

the accounting period from 1951 to 2011.

The accounting here spans two different legal standards for trust administration. Under the

prudent investor rule, which was effective for most of the relevant period, a trustee was required

to "employ such diligence and such prudence in the case and management of the trust, as in

general, prudent men of discretion and intelligence in such matters, employ in their own like

affairs" (Matter of Janes, 90 NY2d 41, 50 [1997]). Under this rule, "the preservation of the fund,

and procurement of a just income therefrom, are primary objects of the creation of the trust itself,

and are to be primarily regarded" (Id). In 1995, the Prudent Investor Act (EPTL 11-2.3) became

the governing standard for fiduciaries, and the statute imposes an affirmative duty on a fiduciary

to invest and manage property with "reasonable case, skill and caution to make and implement

investment and management decisions as a prudent investor would for the entire portfolio, taking

into account the purposes and terms and provisions of the governing instrument" (Id).

Under either standard, the fiduciary's conduct is not evaluated by outcome but rather "is

determined in light of facts and circumstances prevailing at the time of the decision or action of

the trustee" (EPTL 11-2.3[b]; Matter of Janes, 90 NY2d at 51). Further, when evaluating a

fiduciary's decisions, "it is not sufficient that hindsight might suggest that another course would

[* 19] have been more beneficial; nor does a mere error of investment judgment mandate a surcharge"

(Matter of Bank of New York, 35 NY2d 512, 519 [1974]). Rather, the test is prudence, not

performance, and evidence of losses does not, by itself, establish imprudence (Matter of HSBC

Bank USA, NA [Knox}, 98 AD3d 300, 309 [4th Dep't 2012]).

In evaluating a fiduciary's conduct, the court must consider the fiduciary's actions along

with relevant factors such as the size of the trust, the performance of the market, the situation and

needs of the beneficiaries, any potential tax consequences, the prospect of inflation and deflation,

and the marketability of the investment (Matter of Janes, 90 NY2d at 51 ). "No precise formula

exists for determining whether the prudent person standard has been violated in a particular

situation; rather, the determination depends on an examination of the facts and circumstances of

each case" (Id at 50). Thus, the determination of whether a fiduciary's conduct measures up to the

appropriate standards of prudence, vigilance, and care generally presents an issue of fact for the

trial court (Matter of Donner, 82 NY2d 574, 585 [1993] [citing Matter of Hubbell, 302 NY 246,

258 (1951)]).

The Moving Objectants, as the parties contesting the Trustee's accounting, have the initial

burden to show that the Trustee improperly exercised its fiduciary duty by failing to comply with

the prudent person and prudent investor standards of care (Matter of Rubin, 30 AD3d 668, 670 [3d

Dep't 2006]; Matter ofCurtis, 16 AD3d 725, 726 [3d Dep't 2005]). Further, to warrant a surcharge,

they "must show that a financial loss resulted from the trustee's negligence or failure to act

prudently" (Matter of Bankers Trust Co [Siegmund], 219 AD2d 266, 272 [1st Dep 't 1995]). If

there is no causal connection between the conduct and the loss, then there is no basis upon which

to surcharge the fiduciary (Matter of HSBC Bank USA, NA [Knox}, 98 AD3d 300, 310-11 [4th

Dep't 2012]).

[* 20] Turning now to the motions, the Moving Objectants argue that the Trustee acted

imprudently by failing to create an investment plan or investment objectives for the Maria Trust,

failing to communicate with the income beneficiaries and remaindermen of the trust, failing to

consider the needs and circumstances of the beneficiaries when making investments, and failing

to review, monitor and analyze the investments. According to the Moving Objectants and their

experts, these breaches caused significant financial damage to the Maria Trust and its beneficiaries,

causing the trust to lose approximately half of its value over the course of the accounting period

(Affidavit of Kerry Campbell sworn to April 19, 2024, ~ 78; Affidavit of Stan Smith sworn to May

2, 2024, ~ 29-30).

In opposition, the Trustee argues that the Moving Objectants have failed to meet their

burden to show that the Trustee acted imprudently or that the Trustee's conduct caused any loss to

the trust. Further, the Trustee submits the affidavits of its own experts, who claim that the Trustee's

investment decisions and process comported with prudent investment management. The Trustee

argues that, at a minimum, the decades-long investment history of the trust raises a myriad of

factual issues that cannot be determined on summary judgment (Affidavit of Charles Porten sworn

to June 6, 2024; Affidavit of Michael J.A. Smith).

For purposes of clarity, the relevant timeframes for analyzing the Moving Objectants'

allegations of wrongdoing for the accounting period are as follows:

1951-1960

After the death of Ms. de Sanchez in 1951, the Trustee had sole authority under the trust

instrument to make investment decisions. Nevertheless, according to the Moving Objectants, the

Trustee did not create an investment plan or policy for the assets in the Maria Trust nor did it

meaningfully assess its investments. In addition, the Moving Objectants claim that the Trustee did

[* 21] not communicate with Ms. de Sanchez's daughter, Maria Sanchez de Lamar, the income

beneficiary of the Maria Trust, regarding her needs, nor did it consider the needs of the remainder

beneficiaries of the trust. During this time, the trust's assets were wholly invested in tax-exempt

bonds. The Moving Objectants claim that the Trustee should have invested in stocks during this

period up to the statutory limit of 35%, which would have hedged against inflation and preserved

the value of the trust.

In opposition, the Trustee disputes the Moving Objectants' position that the Trustee failed

to communicate with Maria during this period and cites to numerous letters between the Trustee

and Maria's family. While most of the Trustee's communications regarding Maria's trust were

with her brothers, Emilio and Jorge Sanchez, according to the Trustee's expert, it was not

uncommon during this time period for the beneficiaries of inter-related family trusts to rely on one

or two family members to communicate with the trustee. The Trustee also provided Maria with

regular biannual account statements and annual security statements which contained detailed

information regarding the trust's holdings. In addition, the Trustee argues that after the death of

Ms. de Sanchez, it continued its investment policy by following the family's preference for

investments in long-term and tax-exempt bonds. This was advantageous to Maria, the income

beneficiary of the trust, because of the high tax rate on non-resident alien income, and because

inflation during this time was low. The Trustee contends that given these facts, and contrary to the

objectants' claims, Ms. de Sanchez's death did not require a change in the Trustee's investment

policy or a re-allocation of the Trust's assets to common stock.

There are many factual issues concerning the prudence of the Trustee's conduct during this

time. For instance, whether the Trustee's level of communication and lack of a written investment

policy constitutes a breach of fiduciary duty or reflects the family's practice and the industry

[* 22] standard is an issue of fact that cannot be resolved on summary judgment (Matter of Hubble, 302

NY 246,258 [1951] ["Normally, the determination of whether the conduct of a trustee measures

up to the appropriate standards of prudence, vigilance and care, is a fact to be found by the trial

court."]). Moreover, even if such conduct was imprudent, it is unclear whether this caused any

damages or whether the Trustee's all bond investments were nevertheless proper in light of the

circumstances, particularly since most of the bonds were purchased at the direction of the grantor

and were decades away from maturity (Matter of HSBC Bank USA, NA [Knox}, 98 AD3d 300, 309

["retention of securities received from the creator of the trust may be found to be prudent even

when purchase of the same securities might not."]; Matter of Bankers Trust Co [Siegmund}, 219

AD2d 266, 272 ["objectant must show that a financial loss resulted from the trustee's

negligence"]). Accordingly, summary judgment for this period must be denied.

1960-1967

Following the Cuban Revolution in 1959, Maria emigrated to the United States. As a result,

she could no longer rely on income from her family's property in Cuba and was left with almost

nothing, except for the income from the trust and some savings accounts. Despite her changed

circumstances, the Moving Objectants claim that the Trustee continued to ignore Maria and her

needs by failing to communicate with her. The Moving Objectants claim that during this time, the

Trustee should have adjusted its investment policy to account for Maria's present need for more

income and her changed tax status by allocating maximum allowable assets to investments in

common stocks.

In opposition, the Trustee points out that it did communicate directly with Maria during

this time and even helped her apply for U.S. resident status. The Trustee also claims that it was

aware of the family's changed circumstances and adjusted its investments by trading into bonds

[* 23] which had a higher interest rate. While the objectants' expert claims that the Trustee's investments

were improper and that the Trustee should instead have invested in corporate bonds and common

stocks, the prudence of the investments cannot be decided on summary judgment (Matter of

Hubble, 302 NY at 258).

1968-1979

In 1968, Maria corresponded with the Trustee via letter and informed the Trustee that given

her new tax status, she no longer needed investments in tax-exempt bonds. She also stated that she

wanted to maximize her income from the Trust as she could write it off her Cuban losses. The

Trustee agreed and stated that it would sell off its investments in tax-exempt bonds and invest half

of the assets in common stocks, up to the statutory limit, and the other half in taxable corporate

bonds. However, while the Trustee invested half of the assets in common stocks, it mistakenly

purchased tax-exempt municipal bonds, instead of taxable corporate bonds, with the other half of

the assets. In an internal memorandum in October 1969, the Trustee noted the error but decided to

hold onto the bonds to see if it could sell them at cost, rather than at a loss. The Trustee sold the

bonds in 1979 and 1983, after the municipal bond market had improved.

The Moving Objectants argue that the Trustee's purchase of the municipal tax-exempt

bonds was a breach of fiduciary duty as the Trustee itself recognized that it was supposed to have

invested these assets in taxable corporate bonds. Instead of promptly correcting this mistake, the

Moving Objectants allege that the Trustee compounded the error by holding onto the bonds for the

next ten years and misled Maria by concealing this error. In response, the Trustee argues, based

on its expert report, that contrary to the objectants' contention, taxable corporate bonds are not

necessarily a better investment than municipal bonds and that the Trustee acted reasonably by

holding onto the municipal bonds until the market improved in order to minimize losses. The

[* 24] Trustee also argues that it did not conceal the error from Maria as it regularly sent her statements

which listed the trust's holdings in tax-exempt bonds.

Whether the Trustee's mistaken investment in tax-exempt bonds in 1968 and its decision

to retain the bonds was a breach of fiduciary duty presents an issue of fact that cannot be resolved

on summary judgment (Matter of Hubble, 302 NY at 258; Matter of Bank of New York, 35 NY2d

512, 518-19 ["Our courts do not demand investment infallibility."]). Further, whether the Trustee

was obligated to affirmatively notify Maria of its error under the relevant standard of care, or

whether its regular statements to her were sufficient, also presents an issue of fact. Finally, it is

unclear if an investment in taxable corporate bonds, rather than municipal tax-exempt bonds,

would have benefitted the remainder beneficiaries of the trust since Maria, as the income

beneficiary, would have received the entire income from these investments.

The Moving Objectants also argue that the Trustee breached its fiduciary duty during this

time by only making a handful of trades and failing to take any action to minimize the adverse

impact of rising inflation and an economic recession. However, the level of trading by itself is

insufficient to show that the Trustee acted imprudently and the objectants fail to show what actions

should have been undertaken during this time to avoid the losses (Matter of Bankers Trust Co

[Siegmund}, 219 AD2d at 272 [objectant must show that a financial loss resulted from trustee's

negligence]). Further, the Trustee has raised an issue of fact by showing that it did try to navigate

these conditions by making favorable trades (Matter of Bank of New York, 35 NY2d at 518-19

[trustee could not be surcharged for losses where trustee acted prudently with respect to each

investment]). Thus, once again, there are issues of fact regarding the prudence of the Trustee's

investment decisions and the causation of damages which preclude summary judgment.

[* 25] 1979-1983

During this time, the Trustee liquidated its holdings and invested the trust's assets in its

own common trust funds. The Moving Objectants claim that this was a breach of fiduciary duty

because the Trustee failed to consider alternative investments and because it continued to be

heavily invested in tax-exempt assets, which they claim was not beneficial to Maria or the

remainder beneficiaries. In opposition, the Trustee argues that investment in common trust funds

is expressly authorized under Banking Law § 100-c and that these funds were widely used as

investments for personal trusts because they are a cost-effective way of minimizing management

costs and maintaining a diversified portfolio. Further, the Trustee's expert contends that taxable

holdings would not necessarily have been a better investment given the surge in municipal bond

yields in the early 1980s which made them more beneficial to people in the 30% tax bracket like

Maria. Thus, there are issues of fact regarding the prudence of the Trustee's investment in its

common trust funds and its investment in non-taxable holdings which preclude summary judgment

(Matter of Hubble, 302 NY at 258).

1983-2001

The Moving Objectants argue that the Trustee breached its fiduciary duty during this period

by failing to actively monitor and trade on its investments and by failing to communicate with

Maria's children who became the new income beneficiaries of the trust after she died in 1994.

However, objectants' generalized allegations of malfeasance are insufficient because they fail to

show that the Trustee's actions (or inaction) caused damages to the trust (Matter of Bankers Trust

Co [Siegmund}, 219 AD2d at 272). Moreover, the Trustee points out that it did change its

investment strategy after Maria's death by increasing its investment in equities. Accordingly,

summary judgment for this period must be denied.

[* 26] 2001-2011

The Moving Objectants argue that the Trustee breached its fiduciary duty during this period

by divesting the assets from its common trust funds and investing them in its proprietary mutual

funds, thereby creating unnecessary risk of the assets at the end of the trust's term. However, once

again, objectants fail to show that these actions harmed the trust. In fact, the value of the trust

increased during this period. Further, the Trustee's expert opines that this may have been a prudent

investment strategy as it reflected the Trustee's access to new investment vehicles following

JPMorgan's merger with Chase in 2000. Thus, summary judgment for this period must be denied.

In sum, there are a myriad of factual issues regarding the prudence of the Trustee's conduct

and investments, and the causation of damages, which must be determined by a trier of fact (Matter

of Hubble, 302 NY at 258).

Accordingly, it is

ORDERED that that the Trustee's motion for partial summary judgment is granted to the

extent that the demand for lost profit damages in the Maria Trust (E) and Gabriela Trust (A)

proceedings is stricken, and is otherwise denied; and it is further

ORDERED that the motions by the Arellano Lamars Objectants and the Various

Objectants for partial summary judgment on liability in the Maria Trust accounting proceeding are

denied; and it is further

ORDERED that the parties shall appear for a pre-trial conference on March 25, 2025, at

11:00 in person in courtroom 509 at 31 Chambers, New York, New York 10007.

'v Dated: January _SL_, 2025

[* 27] To:

James Coster, Esq. Duane Morris LLP 230 Park A venue, 11th Floor New York, New York 10169 (212) 404-8751 jjcoster@duanemorris.com Attorney for Petitioner JP Morgan Chase Bank, NA

Mark Sullivan, Esq. Dorsey & Whitney LLP 51 West 52nd Street New York, New York 10019 (212) 415-9200 sullivan.mark@dorsey.com Attorney for Objectants Pedro and Ado(fo Arellano Lamar

Kenneth McCallion, Esq. McCallion & Associates LLP 100 Park Avenue, 16th Floor New York, New York 10017 (646) 366-0884 kfm@mccallion.com Attorney for Various Objectants and Gabriela Objectants

[* 28]