IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
MARY MATTHEWS, an individual and her marital community, J. HAPPY No. 73426-1- NELSON, an individual and his marital community, OWEN RYAN, an individual KEN DEFRANG, an individual and ELLEN DEFRANG, an individual, Appellants, DIVISION ONE v.
ISLAND LANDMARKS, a Washington UNPUBLISHED OPINION nonprofit corporation,
Respondent. FILED: April 4, 2016
Spearman, C.J. — Two groups, one led by Mary Matthews and the other
by Ellen Kritzman, claim to be the rightful board of directors of a nonprofit
corporation. The Kritzman group brought suit in the name Island Landmarks
seeking a declaration that itwas the rightful board. The trial court granted
summary judgment to the Matthews group. On appeal, this court concluded that
portions of the bylaws were unclear and extrinsic evidence was necessary to
interpret them. We reversed and remanded. On remand, the trial court granted
summary judgment for the Kritzman group. The Matthews group appeals,
arguing that the trial court erred in considering inadmissible evidence and in its
interpretation of the bylaws. No. 73426-1-1/2
Because the declaration that the Matthews group objects to contains
hearsay, we reverse in part the trial court's admission of the evidence. But
reviewing the record without reference to the inadmissible evidence, we conclude
that the trial court correctly interpreted Island Landmarks' bylaws. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Island Landmarks was incorporated in 1995 with the purpose of
"promoting] historic preservation of architecture, landscape, and heritage of
Vashon and Maury Islands." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 19. Its membership is "open
and unlimited" to all persons who have the same specified interest and who
"qualify for membership" by paying annual dues of $25.00. CP at 26. Members
elect directors of the nonprofit each year. Members may remove directors with or
without cause.
Matthews and Kritzman were both involved in the formation of Island
Landmarks. Kritzman was an incorporating director and Matthews was the officer
who managed day-to-day operations. In its early years, Island Landmarks had
approximately 200 members and enjoyed widespread community support.
The nonprofit was particularly interested in restoring and preserving the
Mukai Farm and Garden, a King County historic landmark. Island Landmarks
obtained donations and public grants that enabled it to purchase the Mukai
property in 2000. After the purchase, Island Landmarks struggled to manage
grant money and to maintain the Farm and Garden. The corporation experienced
a high turnover of directors. No. 73426-1-1/3
Matthews and her husband, J. Nelson Happy, became board members in
2001. Happy lived out of state and Matthews moved out of state near the end of
2001. Matthews and Happy retained their positions as president and vice
president of the board. By 2002, the nonprofit had only about ten members.
In the late 2000s, Kritzman became frustrated by the nonprofit's lack of
activity on Vashon Island and its alleged neglect of the Mukai property. Kritzman
began meeting with community members to generate interest in regaining control
of Island Landmarks and "rescuing" the Mukai property. CP at 437.
The Matthews group held a board meeting on September 16, 2010. At that
time, there were five board members: Matthews, Happy, Ken and Ellen DeFrang,
and Owen Ryan. The minutes of the board meeting list three members in
addition to the board: Priscilla Beard, Ellen Granger, and David Hall. DeFrang
deposited dues payments from the members into the Island Landmarks account.
No dues were deposited in 2011 or the first five months of 2012.
In May 2012, Kritzman drafted an Island Landmarks membership form
declaring interest in historic preservation on Vashon Island. About 60 people
completed the form and wrote checks for $25.00 to Island Landmarks. Kritzman
deposited these checks as dues payments into the Island Landmarks bank
account without informing Matthews. Eleven of the new members called a special
meeting. They sent notice to each of the new members. They also sent notice to
the last known board members: Matthews, Happy, Ken and Ellen DeFrang, and
Owen Ryan. At the special meeting, the new members voted out the old board
and elected a new slate of directors. No. 73426-1-1/4
The Kritzman group brought this suit in the name Island Landmarks,
seeking a declaration that it was the rightful board. The Matthews group moved
for summary judgment arguing that the special meeting was invalid under the
corporation's bylaws because members could only call a special meeting through
the corporation's secretary. The Matthews group also argued that the bylaws
contained treasury and recordation requirements for membership that the
Kritzman group had failed to satisfy. Matthews asserted that an applicant only
obtained membership after delivering dues to the treasurer, delivering a
completed application to the secretary, and having her name entered in the
membership records of the corporation. The trial court agreed with Matthews and
dismissed Kritzman's suit on summary judgment.
On appeal, we reversed and remanded. Island Landmarks v. Matthews,
178 Wn. App. 1030 (2013). In Island Landmarks I. we held that under the plain
language of the bylaws ten percent of the "members entitled to vote" may call
and notice a special meeting, jd. at 4. We concluded, however, that the record
was insufficient to resolve the parties' conflicting arguments regarding
membership and that extrinsic evidence was necessary to ascertain the
corporation's intent regarding its membership requirements and procedures. Id.
at 6-8. We also ruled that a genuine question of fact existed as to whether the
Kritzman group provided notice to each member of the corporation, jd. at 8.
On remand, the Matthews group submitted evidence including the
declaration of Priscilla Beard, in which she stated that she was an Island
Landmarks member and that she did not receive notice of the special meeting. No. 73426-1-1/5
The Matthews group also produced a declaration in which Matthews testified to
the corporation's practice concerning accepting new members. Despite repeated
requests for production, the Matthews group failed to produce corporate receipt
books or membership records for recent years.
The Kritzman group submitted, among other items, their membership
forms and records of their dues payments. The Kritzman group submitted
statements from the Island Landmarks bank account showing that no dues were
deposited into the account after September 2010 until the Kritzman group
deposited their dues in May 2012. The Kritzman group also submitted the
declaration of the drafter of the bylaws, Frederic Kutscher, and a checklist that
Kutscher had used to help the incorporating directors determine the structure of
the corporation. The Matthews group moved to strike the declaration as hearsay.
The trial court granted summary judgment for the Kritzman group. The
court found that the membership forms and the deposits into Island Landmarks'
account established that the Kritzman group were members of the corporation
authorized by the bylaws to replace the existing board. The trial court further
found that the Kritzman group had met the notice requirement. The court listed
the Kutscher declaration among items considered and thus implicitly denied the
Matthews group motion to strike the declaration.
The Matthews group appeals, asserting that the trial court erred in
considering the Kutscher declaration and in adopting an erroneous interpretation
of the corporation's bylaws. The Matthews group also argues that the trial court No. 73426-1-1/6
erred in denying its motion for reconsideration and in failing to apply the doctrine
of unclean hands to bar the Kritzman group's claim.
DISCUSSION
The Matthews group first argues that the trial court erred in considering
the Kutscher declaration because it was irrelevant and contained hearsay.
This court reviews a trial court's order granting summary judgment de
novo, viewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Bel
Air & Brinev v. City of Kent, 190 Wn. App. 166, 172, 358 P.3d 1249 (2015) review
denied, No. 92373-6, 2016 WL (Mar. 02, 2016) (citing Columbia Cmtv.
Bank v. Newman Park, LLC, 177 Wn.2d 566, 573, 304 P.3d 472 (2013)). The de
novo standard applies to evidentiary rulings on admissibility. Keck v. Collins, 184
Wn.2d 358, 368, 357 P.3d 1080 (2015) (citing Folsom v. Burger King, 135 Wn.2d
658, 663, 958 P.2d 301(1998)). Affidavits in support of a summary judgment
motion must contain facts that would be admissible in evidence. CR 56(e).
The Matthews group argues that Kutscher's declaration was not relevant
because he was not an incorporating director. Evidence is relevant if it has "any
tendency" to make any material fact more or less probable. ER 401. In
interpreting bylaws, courts look to extrinsic evidence including evidence of the
"circumstances leading to" adoption of the bylaws. Roats v. Blakelv Island
Maintenance Comm'n, Inc., 169 Wn. App. 263, 274, 279 P.3d 943 (2012).
Kutscher was the incorporator and drafter of the bylaws. His statements are
evidence of the circumstances leading to the adoption of the bylaws. We reject
the Matthews group's assertion that the declaration is irrelevant. No. 73426-1-1/7
The Matthews group also argues that the Kutscher declaration contains
hearsay. Hearsay is a statement of a declarant offered to prove the truth of the
matter asserted. ER 801(c). Kutscher's declaration includes statements
describing the bylaws and his understanding of the bylaws. These are not
hearsay. Butthe declaration also includes statements expressing Kutscher's
belief as to the intention of the incorporating directors. These statements purport
to speak for the incorporating directors, and are thus hearsay.
The hearsay statements were not admissible and we do not consider them here.
The Matthews group next raises several challenges to the trial court's
interpretation ofthe bylaws. A corporation's bylaws are interpreted according to the rules of contract interpretation. Roats, 169 Wn. App. at 273-74. The purpose
of contract interpretation is to determine the intent ofthe contracting parties. Id. at 274. Washington courts apply the "context rule" ofcontract interpretation. Jd Under the "context rule," meaning is ascertained from the contract as a whole as
well as extrinsic evidence. Id. The circumstances leading to the execution of the
contract and the later conduct of the parties may provide evidence of the parties'
intent. Id. Summary judgment as to contract interpretation is appropriate only
when the interpretation does not depend on the use of extrinsic evidence or
when extrinsic evidence indicates that only one interpretation can reasonably be
inferred. Go2Net. Inc., v. C I Host. Inc., 115 Wn. App. 73, 85, 60 P.3d 1245
(2003).
The disputed issue is Island Landmarks' membership provision. Bylaw
section 2.2 states: No. 73426-1-1/8
Qualification of Members. Membership shall be open and unlimited to all persons who have an interest in promoting historic preservation of architecture, landscape, and heritage of Vashon and Maury Islands situated in King County, Washington. In order to qualify for membership, a member shall pay annual membership dues which shall initially be $25.00. Annual dues may be established and changed from time to time by a majority vote of the membership of the Board. Members may have such other qualifications as the Board may prescribe by amendment to these Bylaws.
CP at 26.
The Matthews group argues that the rules of a voluntary membership
organization may only be interpreted by that organization. It asserts that
interpretation of Island Landmarks' bylaws was nonjusticiable or, if justiciable, the
court was required to defer to the interpretation of the incumbent directors. The
Matthews group is mistaken.
The Matthews group relies primarily on Anderson v. Enterprise Lodge No.
2, 80 Wn. App. 41, 906 P.2d 962 (1995). Anderson concerned a dispute among
members, former members, and branches of the Order of Odd Fellows, an
international fraternal organization. Id. at 42. In determining whether the
association had violated its bylaws, the Anderson court looked to cases involving
disputes between local chapters of national or international associations and the
parent organization. Id. at 46-47. Anderson held that courts generally "refrain
from interfering in the internal affairs" of such associations and defer to the
association's own interpretation of its rules unless that interpretation is arbitrary
or unreasonable. Id. at 46. But because Island Landmarks is a discrete
corporation, not a local chapter of a national association, Anderson is inapposite.
8 No. 73426-1-1/9
Next, the Matthews group asserts that the trial court erred in finding that
the Kritzman group became members of Island Landmarks under bylaw § 2.2.
The Matthews group argues that, since the relationship between a corporation
and its members is contractual, it requires mutual assent. Matthews argues that
because Island Landmarks did not accept the Kritzman group as members, they
did not become members of the corporation.
The Matthews group relies on Schroeder v. Meridian Improvement Club,
36 Wn.2d 925, 932, 221 P.2d 544 (1950). Matthews asserts that Schroeder
stands for the proposition that an applicant may not become a member of a
corporation unless the corporation accepts the applicant as a member. The
Matthews group's reliance is misplaced.
In Schroeder, the court considered whether any of the plaintiffs were
members who could bring an action against a corporation for violating its bylaws.
]d at 929. To answer this question, the Schroeder court looked to the articles and bylaws of the corporation. ]d at 929-931. The corporation's membership provision stated that "[a]ny property owner or resident within the confines ofthe district" was "[ejligible for membership on payment of yearly dues . ..." Id at 929. The Schroeder court held that "'eligible' means suitable, qualified, fit,
worthy, capable of being chosen." Id at 932 (quoting State ex rel. Reynolds v. Howell, 70 Wash. 467, 126 P.954 (1912)). The court held that merely being
eligible did not guarantee membership. Id. The Schroeder court noted that membership in a "voluntary association is a privilege which may be accorded or
9 No. 73426-1-1/10
withheld, and not a right which can be gained independently." ]d (quoting 4
Am.Jur. 462, Associations and Clubs, § 11).
Schroeder does not stand for the proposition that a requirement of
corporate acceptance must be read into a corporation's governing documents.
Membership in a voluntary association is a privilege. But the requirements and
procedures for obtaining that privilege are established in the corporation's articles
and bylaws. Id at 930. To determine if the Kritzman group were members of
Island Landmarks, the trial court properly looked to the membership provisions in
the corporation's bylaws.
The Matthews group next argues that Island Landmarks' membership
provisions are analogous to those in Schroeder. The Matthews group asserts
that the Kritzman group merely met eligibility requirements and, as in Schroeder,
the corporation had no obligation to accept them as members. The Matthews
group is mistaken. The bylaws in Schroeder established a prerequisite for
eligibility. The bylaws in the present case establish a prerequisite for
membership.
In Schroeder, the membership provision stated that "any property owner
or resident within the confines of the district shall be eligible for membership." jd.
at 929 (emphasis added). Residence in the district was the prerequisite. Meeting
that prerequisite made an applicant "eligible" or, as the Schroeder court phrased
it, "capable of being chosen." Id at 932. If chosen by the corporation, an
applicant was required to pay yearly dues to complete the membership
requirements. Id at 929.
10 No. 73426-1-1/11
The membership provision in this case, bylaw § 2.2, states that
"membership shall be open and unlimited to all persons who have an interest in
promoting historic preservation of architecture, landscape, and heritage of
Vashon and Maury Islands." CP at 26. (Emphasis added). An interest in historic
preservation on Vashon Island is the prerequisite. But meeting the prerequisite
does not merely make an applicant eligible. The "open and unlimited" clause
guarantees "membership" to "all persons" who have the specified interest. The
only further requirement is stated in the next sentence: "In order to qualify for
membership, a member shall pay annual membership dues which shall initially
be $25.00." CP at 26. The membership provision in this case is not analogous to
that in Schroeder. The plain language of § 2.2 indicates that the corporation
"shall" extend membership to "all persons" interested in historic preservation on
Vashon Island who pay annual dues.
Extrinsic evidence supports this reading. Matthews stated that to her
knowledge the corporation had never refused membership to anyone who expressed an interest in the organization and paid dues. She stated that in
general, a person seeking to become a member would fill out a membership form expressing interest in historic preservation and send it to the corporation with the $25 dues payment. But Matthews also stated that the corporation often admitted members who had not completed a membership form and sometimes waived the
requirement to pay annual dues. This testimony supports the conclusion that membership was "open and unlimited to all persons" interested in historic
preservation on Vashon Island.
11 No. 73426-1-1/12
The Matthews group, however, argues that other provisions in Island
Landmarks' bylaws create membership requirements not stated in § 2.2. The
Matthews group relies on three provisions. Bylaw § 4.9 concerns the office of
treasurer. It specifies that the treasurer:
shall have charge and custody of and be responsible for all funds and securities of the corporation; receive and give receipts for the moneys due and payable to the corporation from any source whatsoever, and deposit all such moneys in the name of the corporation...; and in general perform all of the duties incident to the office of Treasurer. . . .
CP at 33. Bylaw § 4.8(d) concerns the office of secretary. It states that the
secretary "shall... keep records of the post office address and class, if applicable, ofeach member " CP at 33. Bylaw § 5.1 address administrative provisions. It states that the corporation "shall keep...records of the name and address and class, if applicable, of each member and Director...; and such other
records as may be necessary or advisable." CP at 34.
The Matthews group argues that these provisions establish two further
requirements for membership: delivery of dues to the treasurer, demonstrated by a receipt from the treasurer; and recordation by the secretary in the corporate
membership list. This interpretation is not supported by the text ofthe governing
documents or by extrinsic evidence.
Bylaws § 4.8 and § 4.9 are located in the article titled "Officers." CP at 32- 34. The article outlines the roles and duties of each office and requires generally
that each officer perform "all duties incident" to the office. CP at 33-34. Receiving corporation money and issuing receipts are responsibilities ofthe treasurer, while
12 No. 73426-1-1/13
keeping corporation records is the secretary's responsibility. Bylaw § 5.1 is
located in article 5, which addresses "administrative provisions." CP at 34. The
provision states that the corporation has a duty to keep records, including
records of members, directors, and officers. The cited provisions, read in context,
describe duties of the corporation and its officers, not membership requirements.
Extrinsic evidence supports this reading. Kutscher, the drafter of the
bylaws, stated that the provisions concerning the secretary and treasurer were
"standard parts of [his] forms." CP at 1155. The provisions thus do not reflect any
specific intent on the part of the incorporating directors. Kutscher stated that the
provisions were intended only to describe the responsibilities ofeach office. CP
at 1154-55.
Evidence produced by the Matthews group does not support its assertion
that bylaws § 4.8, § 4.9, and § 5.1 create membership requirements. Matthews declared that it was the corporation's practice for the treasurer to handle money
and issue receipts or thank you letters for dues. The Matthews group produced
some thank you letters from 1995-96, but failed to produce a corporate receipt
book or evidence that receiving a receipt was a necessary step in becoming a
member. Similarly, Matthews declared that it was corporate practice for the
secretaryto record an applicant's name and address in the corporation's records. The Matthews group produced a "membership tracking" list from the 1990s, but
failed to produce evidence that the corporation regularly maintained a
membership record or that being entered into such a record was a requirement of
13 No. 73426-1-1/14
To the contrary, Matthews's testimony as well as documentary evidence
indicate that Island Landmarks was extremely flexible in its membership
practices. Matthews stated that the corporation accepted in-kind donations in lieu
of dues payment, but produced no evidence that the corporation kept records of
such donations. Several of the people listed as members in 2010 received their
membership as a gift. These new members, many of whom lived out of state, did
not express interest in historic preservation on Vashon Island or fill out a
membership form. The Matthews group did not produce evidence that these new
members received receipts or that their names were entered on any regularly
maintained corporate membership record.
Based on the plain language of the bylaws' membership provision, the
context of the bylaws as a whole, and extrinsic evidence, the only reasonable
interpretation is that membership in Island Landmarks is "open and unlimited to
all persons" who share the corporation's purpose and pay annual dues. The members of the Kritzman group accordingly became members of Island
Landmarks in May 2012 by completing a form declaring their interest in historic
preservation and paying dues into the Island Landmarks account.
Next, the Matthews group challenges the trial court's finding that the
Kritzman group satisfied the notice requirement. The Matthews group argues that Priscilla Beard, who last paid dues in September 2010, was a member of Island
Landmarks in May 2012. Because Beard did not receive notice of the special
meeting, the Matthews group argues that there is at least a question offact as to
whether the Kritzman group satisfied the notice requirement.
14 No. 73426-1-1/15
The trial court found, based on the text of the bylaws and the undisputed
evidence as to who had paid dues in the twelve months prior to the special
meeting, that there was no material dispute concerning who was a member of
Island Landmarks in May 2012. We agree. The bylaws allow for an expansive
membership, open to "all persons" interested in historic preservation. The only
qualification for membership is the payment of "annual membership dues." CP at
26. (Emphasis added).
The Matthews group asserts that the bylaws do not explicitly state that
failure to pay dues results in loss of membership, and the trial court erred in reading in such a provision. It also argues that corporate practice indicates that members remained members as long as the corporation knew who they were.
This reading contradicts the bylaws, which state that a member "shall pay annual dues." The interpretation is also unreasonable, as it allows the corporation to
retain or exclude previous members at will. We conclude that the failure to pay
annual dues results in loss of membership. The Matthews group has not raised a
question of fact as to whether the Kritzman group provided notice of the special meeting to all current members in May 2012.
The Matthews group next asserts that the trial court erred in failing to
apply the doctrine of unclean hands to barthe Kritzman group's claims. This argument is without merit. Unclean hands is a defense to an action seeking equitable relief.1 Portion Pack, Inc.. v. Bond, 44 Wn.2d 161, 170, 265 P.2d 1045
1The Matthews group cites no authority for the proposition that the Kritzman group s action seeking a declaratory judgment sounded in equity. The Kritzman group, however, does not dispute the applicability of the unclean hands doctrine.
15 No. 73426-1-1/16
(1954). A court of equity will not intervene on behalfof a party whose conduct
has been unconscionable. Id
The parties dispute control of a nonprofit corporation. The rights and
duties of a corporation's members are established in the corporation's governing
documents. RCW 23B.02.020; 23B.02.060. Directors of a corporation have a
duty to act in good faith in the best interests of the corporation. RCW 23B.08.300(1). The Matthews group has not produced evidence that the
Kritzman group violated the corporation's bylaws. The Matthews group has
provided no argument that the Kritzman group's actions were not undertaken in the best interests of the corporation or were harmful to the corporation.
Finally, the Matthews group argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion to reconsider. We review a trial court's decision on a motion to reconsider
for abuse of discretion. A trial court may grant a motion to reconsider when the
motion is based on newly discovered evidence which the party "could not with
reasonable diligence have produced" at the hearing. CR 59 (a)(4). Atrial court abuses its discretion if its decision is "manifestly unreasonable, based on
untenable grounds, or based on untenable reasons." Moreman v. Butcher, 126 Wn.2d 36, 40, 891 P.2d 725 (1995) (quoting State ex rel Carroll v. Junker, 79
Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)).
The Matthews group argues that its deposition of Kutscher, taken afterthe
hearing on the motion for summary judgment, revealed new material evidence that justified reconsideration. It asserts that Kutscher's deposition contradicted his declaration and revealed his bias in favor of the Kritzman group.
16 No. 73426-1-1/17
The Matthews group makes no argument as to why the Kutscher
deposition could not have been discovered previously and thus qualifies as new
evidence. In addition, the deposition does not contradict the declaration. In his
declaration, Kutscher testified to his recollection of drafting the bylaws, his belief
as to what the bylaws meant, and his practice in drafting bylaws. In his
deposition, Kutscher testified that he did not specifically recall his meetings with
representatives of Island Landmarks while drafting the bylaws or whether those
meetings took place in person or by telephone.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Matthews's group
motion to reconsider.
Affirmed.
-iti^c* £X WE CONCUR:
i
UD