NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 31 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARVIN PETE WALKER, No. 19-15087
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:94-cv-01997-PJH
v. MEMORANDUM* RONALD DAVIS, Warden of San Quentin State Prison,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Phyllis J. Hamilton, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted June 19, 2020 San Francisco, California
Before: WALLACE, GILMAN,** and GRABER, Circuit Judges. Dissent by Judge WALLACE
Marvin Pete Walker was convicted and sentenced to death in a California
state court for murder, assault, robbery, and other charges in 1980. He now
appeals the district court’s dismissal of his petition for habeas corpus with regard
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Ronald Lee Gilman, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. to the following claims: (1) that the prosecutor impermissibly struck all three
black potential jurors from the venire using peremptory challenges, in violation of
Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986); and (2) that Walker was convicted of
special-circumstance murder based on a deficient jury instruction that denied him
due process. The district court granted a certificate of appealability only as to the
Batson claim. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the district court on the
Batson claim. We remand the case to the district court with instructions to grant
the writ of habeas corpus unless the State, within a reasonable amount of time, has
instituted a retrial of Walker. Because we grant habeas relief on the Batson claim,
we need not decide whether to grant a certificate of appealability regarding the
other claim.
We review de novo a district court’s denial of a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus. Lopez v. Thompson, 202 F.3d 1110, 1116 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). But
under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),
federal courts may grant a writ of habeas corpus to a state prisoner only if the state-
court rulings on the prisoner’s federal constitutional claims “resulted in a decision
that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or were
“based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)–(2).
2 19-15087 The Supreme Court has provided the following interpretation of the term
“unreasonable”:
As a condition for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court, a state prisoner must show that the state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement.
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 103 (2011). And “[f]or habeas petitions
alleging a Batson violation, ‘our standard is doubly deferential: unless the state
appellate court was objectively unreasonable in concluding that a trial court’s
credibility determination was supported by substantial evidence, we must uphold
it.’” Currie v. McDowell, 825 F.3d 603, 609 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Jamerson v.
Runnels, 713 F.3d 1218, 1225 (9th Cir. 2013)).
Despite this high bar to relief, Walker has made such a showing in the
present case. The prosecutor struck all 3 black potential jurors from a venire of
approximately 155 individuals by using peremptory challenges, and the stated
reasons for doing so do not hold up under scrutiny. Some of those reasons were
unreasonable or irrelevant, others were demonstrably false, and still others applied
equally to nonblack jurors who were nonetheless permitted to serve on the jury.
Cf. id. at 605 (granting habeas relief based on these same deficiencies). Although
the trial court rejected some of the irrelevant reasons that the prosecutor offered, it
nonetheless credited other reasons that were clearly pretextual. And the California
3 19-15087 Supreme Court, in turn, simply restated, without any analysis, the prosecutor’s
proffered reasons for striking all of the black potential jurors, People v. Walker,
765 P. 2d 70, 80–81 (Cal. 1988), including reasons that even the trial court had
rejected. Both decisions by the California courts were therefore so “lacking in
justification” as to constitute “an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of
the evidence presented.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2); Harrington, 562 U.S. at 103.
The Supreme Court in Batson established a three-part test for determining
whether a prosecutor’s use of peremptory challenges to exclude prospective jurors
violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. This test was
restated in Ali v. Hickman, 584 F.3d 1174 (9th Cir. 2009), as follows:
First, the defendant must make a prima facie showing that a challenge was based on race. If such a showing is made, the burden then shifts to the prosecutor to produce a “clear and reasonably specific” race-neutral explanation for challenging the potential juror. Third and finally, the court must determine whether, despite the prosecutor’s proffered justification, the defendant has nonetheless met his burden of showing “purposeful discrimination.” To make this last determination, the court evaluates the “totality of the relevant facts” to decide “whether counsel’s race-neutral explanation for a peremptory challenge should be believed.”
Id. at 1180 (quoting Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F. 3d 351, 359 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc)).
Neither party challenges the trial court’s conclusion that Walker established
a prima facie case and that the prosecutor satisfied his step-two burden. The sole
remaining issue is whether the California courts erred in concluding that Walker
4 19-15087 “failed to meet his ultimate burden of establishing that the prosecutor’s challenges
were motivated by purposeful racial discrimination.” See id.
To meet that burden, Walker “need not prove that all of the prosecutor’s
race-neutral reasons were pretextual, or even that the racial motivation was
‘determinative.’” Currie, 825 F.3d at 605 (citations omitted). Walker must instead
“demonstrate that ‘race was a substantial motivating factor’ in the prosecutor’s use
of the peremptory strike.” Id. at 606 (quoting Cook v. LaMarque, 593 F.3d 810,
815 (9th Cir. 2010)). If even “a single prospective juror [was struck] for a
discriminatory purpose,” that suffices to make out a Batson violation. Flowers v.
Mississippi, 139 S. Ct. 2228, 2244 (2019).
We “must undertake a sensitive inquiry into such circumstantial and direct
evidence of intent as may be available” in order to determine whether Walker has
carried his burden of persuasion. Batson, 476 U.S. at 93 (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted). “The ‘circumstantial and direct evidence’ needed for
this inquiry may include a comparative analysis of the jury voir dire and the jury
questionnaires of all venire members, not just those venire members stricken.”
Green v. LaMarque, 532 F.3d 1028, 1030 (9th Cir. 2008). “If a prosecutor’s
proffered reason for striking a black panelist applies just as well to an otherwise-
similar nonblack who is permitted to serve, that is evidence tending to prove
purposeful discrimination.” Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 241 (2005).
5 19-15087 Moreover, “where we are separated by time and distance from the
proceedings [as in the present case], we must conduct a more formal comparative
juror analysis because it is the only means we will have for assessing the state
court’s factfinding.” Murray v. Schriro, 745 F.3d 984, 1005 (9th Cir. 2014). This
is true despite the fact that the state courts were not required to conduct a
comparative juror analysis prior to Miller-El. See McDaniels v. Kirkland, 813 F.3d
770, 778–79 (9th Cir. 2015) (“A comparative analysis of the treatment of jurors
may therefore be central to a federal court’s review of whether a state court’s
findings as to purposeful discrimination were reasonable, regardless of the fact that
the state court was not required by clearly established law to perform such
comparisons.”). Contrary to the dissent’s contention, we are not requiring the
prosecutor to “justify” each strike; we are simply undertaking a comparative juror
analysis.
Such a comparative juror analysis lays bare the purposeful discrimination in
the case before us. The most glaring evidence of unequal treatment relates to the
prospective jurors’ views on the death penalty. Black potential jurors D.K. and
M.G. were struck because of their purported anti-death-penalty views. But a
review of the record demonstrates not only that the prosecutor mischaracterized
their views, but also that nonblack jurors with similar or even stronger views
against the death penalty were nonetheless permitted to serve.
6 19-15087 D.K., for example, stated that she felt “very strongly about a person taking
another person’s life, whatever the case, whatever the situation,” and that she took
seriously the biblical Commandment “thou shalt not kill.” But she also stated that
she “believe[d] in the laws of society” and that the death penalty “has to be carried
out in some cases.” She further stated that she “probably could” consider the death
penalty and that she did not feel that her death-penalty views would influence her
in deciding the guilt portion of the case. But the prosecutor justified eliminating
D.K. because, according to him, she had “very strong feelings about the death
penalty that were not favorable . . . . I believe she said it might have some
influence on her in the guilt phase. I’m not very clear about that.”
As for M.G., the prosecutor claimed that M.G. “volunteered that he was not
comfortable at all with the fact that it was a death penalty situation.” M.G. had
said that, like for “everyone else,” imposing the death penalty would be an
emotional decision. But he also expressed the thought that “they don’t use it [the
death penalty] enough.” And when the prosecutor asked if he would be less prone
to use the death penalty, M.G. answered, “No.”
Compare the above voir dire of D.K. and M.G. to the prosecutor’s treatment
of white juror A.K., who was left on the jury despite stating that he had “severe
doubts” about the death penalty, that he held a “partial preconceived notion”
against it, and that it would be “very difficult” for him to consider the death
7 19-15087 penalty as an option. Or consider that G.A., another nonblack juror, was left on the
jury despite having expressed similar reservations about the death penalty. G.A.
stated that, although she “believe[d] in some cases it’s [the death penalty]
justified,” she “would hate to be on a jury that would have to make that decision.”
And the prosecutor allowed A.A., still another nonblack potential juror—who said
that she could not consider the death penalty at all, but that her views on the death
penalty would not affect her decision in the guilt phase of the case—to be
impaneled as an alternate with the understanding that, if she ended up serving, she
would simply be excused from the penalty phase. With all due respect, we
therefore believe that the dissent’s assertion “that D.K.’s views were stronger than
those of the two non-black panelists who [were] permitted to serve (G.A. and
A.K.)” is simply not borne out by the record.
We also disagree with the dissent’s characterization that D.K.’s views “were
rooted in a firmly held religious belief that . . . would be applicable to her duties as
a juror.” D.K.’s overall response, as evidenced in her statements above, shows that
any religious beliefs that D.K. held would not have interfered with her ability to
apply the laws of society, including the death penalty.
Finally, the dissent’s contention that C.L.’s “anti-death penalty views could
be considered stronger than D.K.’s” is a considerable understatement. The record
reveals the following exchange with the prosecutor:
8 19-15087 Q. If we ever get to that second stage, that you were to consider both alternatives, could you do that? A. I could consider them, but I know I would reject the death penalty. Q. Even without regard to any of the facts of the case? Without having heard anything? A. That’s true. Q. Do you think that there’s a chance that if we ever get to that stage that you might seriously consider capital punishment or the death penalty? A. No. Q. Even if the court were to instruct you that that was the law and you took an oath to obey the law? A. I just couldn’t.
C.L.’s anti-death-penalty views were clearly far stronger than those of D.K. So the
prosecutor’s peremptory challenge of C.L., a nonblack juror, on the basis of C.L.’s
views provides no basis to justify his strike of D.K. as race neutral.
The prosecutor also asked leading questions obviously designed to create a
record on which to base his strike of D.K. His questions of juror A.K., on the other
hand, were clearly designed to allow A.K. to serve on the jury. When questioning
D.K., for example, the prosecutor remarked: “That would seem to make it
impossible for you, to me, if I understand you right, . . . it would seem to make it
almost impossible for you to ever vote guilty and then apply the death penalty in a
case where the law calls for it?” But when questioning A.K., the prosecutor
commented: “You’re willing to keep your mind open, and although you cringe at
the thought of voting that, in that manner, that you would be able to look at that as
a real alternative for you to, depending on what has been proven?” The Supreme
9 19-15087 Court in Miller-El concluded that similar disparate questioning of white and
nonwhite potential jurors on their death-penalty views was evidence of pretext.
545 U.S. at 249.
Such disparate questioning was also manifest when the prosecutor
questioned D.K., M.G., and the third black potential juror—D.B.—about their
previous interactions with the police. The prosecutor later cited these interactions
as evidence that the three black potential jurors harbored antipolice bias. For
example, the prosecutor asked D.K. if she had ever had “bad experiences with
police.” She answered: “no,” but nevertheless related two incidents that she
referred to as “a couple [of] little harassments” related to unwarranted suspicion
and surveillance. The only follow-up questions that the prosecutor asked were
when the incidents had occurred (both several years before) and whether they
involved the San Jose Police Department (they had). He never asked whether
those incidents would influence D.K.’s ability to fairly evaluate the evidence.
By contrast, the prosecutor asked the following leading question of A.K.,
who had previously been arrested for a DUI: “There’s nothing about that [your
DUI case], and frankly, it’s awfully remote from a case like this, but there’s
nothing about that case that would influence you here?” The prosecutor’s reliance
on one of the minor incidents that D.K. recalled is all the more suspect because,
when the prosecutor responded to Walker’s Batson motion, he could not recall if
10 19-15087 that incident had happened to D.K. or to D.B., the other black female panelist.
The prosecutor also cited antipolice bias to strike D.B. He asserted that he
saw D.B. suppress a smile when defense counsel asked her if she would give a
testifying police officer “more credibility simply because he’s a police officer.” In
response, D.B. apologized for her tendency to smile. D.B. did explain that she
“wonder[ed]” about San Jose police “dealings with minorities,” and that she
“question[ed]” whether the police were biased against minorities, but she also
testified that she had never personally witnessed any police harassment. When the
prosecutor explained his justification for the strike, he told the court that D.B. had
previously made a complaint to law enforcement, based on her husband being
followed home by the police, but in fact D.B.’s husband had been the one to
complain.
In addition, the prosecutor asked questions designed to paint D.B. in a biased
light. He stated, for example: “You mentioned when counsel asked you about the
trial here and the defendant, the racial question . . . you kind of started breathing
real fast . . . . And I take it there was something else you wanted to say that you
didn’t . . . .” D.B.’s response to this was simple: “There was nothing else that I
desired to say about that.” But the prosecutor continued: “You did say that you
are a strong advocate of black people’s rights and of—why don’t you say it again
for me.” D.B. replied: “I don’t understand. I don’t think I can recall exactly what
11 19-15087 I said at the moment.” In response to repeated questioning by the prosecutor on
this topic, D.B. made clear that she “felt human rights [came] before minority and
any particular ethnic group’s rights.” She also stated, in response to a question
about her ability to be impartial, “I feel that I would be as fair and honest as I
possibly could with the evidence placed before me.”
Finally, disparate questioning was again evident when the prosecutor
questioned M.G. about his previous interactions with the police. The prosecutor
asked M.G. numerous questions about these interactions that appear designed to
paint M.G. in a bad light. He asked, for example, “[w]as it [being pulled over]
predominantly when you were wearing things like the leather jacket you
mentioned?” and “[h]ave all of them been like at eleven o’clock until three
o’clock in the morning, that kind of time?” But when questioning A.K. about his
DUI, the prosecutor asked only if A.K. thought that he had been treated unfairly,
which agency arrested him, and a leading question regarding whether the DUI case
would influence A.K. in Walker’s case. He did not ask, for example, what A.K.
was wearing at the time of his arrest or at what time of day he had been driving.
And the prosecutor did not ask M.G. a comparable question about whether these
interactions with the police would influence him in Walker’s case.
Strikingly, M.G. actually expressed sympathy for the police, stating: “I
mean, some of them are overworked. Some of them are a little upset. Some can’t
12 19-15087 deal with the public because they are used to dealing with criminals all the time.”
In explaining how he had been mistaken on several occasions by police pursuing
another black man, M.G. stated that “[s]ometimes I can understand officers being
cautious because he doesn’t know what’s happening. He just has a description
come over.” M.G. further testified that he had friends and relatives associated with
law enforcement, including an uncle who had been killed in the line of duty, a
cousin with the Oakland Police, and a friend on the police department in Palo Alto.
If anything, these connections to law enforcement should have made M.G. an
attractive juror for the prosecution. See Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F.3d 351, 371 (9th
Cir. 2006) (en banc) (finding pretext where the prosecutor struck a black potential
juror who had “connections to law enforcement” where “it seems likely she would
be a strong prosecution juror”). Yet the prosecutor cited antipolice bias as a reason
for striking M.G.
The prosecutor also offered a myriad of other flawed reasons. He claimed,
for example, that he struck D.B. because of her eagerness to serve on the jury. As
the prosecutor put it, he was “always suspicious when someone is that anxious to
sit on a jury. . . . The only thing I think of would be that someone that anxious to
serve is someone who would not be thinking of reaching any penalty.” But the
record shows just the opposite: D.B. raised her recent jury service and mother’s
visit as reasons that she should not have to serve again. But when asked if jury
13 19-15087 service would create a hardship, she simply replied: “No, it wouldn’t be a
hardship. I just wouldn’t do these things that we planned to do, and it’s nothing
that special that it can’t be cancelled, I suppose, to another year.” And she
confirmed that serving on the jury “wouldn’t be upsetting.” These responses are
totally inconsistent with the prosecutor’s characterization that D.B. was “anxious
to serve.” And comparative juror analysis shows that a white juror, J.A.,
affirmatively stated that he wanted to be a juror. Yet the prosecutor did not object
to J.A. being impaneled.
As a further point regarding comparative juror analysis, we note that the
dissent cites Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333 (2006), no fewer than a dozen times for
various propositions related to our general standard of review under AEDPA. But
it fails to point out that the comparative juror analysis in Rice revealed strikingly
different facts. The prosecutor in Rice used a peremptory strike on a black female
juror, but the prosecutor’s stated reasons for doing so—the prosecutor’s “wariness
of the young and the rootless”—“could be seen as race neutral, for she used a
peremptory strike on a white male juror, Juror 6, with the same characteristics.”
Id. at 341. In other words, the comparative juror analysis in Rice evidenced that
the prosecutor struck both black and white jurors for exactly the same reasons.
Comparative juror analysis in this case, by contrast, reveals just the opposite.
Still other reasons given by the prosecutor in the present case are highly
14 19-15087 questionable. The prosecutor, for example, used the personal appearance and dress
of M.G. and D.B. to justify, in part, those strikes. Despite the trial court explicitly
rejecting these reasons, the California Supreme Court simply repeated the
prosecutor’s reasoning regarding M.G.’s clothing and failed to comment on D.B.’s
attire at all. See Walker, 765 P. 2d at 80–81.
The California courts’ treatment of the prosecutor’s stated reasons failed to
satisfy Batson. As we expressed in Currie, 825 F.3d 603:
If a prosecutor supplies enough reasons for a strike, it may well be likely that one of those reasons is plausible. But it remains the case that implausible justifications “may (and probably will) be found to be pretexts for purposeful discrimination.” Courts applying the Batson procedure therefore cannot stop investigating after finding one of a prosecutor’s multiple proffered reasons plausible. As is evident here, finding multiple other reasons to be pretextual may well lead to the conclusion that the prosecutor’s strike was discriminatory.
Id. at 613–14 (quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 339 (2003)). The
above-quoted reasoning is particularly applicable here because, where a
“prosecutor offer[s] several pretextual explanations for these strikes, . . . this
undercuts his credibility.” Kesser, 465 F.3d at 369.
In sum, the record reveals that the prosecutor mischaracterized the views of
all three black potential jurors, adopted disparate lines of questioning for black and
nonblack jurors, and cited reasons for striking the black jurors that applied equally
to nonblack jurors who were left on the jury. These errors by the California courts
are “beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement,” Harrington, 562 U.S. at
15 19-15087 103, and obviate the deference that we would otherwise accord to the state trial
court’s evaluation of the prosecutor’s credibility, Currie, 825 F.3d at 609.
Walker has therefore carried his burden to demonstrate that a Batson
violation took place and that he is entitled to habeas relief on this basis. Id. at 605
(granting habeas relief based on a Batson violation where the prosecutor had
“removed one African American juror via peremptory strike,” and “[h]is stated
reasons for striking this juror were all flawed—each reason was either
unreasonable, demonstrably false, or applied just as well to the non-black
jurors . . . allowed to remain on the jury”). Because Walker is entitled to a new
trial, see Crittenden v. Chappell, 804 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir. 2015), we need not
consider whether to grant a certificate of appealability on his claim regarding the
deficient jury instruction. We presume that, if the State retries Walker, the trial
court will remedy the jury instruction.
For all of the above reasons, we REVERSE the district court on the Batson
claim. We REMAND the case to the district court with instructions to grant the
writ of habeas corpus unless the State, within a reasonable amount of time, has
instituted a retrial of Walker.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
16 19-15087 FILED Marvin Walker v. Ron Davis, No. 19-15087 JUL 31 2020 WALLACE, Senior Circuit Judge, dissenting: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
The Supreme Court has repeatedly admonished us to adhere to the highly
deferential standard of review of state court judgments that the Antiterrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), requires in federal
habeas cases. See, e.g., Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 335 (2006) (“the Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit erred, misapplying settled rules that limit its role and
authority” by “sett[ing] aside reasonable state-court determinations of fact in favor
of its own debatable interpretation of the record”). I recognize that the majority
would have decided this case differently than the California courts did, but “[i]t bears
repeating that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary
conclusion was unreasonable.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011).
“Though it recited the proper standard of review, the panel majority improperly
substituted its evaluation of the record for that of the state trial court.” Rice, 546 U.S.
at 337–38. Accordingly, I must dissent.
“Under AEDPA, we may only disturb a state court’s determinations of law if
they were ‘contrary to’ or ‘involved an unreasonable application of’ clearly
established federal law as determined by the United States Supreme Court.” Wade
v. Terhune, 202 F.3d 1190, 1194–95 (9th Cir. 2000), quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
Similarly, this court must accept a state court’s factual determinations—including “whether the prosecutor’s strikes were purposefully discriminatory”—unless such
determinations were “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of
the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” Sifuentes v. Brazelton, 825
F.3d 506, 517 (9th Cir. 2016), quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). As a result, AEDPA’s
standard for evaluating state-court rulings is not only “difficult to meet and highly
deferential,” but it “demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the
doubt.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181 (2011) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).
In evaluating habeas petitions premised on Batson violations, the standard of
review is “doubly deferential” such that “unless the state appellate court was
objectively unreasonable in concluding that a trial court’s credibility determination
was supported by substantial evidence, we must uphold it.” Sifuentes, 825 F.3d at
518, quoting Briggs v. Grounds, 682 F.3d 1165, 1170 (9th Cir. 2012). The “pertinent
question is not whether the prosecutor was credible, or even whether the trial court’s
conclusion to that effect was clearly erroneous,” but “whether the state appellate
court was objectively unreasonable in upholding the trial court’s determination.” Id.
Thus, “[e]ven if we would have reached a different conclusion regarding the
prosecutor’s credibility, we must give the state appellate court the benefit of the
doubt, and may not grant the habeas petition unless the state court’s decision was
2 19-15087 not merely wrong, but actually unreasonable.” Id. (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted).
In applying these standards, we examine the “last reasoned decision” in the
state court system, here, the California Supreme Court’s December 1988 opinion,
People v. Walker, 47 Cal. 3d 605 (1988). See Robinson v. Ignacio, 360 F.3d 1044,
1055 (9th Cir. 2004). In that opinion, the California Supreme Court affirmed
Walker’s convictions after examining the trial court’s denial of Walker’s motion for
a mistrial under California’s equivalent of Batson. 1 Walker, 47 Cal. 3d at 625–26 &
n. 5. Thus, to secure relief, Walker must demonstrate that the California Supreme
Court was not merely wrong, but was “objectively unreasonable” in affirming the
trial court. Sifuentes, 825 F.3d at 518.
Walker argues that California Supreme Court’s decision not to vacate his
convictions was unreasonable because neither that court nor the trial court
adequately performed the third step of the Batson test.2 The decisive question at the
third Batson step is “whether counsel’s race-neutral explanation for a peremptory
1 Walker moved for a mistrial under People v. Wheeler, 22 Cal. 3d 258 (1978), which is considered California’s “procedural equivalent to a challenge made under Batson.” Williams v. Runnels, 432 F.3d 1102, 1103 n.1 (9th Cir. 2006). 2 A Batson challenge has three steps: first, “the defendant must make a prima facie showing that a challenge was based on race;” second, the prosecution must offer a race-neutral basis for the challenge; and third, the court must determine whether the defendant has shown “purposeful discrimination.” Ali v. Hickman, 584 F.3d 1174, 1180 (9th Cir. 2009); see Batson, 476 U.S. at 96–98.
3 19-15087 challenge should be believed” or whether it was pretextual to hide a racial
motivation. Williams v. Rhoades, 354 F.3d 1101, 1108 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation
omitted).
Although this final step involves evaluating “the persuasiveness of the
justification” proffered by the prosecutor, “the ultimate burden of persuasion
regarding racial motivation rests with, and never shifts from, the opponent of the
strike.” Rice, 546 U.S. at 338 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Importantly, even if our court agrees that the “the trial court had reason to question
the prosecutor’s credibility” regarding certain reasons proffered, the California
Supreme Court’s decision should not be disturbed unless the record would “compel
the conclusion that the trial court had no permissible alternative but to reject the
prosecutor’s race-neutral justifications.” Id. at 341–42. That is, our court would need
to hold that the California Supreme Court was not only erroneous but was
“objectively unreasonable” in its decision to affirm the trial court. While
“[r]easonable minds reviewing the record might disagree about the prosecutor’s
credibility,” that “does not suffice to supersede the trial court’s credibility
determination.” Id.
The majority concludes that a Batson violation occurred because the
“prosecutor mischaracterized the views of all three black potential jurors, adopted
disparate lines of questioning for black and nonblack jurors, and cited reasons for
4 19-15087 striking the black jurors that applied equally to nonblack jurors who were left on the
jury.” “Viewing the panel majority’s concerns together,” however, “the most
generous reading would suggest only that the trial court had reason to question the
prosecutor’s credibility.” Rice, 546 U.S. at 341. “That does not, however, compel
the conclusion that the trial court had no permissible alternative but to reject the
prosecutor’s race-neutral justifications and conclude [that Walker] had shown a
Batson violation.” Id.
According to Walker, if the state courts had properly conducted the third
Batson step, their analysis would have revealed that the prosecutor’s peremptory
strikes were racially motivated. Walker lodges two central arguments regarding the
California Supreme Court’s decision.
First, Walker argues that the California Supreme Court analysis was too
“cursory” and faults that court for echoing the prosecutor’s proffered reasons
without expressly evaluating them. We previously rejected this argument and
affirmed the denial of a habeas Batson challenge in Cook v. LaMarque, 593 F.3d
810, 815–16 (9th Cir. 2010). In that case, we acknowledged that the state appellate
court “failed to undertake any meaningful inquiry into direct or circumstantial
evidence of the prosecutor’s intent in striking the jurors” and instead “merely
reiterate[d] the prosecutors stated reasons.” Cook, 593 F.3d at 815–16 (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). However, we held that it was sufficient that the
5 19-15087 trial court had considered “the prosecutor’s proffered justifications and the relevant
facts” and had determined that the justifications were not pretextual. Id. We
explained that the trial court’s factual finding satisfied Batson’s third step and was
entitled to deference. Id.
Like in Cook, the trial court here “consider[ed] the prosecutor’s proffered
justifications and the relevant facts.” Id. For example, after observing D.K.’s
testimony, the trial court agreed with the prosecutor about D.K.’s view of the San
Jose Police Department: “although I felt [D.K] was a very bright and very honest
prospective juror, I did detect a sense that she felt some harassment of minorities by
the San Jose Police Department.” Because peremptory challenges are “often based
on subtle impressions and intangible factors,” Davis v. Ayala, 135 S. Ct. 2187, 2208
(2015), and because “intangibles as voice inflection and body language are
impossible to judge from a cold transcript,” Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F.3d 351, 363
(9th Cir. 2006), the evaluation of “the state of mind of a juror” falls “peculiarly
within a trial judge’s province,” Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 365 (1991).
We have previously characterized the trial judge as the “primary arbiter of
credibility” because only the trial judge has “the unique opportunity to observe the
demeanor of the prosecutor as he justified the peremptory strike, as well as [the juror]
as she interacted with counsel during voir dire.” Rhoades, 354 F.3d at 1109. In other
words, “[a]ppellate judges cannot on the basis of a cold record easily second-guess
6 19-15087 a trial judge’s decision about likely motivation” because the “trial judge is best
placed to consider the factors that underlie credibility: demeanor, context, and
atmosphere.” Rice, 546 U.S. at 343 (Breyer, J., concurring).
Because we “analyze[] only the transcripts from voir dire,” we are “not as well
positioned as the trial court is to make credibility determinations.” Sifuentes, 825
F.3d at 515. Even so, we can discern that the record supports the trial court’s
determination. For example, D.K. testified that the San Jose Police Department had
subjected her and her husband to a “couple little harassments” in the form of
unwarranted suspicion and surveillance. Particularly in light of the fact that the San
Jose Police Department’s officers were involved in Walker’s case, this reason does
not seem pretextual. Cf. Felkner v. Jackson, 562 U.S. 594, 596 (2011) (addressing
the striking of a juror who had “perceived harassment by law enforcement based in
part on race”). The majority is also suspicious of the prosecutor’s motives because,
when the prosecutor responded to Walker’s Batson motion, he could not recall if
D.K.’s statements were correctly attributed to D.K. or to D.B., the other black female
panelist. However, “a prosecutor’s mistake in good faith, such as an innocent
transposition of juror information, does not support a finding that the prosecutor is
not credible.” Sifuentes, 825 F.3d at 528 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Accordingly, Walker fails to establish that the trial court’s determination was
“objectively unreasonable.”
7 19-15087 The trial court also rejected several reasons proffered by the prosecutor. For
example, one of the three reasons the prosecutor proffered for striking M.G. was his
appearance: M.G. was wearing “the kind of leather jacket worn by motorcycle gang
members back in the 50’s” and he “had an extremely unkempt beard.” The court
rejected this reason on the grounds that wearing a leather jacket is “only good
judgment when you’re riding a bike” and the prosecutor’s concerns were not “borne
out by any of the testimony of the juror.” The court’s rejection of a number of the
prosecutor’s reasons demonstrates that the trial court was properly performing
Batson’s third step in “evaluating the persuasiveness of the justification proffered by
the prosecutor.” Rice, 546 U.S. at 338 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Walker argues that the California courts failed to examine how the
prosecutor’s “plainly pretextual” justifications, such the one above concerning
M.G.’s appearance, affected the credibility of the prosecutor’s remaining
justifications. Although it is true that a prosecutor’s credibility is undercut when he
or she “offer[s] several pretextual explanations for these strikes,” Kesser v. Cambra,
465 F.3d 351, 369 (9th Cir. 2006), I disagree that this principle applies here. The
conclusion in Kessler relied on the fact that comparative juror analysis revealed that
the reasons given for striking a minority juror applied “just as well to an otherwise-
similar” non-minority who was permitted to serve. Id. at 360. Here, Walker has not
carried his burden of persuasion by demonstrating that a non-minority juror was
8 19-15087 permitted to serve despite similar clothing and facial hair. Moreover, the fact that
the prosecutor offered a reason pertaining to M.G.’s appearance does not necessarily
indicate that the reason was pretextual. See Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765 (1995)
(“The prosecutor’s proffered explanation in this case—that he struck juror number
because he had long, unkempt hair, a mustache, and a beard—is race neutral and . . .
a nondiscriminatory reason for the strike”); see also Rice, 546 U.S. at 343 (Breyer,
J., concurring) (“the exercise of a peremptory challenge can rest upon instinct not
reason”).
In affirming the trial court’s analysis, the California Supreme Court’s
decision correctly articulated the essence of Batson’s third step: courts must examine
the “circumstances of the case” to “distinguish bona fide reasons for such
peremptories from sham excuses belatedly contrived to avoid admitting acts of
group discrimination.” The California Supreme Court then examined the reasons the
prosecutor provided, as well as the trial court’s efforts to “critically evaluate the
prosecutor’s explanations,” and concluded that the “record supports the [trial]
court’s conclusion that the prosecutor properly exercised his peremptory challenges
on grounds of individual bias.” We must provide the “benefit of the doubt” that the
California Supreme Court did as it says it did, Sifuentes, 825 F.3d at 518—
particularly here, when the trial court critically assessed the legitimacy of the reasons
proffered by the prosecutor. See Cook, 593 F.3d at 815.
9 19-15087 Second, Walker faults the California courts for failing to conduct comparative
juror analyses. However, we have previously rejected the argument that a state
court’s “failure to conduct a comprehensive comparative juror analysis” sua sponte
rendered the decision unreasonable “because no clearly established Supreme Court
precedent at the time” of the state court’s decision “required state courts to conduct”
such analysis. McDaniels v. Kirkland, 813 F.3d 770, 775–76 (9th Cir. 2015). In
McDaniels, we explained that a state court’s failure to conduct comparative juror
analysis in a 2003 decision did not render that decision “contrary to or an
unreasonable application” of law because the Supreme Court itself did even not
begin to conduct comparative juror analyses until 2005. Id. Because the relevant
state proceedings in this case (taking place on or before 1988) predate even the 2003
decision under review in McDaniels, that holding applies a fortiori here.
In any case, Walker’s own juror comparisons do not show that the California
Supreme Court “was objectively unreasonable in upholding the trial court’s
determination.” Sifuentes, 825 F.3d at 518. For example, Walker complains that, in
exploring anti-police bias, the prosecutor asked more probing questions of M.G. than
of A.K. (one of the white panelists permitted to serve) despite M.G. and A.K.’s
purportedly similar negative experiences with the police. However, a review of the
record reveals that M.G.’s interactions with the police were very different from
A.K.’s interactions. A.K. was arrested for driving while intoxicated by the “Sheriff’s
10 19-15087 Department,” who, in A.K.’s opinion, did not treat him unfairly or unprofessionally.
By contrast, M.G. was pulled over by an officer from San Jose Police Department,
which is the same department employing the officers who would likely be witnesses
at Walker’s trial. In M.G.’s words, one of those officers “put a gun to [M.G.’s] head”
“just for a traffic ticket.” M.G. subsequently filed an “excessive force” complaint
with internal affairs because he felt that he “wasn’t being treated as a citizen.” M.G.
also said he suffered from “average black man syndrome,” in which San Jose police
had repeatedly pulled him over because they mistook him for a criminal suspect. It
is unsurprising that such different interactions would yield different questions during
voir dire. In light of these facts, I will not join the majority to determine that the
California Supreme Court was objectively unreasonable to conclude that M.G.’s
experiences with the San Jose police provided a non-pretextual basis to exercise a
peremptory challenge.
In conducting its own comparative juror analysis, the majority attempts to
distinguish Rice on the grounds that the prosecutor in that case struck a white male
juror for the same reason that she struck a black female juror, which suggested, in
the Court’s opinion, that the striking of the black female juror was “race neutral.”
See Rice, 546 U.S. at 341. The majority is incorrect, however, to conclude that the
record reveals the “opposite” here.
11 19-15087 For example, the prosecutor struck D.K. in large part due to her views
regarding the death penalty, but the prosecutor also struck at least one non-black
potential juror (C.L.) who also harbored anti-death penalty views. Although C.L.’s
articulation of her anti-death penalty views could be considered stronger than D.K’s,
the same level of scrutiny also reveals that D.K’s views were stronger than those of
the two non-black panelists who were permitted to serve (G.A. and A.K). D.K.’s
views, unlike G.A. or A.K.’s views, were rooted in a firmly held religious belief that
“one of the Commandments,” which prohibits killing, would be applicable to her
duties as a juror. Neither G.A. nor A.K. invoked their religious faiths in discussions
regarding the death penalty, nor did they make anti-death penalty comments as
strong as the ones by D.K. As a result, it would not be “unreasonable” to conclude
that the prosecutor here struck D.K. (a black potential juror) and C.L. (a non-black
potential juror), while leaving G.A. and A.K. on the jury, simply because D.K.’s and
C.L’s views regarding the death penalty were perceived as more of an impediment
to the function of a jury in a capital case than G.A’s or A.K.’s views. In other words,
the evidence in the record does not “compel the conclusion that the trial court had
no permissible alternative but to reject the prosecutor’s race-neutral justifications.”
Rice, 546 U.S. at 341–42.
The majority’s interpretation of the record leads them to conclude that “the
prosecutor’s peremptory challenge of C.L., a nonblack juror, on the basis of C.L.’s
12 19-15087 views provides no basis to justify his strike of D.K. as race neutral.” This statement
makes explicit the error infecting the majority’s analysis as a whole. The majority’s
reasoning imposes a burden on the prosecutor to “justify” each strike by pointing to
instances in which that prosecutor also struck potential jurors of a different race who
bore an unspecified degree of similarity with each stricken potential juror. However,
this standard reverses “the ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial
motivation,” which “rests with, and never shifts from, the opponent of the strike.”
Id. at 338 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In addition, this standard
would be unworkable. Even in the cases where the prosecutor also had occasion to
strike another juror of a different race for the same reason, this standard would result
in endless disagreements regarding the similarity of the potential jurors, as
demonstrated by the disagreement between myself and the majority regarding the
similarity of C.L.’s and D.K.’s anti-death penalty views.
While a comparative juror analysis can serve as a tool to examine bias,
AEDPA does not require us to wade into the morass created by majority’s standard.
Indeed, as stated above, the “pertinent question is not whether the prosecutor was
credible, or even whether the trial court’s conclusion to that effect was clearly
erroneous,” but “whether the state appellate court was objectively unreasonable in
upholding the trial court’s determination.” Sifuentes, 825 F.3d at 518. This focus is
crucial because “[a]ppellate judges cannot on the basis of a cold record easily
13 19-15087 second-guess a trial judge’s decision about likely motivation” since the “trial judge
is best placed to consider the factors that underlie credibility: demeanor, context, and
Although “the trial court had reason to question the prosecutor’s credibility”
and “[r]easonable minds reviewing the record might disagree about the prosecutor’s
credibility,” Walker has not shown that it was “unreasonable to credit the
prosecutor’s race-neutral explanations.” Id. at 338–42. Thus, AEDPA does not
permit us “to supersede the trial court’s credibility determination” in this case. Id. at
342. Under the “doubly deferential” standards applicable here, I would hold that the
California Supreme Court was not “objectively unreasonable” in concluding that
substantial evidence supported the trial court’s determination that the prosecutor
exercised his peremptory challenges for race-neutral reasons. Sifuentes, 825 F.3d at
518. Accordingly, I would affirm the district court.3
3 Although the majority does not reach Walker’s claim regarding the erroneous jury instructions, I would not issue a certificate of appealability as to that claim because Walker has not made a “substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” Hiivala v. Wood, 195 F.3d 1098, 1104 (9th Cir. 1999), quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Although it “is a violation of due process for a jury instruction to omit an element of the crime,” habeas petitioners “are not entitled to relief unless they can establish that the error resulted in actual prejudice.” Evanchyk v. Stewart, 340 F.3d 933, 939–41 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, as the California Supreme Court reasonably concluded, Walker has not shown actual prejudice because “the record establishes beyond doubt that defendant acted with intent to kill in this case” even if he was not the triggerman. Accordingly, I do not believe that “that reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the
14 19-15087 constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).