Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11076 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cv-00287-LC-GRJ
MARTINEZ LUIS ALBERTO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, and SECRETARY, WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida ________________________
(April 30, 2019)
Before WILSON, GRANT, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 2 of 7
Martinez Luis Alberto, a Washington state inmate serving his sentence in a
Florida state prison, appeals the dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint
alleging violation of his constitutional right of access to the courts. Specifically,
Alberto states that he has been denied access to Washington legal materials that he
needs in order to attack his conviction. After careful review, we vacate and
remand with instructions to grant Alberto leave to amend his complaint.
I.
In 2006, Alberto was convicted in Washington of first-degree murder and
second-degree assault with a firearm. He was sentenced to thirty-four years in
prison and committed to the custody of the Washington State Department of
Corrections (WDOC). On October 1, 2012, Alberto was transferred to the Florida
Department of Corrections (FDOC) under an interstate compact agreement.
Alberto wants to attack his Washington conviction, but he was transferred to
Florida without any of his legal documents. He also has no access to Washington
case law, statutes, or rules of procedure. Alberto claims to have exhausted his
administrative remedies in seeking access to these legal materials. Neither the
WDOC nor the FDOC has provided him with access to date.
On October 12, 2016, Alberto filed a pro se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint
seeking damages and injunctive relief for the violation of his constitutional right of
access to the courts. He later amended that complaint as a matter of course on
2 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 3 of 7
January 23, 2017. Both the original and amended complaints named two
defendants: the Secretary of the Florida Department of Corrections, Julie Jones,
and the Secretary of the Washington State Department of Corrections, Dan
Pacholke. Because Alberto was granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis, the
district court was responsible for serving process on the defendants on his behalf.
See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). A magistrate judge ordered marshals to serve process on
the Florida Secretary. The magistrate refused to direct service on the Washington
Secretary, however, on grounds that Alberto was in FDOC custody and
challenging FDOC policy.
The Florida Secretary moved to dismiss Alberto’s complaint. The
magistrate issued a report and recommendation concluding that Alberto’s damages
claims were barred, and that he had failed to state a claim for injunctive relief
because he did not articulate what “nonfrivolous, arguable underlying claim” he
would bring if he had access to Washington legal materials. The magistrate further
determined that any amendment to the complaint would be futile because Alberto
should have named the Washington Secretary, not the Florida Secretary, as a
defendant. The magistrate recommended dismissal of Alberto’s case without leave
to amend—that is, with prejudice. Over Alberto’s objections, the district court
adopted the magistrate’s report and dismissed the suit.
3 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 4 of 7
Alberto appealed and filed a motion for appointment of counsel, which this
Court granted on September 5, 2018. Alberto now argues that the district court
imposed a “Catch-22” by demanding that he state a claim under Washington law,
when lack of access to Washington law is the very constitutional violation for
which he seeks relief. He further maintains that the district court erred by
dismissing his case without leave to amend, because he did in fact sue both the
Washington Secretary and the Florida Secretary—at least one of whom, he argues,
must have been a proper defendant. Lastly, Alberto claims that if the Washington
Secretary was the only proper defendant, then the district court abused its
discretion by declining to transfer his case to a federal district court in Washington.
II.
We review a district court’s denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion.
Santiago v. Wood, 904 F.2d 673, 675 (11th Cir. 1990). “A district court’s
discretion to deny leave to amend a complaint is ‘severely restricted’ by Fed. R.
Civ. P. 15, which stresses that courts should freely give leave to amend ‘when
justice so requires.’” Woldeab v. Dekalb Cty. Bd. of Educ., 885 F.3d 1289, 1291
(11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Thomas v. Town of Davie, 847 F.2d 771, 773 (11th Cir.
1988)). In addition, when a more carefully drafted complaint might state a claim, a
pro se litigant “must be given at least one chance to amend the complaint before
the district court dismisses the action with prejudice.” Id.
4 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 5 of 7
A court may nevertheless dismiss a pro se complaint with prejudice where
any amendment would be futile—that is, where even “a more carefully drafted
complaint could not state a claim.” Id. We review the futility of an amendment de
novo. See Brooks v. Warden, 800 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2015). Here, the
court below determined that any amendment to Alberto’s complaint “would be
futile because the sending state [Washington], and not the receiving state [Florida],
has the responsibility for ensuring a prisoner has access to the courts of the sending
state.” Dismissal without leave to amend was appropriate, in the court’s view,
because “Washington State officials, and not Florida correctional officials,” were
the “proper defendants.”
This was error. The fact that a complaint named the wrong defendant does
not render subsequent amendments futile. On the contrary, we have previously
said that a pro se plaintiff’s failure to include a proper defendant is a curable
defect. Woldeab, 885 F.3d at 1291-92 (holding that a pro se plaintiff should have
been given “the opportunity to amend to name the proper defendant before the
court dismissed with prejudice”). This is the case even if the district court believes
that merely “amending to include the proper defendant would not save the
complaint.” Id. Where “a more carefully drafted complaint, which includes more
specific allegations against the correct defendant, might state a . . . claim,” the
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Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11076 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cv-00287-LC-GRJ
MARTINEZ LUIS ALBERTO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, and SECRETARY, WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida ________________________
(April 30, 2019)
Before WILSON, GRANT, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 2 of 7
Martinez Luis Alberto, a Washington state inmate serving his sentence in a
Florida state prison, appeals the dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint
alleging violation of his constitutional right of access to the courts. Specifically,
Alberto states that he has been denied access to Washington legal materials that he
needs in order to attack his conviction. After careful review, we vacate and
remand with instructions to grant Alberto leave to amend his complaint.
I.
In 2006, Alberto was convicted in Washington of first-degree murder and
second-degree assault with a firearm. He was sentenced to thirty-four years in
prison and committed to the custody of the Washington State Department of
Corrections (WDOC). On October 1, 2012, Alberto was transferred to the Florida
Department of Corrections (FDOC) under an interstate compact agreement.
Alberto wants to attack his Washington conviction, but he was transferred to
Florida without any of his legal documents. He also has no access to Washington
case law, statutes, or rules of procedure. Alberto claims to have exhausted his
administrative remedies in seeking access to these legal materials. Neither the
WDOC nor the FDOC has provided him with access to date.
On October 12, 2016, Alberto filed a pro se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint
seeking damages and injunctive relief for the violation of his constitutional right of
access to the courts. He later amended that complaint as a matter of course on
2 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 3 of 7
January 23, 2017. Both the original and amended complaints named two
defendants: the Secretary of the Florida Department of Corrections, Julie Jones,
and the Secretary of the Washington State Department of Corrections, Dan
Pacholke. Because Alberto was granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis, the
district court was responsible for serving process on the defendants on his behalf.
See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). A magistrate judge ordered marshals to serve process on
the Florida Secretary. The magistrate refused to direct service on the Washington
Secretary, however, on grounds that Alberto was in FDOC custody and
challenging FDOC policy.
The Florida Secretary moved to dismiss Alberto’s complaint. The
magistrate issued a report and recommendation concluding that Alberto’s damages
claims were barred, and that he had failed to state a claim for injunctive relief
because he did not articulate what “nonfrivolous, arguable underlying claim” he
would bring if he had access to Washington legal materials. The magistrate further
determined that any amendment to the complaint would be futile because Alberto
should have named the Washington Secretary, not the Florida Secretary, as a
defendant. The magistrate recommended dismissal of Alberto’s case without leave
to amend—that is, with prejudice. Over Alberto’s objections, the district court
adopted the magistrate’s report and dismissed the suit.
3 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 4 of 7
Alberto appealed and filed a motion for appointment of counsel, which this
Court granted on September 5, 2018. Alberto now argues that the district court
imposed a “Catch-22” by demanding that he state a claim under Washington law,
when lack of access to Washington law is the very constitutional violation for
which he seeks relief. He further maintains that the district court erred by
dismissing his case without leave to amend, because he did in fact sue both the
Washington Secretary and the Florida Secretary—at least one of whom, he argues,
must have been a proper defendant. Lastly, Alberto claims that if the Washington
Secretary was the only proper defendant, then the district court abused its
discretion by declining to transfer his case to a federal district court in Washington.
II.
We review a district court’s denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion.
Santiago v. Wood, 904 F.2d 673, 675 (11th Cir. 1990). “A district court’s
discretion to deny leave to amend a complaint is ‘severely restricted’ by Fed. R.
Civ. P. 15, which stresses that courts should freely give leave to amend ‘when
justice so requires.’” Woldeab v. Dekalb Cty. Bd. of Educ., 885 F.3d 1289, 1291
(11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Thomas v. Town of Davie, 847 F.2d 771, 773 (11th Cir.
1988)). In addition, when a more carefully drafted complaint might state a claim, a
pro se litigant “must be given at least one chance to amend the complaint before
the district court dismisses the action with prejudice.” Id.
4 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 5 of 7
A court may nevertheless dismiss a pro se complaint with prejudice where
any amendment would be futile—that is, where even “a more carefully drafted
complaint could not state a claim.” Id. We review the futility of an amendment de
novo. See Brooks v. Warden, 800 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2015). Here, the
court below determined that any amendment to Alberto’s complaint “would be
futile because the sending state [Washington], and not the receiving state [Florida],
has the responsibility for ensuring a prisoner has access to the courts of the sending
state.” Dismissal without leave to amend was appropriate, in the court’s view,
because “Washington State officials, and not Florida correctional officials,” were
the “proper defendants.”
This was error. The fact that a complaint named the wrong defendant does
not render subsequent amendments futile. On the contrary, we have previously
said that a pro se plaintiff’s failure to include a proper defendant is a curable
defect. Woldeab, 885 F.3d at 1291-92 (holding that a pro se plaintiff should have
been given “the opportunity to amend to name the proper defendant before the
court dismissed with prejudice”). This is the case even if the district court believes
that merely “amending to include the proper defendant would not save the
complaint.” Id. Where “a more carefully drafted complaint, which includes more
specific allegations against the correct defendant, might state a . . . claim,” the
plaintiff should be granted leave to amend. Id. And we cannot say that Alberto, if
5 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 6 of 7
given the chance to amend his complaint, could not include additional allegations
stating a claim.
Moreover, at least by the district court’s own reasoning, Alberto did not fail
to sue the proper defendant. The operative complaint clearly identifies the
Washington Secretary as a defendant. It was the district court that declined to
serve the Washington Secretary, on grounds that only the Florida Secretary was a
proper defendant—the opposite of the position it later adopted in granting the
motion to dismiss. In forma pauperis litigants “should be entitled to rely on the
court officers and United States Marshals to effect proper service, and should not
be penalized for failure to effect service where such failure is not due to fault on
the litigant’s part.” Rance v. Rocksolid Granit USA, Inc., 583 F.3d 1284, 1288
(11th Cir. 2009) (quoting Fowler v. Jones, 899 F.2d 1088, 1095 (11th Cir. 1990)).
For the court to turn around and fault Alberto for proceeding against the wrong
defendant was unfair and inaccurate.1
Accordingly, we vacate the judgment and remand with instructions to grant
Alberto an opportunity to amend his complaint. We do not consider in this opinion
whether the Washington Secretary or the Florida Secretary is a proper defendant in
this case. We also leave it to the district court to determine in the first instance
1 The FDOC makes much of the fact that the Washington Secretary was never served, yet failed to bring to the Court’s attention that the district court, not Alberto, was responsible for serving process in this case. Counsel is reminded of the duty of candor to this tribunal. 6 Case: 18-11076 Date Filed: 04/30/2019 Page: 7 of 7
whether it has jurisdiction over the Washington Secretary, or whether transfer to a
district court in Washington is appropriate. Finally, we make no ruling on whether
Alberto articulated a sufficient injury to state a claim of access to the courts. We
do note, however, that Alberto was both pro se and an incarcerated inmate when he
filed his complaint. We also note that Alberto seeks access to only five
Washington state court opinions, as well as a limited number of other documents—
the same documents, perhaps, that he would need in order to articulate a claim
under Washington law.
VACATED and REMANDED.