OPINION
L.J. IRVINE, Acting Judge.
This is an appeal from a custody proceeding wherein respondent Paul Heinerscheid was granted physical custody of the parties’ minor child. Appellant Nancy Sinsa-baugh claims the trial court erred in failing to apply the primary parent doctrine established in Pikula v. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d 705 (Minn.1985) as of the parties’ date of sepa[478]*478ration. She further claims the trial court abused its discretion in finding that the best interests of the child were served by-granting respondent custody, and in failing to award attorney fees. We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant Nancy Sinsabaugh and respondent Paul Heinerscheid were married in 1979. Their only child was born in July 1982. In September 1984, the parties separated, and Sinsabaugh moved to Boston, Massachusetts. Heinerscheid remained in Minnesota with the parties’ child.
In the spring of 1985, the parties began negotiating a joint legal custody plan with alternating physical custody. Under the stipulation, Sinsabaugh would retain physical custody in Massachusetts during the 1985-86 school year, while Heinerscheid would retain custody during the 1986-87 school year. If the parties could not reach a custody agreement after August 31, 1987, the issue would be submitted for judicial resolution. The stipulation was incorporated into the October 1985 dissolution order and judgment.
In April 1986, Heinerscheid met Christine Work, and they were married in June 1987. Work is the mother of two children from a previous marriage, and quit her job to spend more time caring for the children.
The parties were unable to reach an agreement regarding custody, and the trial court heard the matter in November 1987. Each party testified that they were the child’s primary caretaker at the time of the separation and in the three years prior to the hearing. They further testified as to the educational programs and socialization of the child in their respective locations. Both claimed to have a close, loving relationship with the child. Moreover, both introduced the testimony of friends and neighbors regarding the child’s living environment, and their parent-child relationship.
A psychologist retained by Sinsabaugh performed a custody evaluation, and concluded that Sinsabaugh was more emotionally suited for custody of the parties’ child. Heinerscheid asked the psychiatrist the parties originally retained to evaluate custody to prepare a custody evaluation for the custody proceeding. The psychiatrist concluded that it would be in the child’s best interests if Heinerscheid was granted custody.
The trial court awarded custody to Hein-erscheid. The court found that the “primary caretaker” test set out in Pikula was inapplicable because three years had passed since the separation and two years had passed since the dissolution. The court determined that even if Pikula were applicable, both parties participated in caring for the child since the separation, with Heinerscheid being the primary caretaker from September 1984 through November 1987. In determining custody, the court followed the relevant factors set out in Minn.Stat. § 518.17 (1986) to determine the best interests of the child. After application of the factors to the facts of the case, the court determined that the best interests of the child favored a grant of custody in favor of Heinerscheid. The court refused to award Sinsabaugh attorney fees.
The trial court issued an amended judgment and decree on January 4, 1988, consistent with the December order. Sinsa-baugh’s subsequent motion for a new trial or amended findings was denied.
ISSUES
1. Did the trial court err in failing to apply the primary parent doctrine as of the parties’ separation date?
2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in determining the best interests of the child were served by granting respondent custody?
3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in failing to award attorney fees?
ANALYSIS
1. Appellate review of custody decisions is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion by making unsupported findings or improperly applying the law. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d at 710. The trial court’s findings must be sustained unless they are clearly errone[479]*479ous. Minn.R.Civ.P. 52.01; Pikula, .374 N.W.2d at 710.
The trial court must make a custodial placement that will serve the best interests of the child. Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subds. 1, 3 (1986). The children’s best interests are served by placing custody with the child’s primary parent unless other considerations indicate the primary parent would be an unstable custodian. See Pikula, 374 N.W.2d at 711.
The primary caretaker determination must be made “at the time the dissolution proceeding was commenced.” Id. at 714. The Minnesota Supreme Court interpreted the timing of the custody determination as follows:
The phrase “at the time the dissolution proceeding was commenced” is used to indicate the point in time at which the family relationships were physically disrupted by events leading to the dissolution of the marriage, e.g., at the time of the parties’ separation or the interruption of the functioning full family unit.
Id. at 714 n. 3 (emphasis added).
Sinsabaugh contends the trial court erred in determining that Pikula was inapplicable because three years had passed since the parties’ separation. However, the Minnesota Supreme Court recently ruled that the Pikula analysis is applicable only when the separation date and the trial date are reasonably close. Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 213 (Minn.1988). The supreme court held as follows:
Pikula dictates that the primary parent of a very young child be determined as of the date of separation. Only if this date is reasonably close to the actual trial does the Pikula analysis have any viability. We further emphasize that it is truly in the best interests of the child to have permanent custody fixed as quickly as possible to avoid the limbo of a [child] and to furnish much-needed stability at this difficult time.
Id. (emphasis added). Given the three year period between the separation date and the trial date, we find that the trial court did not err in applying the best interests of the child analysis as opposed to applying the primary parent analysis under Pikula.
2. The trial court’s findings in custody determinations will be sustained unless they are clearly erroneous. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d at 710. Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1 (1986) lists relevant factors in determining the best interests of the child, in pertinent part, as follows:
(c) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with a parent or parents, a sibling, and any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interests;
(d) The child’s adjustment to home, school, and community;
(e) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the desirability of maintaining continuity;
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OPINION
L.J. IRVINE, Acting Judge.
This is an appeal from a custody proceeding wherein respondent Paul Heinerscheid was granted physical custody of the parties’ minor child. Appellant Nancy Sinsa-baugh claims the trial court erred in failing to apply the primary parent doctrine established in Pikula v. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d 705 (Minn.1985) as of the parties’ date of sepa[478]*478ration. She further claims the trial court abused its discretion in finding that the best interests of the child were served by-granting respondent custody, and in failing to award attorney fees. We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant Nancy Sinsabaugh and respondent Paul Heinerscheid were married in 1979. Their only child was born in July 1982. In September 1984, the parties separated, and Sinsabaugh moved to Boston, Massachusetts. Heinerscheid remained in Minnesota with the parties’ child.
In the spring of 1985, the parties began negotiating a joint legal custody plan with alternating physical custody. Under the stipulation, Sinsabaugh would retain physical custody in Massachusetts during the 1985-86 school year, while Heinerscheid would retain custody during the 1986-87 school year. If the parties could not reach a custody agreement after August 31, 1987, the issue would be submitted for judicial resolution. The stipulation was incorporated into the October 1985 dissolution order and judgment.
In April 1986, Heinerscheid met Christine Work, and they were married in June 1987. Work is the mother of two children from a previous marriage, and quit her job to spend more time caring for the children.
The parties were unable to reach an agreement regarding custody, and the trial court heard the matter in November 1987. Each party testified that they were the child’s primary caretaker at the time of the separation and in the three years prior to the hearing. They further testified as to the educational programs and socialization of the child in their respective locations. Both claimed to have a close, loving relationship with the child. Moreover, both introduced the testimony of friends and neighbors regarding the child’s living environment, and their parent-child relationship.
A psychologist retained by Sinsabaugh performed a custody evaluation, and concluded that Sinsabaugh was more emotionally suited for custody of the parties’ child. Heinerscheid asked the psychiatrist the parties originally retained to evaluate custody to prepare a custody evaluation for the custody proceeding. The psychiatrist concluded that it would be in the child’s best interests if Heinerscheid was granted custody.
The trial court awarded custody to Hein-erscheid. The court found that the “primary caretaker” test set out in Pikula was inapplicable because three years had passed since the separation and two years had passed since the dissolution. The court determined that even if Pikula were applicable, both parties participated in caring for the child since the separation, with Heinerscheid being the primary caretaker from September 1984 through November 1987. In determining custody, the court followed the relevant factors set out in Minn.Stat. § 518.17 (1986) to determine the best interests of the child. After application of the factors to the facts of the case, the court determined that the best interests of the child favored a grant of custody in favor of Heinerscheid. The court refused to award Sinsabaugh attorney fees.
The trial court issued an amended judgment and decree on January 4, 1988, consistent with the December order. Sinsa-baugh’s subsequent motion for a new trial or amended findings was denied.
ISSUES
1. Did the trial court err in failing to apply the primary parent doctrine as of the parties’ separation date?
2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in determining the best interests of the child were served by granting respondent custody?
3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in failing to award attorney fees?
ANALYSIS
1. Appellate review of custody decisions is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion by making unsupported findings or improperly applying the law. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d at 710. The trial court’s findings must be sustained unless they are clearly errone[479]*479ous. Minn.R.Civ.P. 52.01; Pikula, .374 N.W.2d at 710.
The trial court must make a custodial placement that will serve the best interests of the child. Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subds. 1, 3 (1986). The children’s best interests are served by placing custody with the child’s primary parent unless other considerations indicate the primary parent would be an unstable custodian. See Pikula, 374 N.W.2d at 711.
The primary caretaker determination must be made “at the time the dissolution proceeding was commenced.” Id. at 714. The Minnesota Supreme Court interpreted the timing of the custody determination as follows:
The phrase “at the time the dissolution proceeding was commenced” is used to indicate the point in time at which the family relationships were physically disrupted by events leading to the dissolution of the marriage, e.g., at the time of the parties’ separation or the interruption of the functioning full family unit.
Id. at 714 n. 3 (emphasis added).
Sinsabaugh contends the trial court erred in determining that Pikula was inapplicable because three years had passed since the parties’ separation. However, the Minnesota Supreme Court recently ruled that the Pikula analysis is applicable only when the separation date and the trial date are reasonably close. Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 213 (Minn.1988). The supreme court held as follows:
Pikula dictates that the primary parent of a very young child be determined as of the date of separation. Only if this date is reasonably close to the actual trial does the Pikula analysis have any viability. We further emphasize that it is truly in the best interests of the child to have permanent custody fixed as quickly as possible to avoid the limbo of a [child] and to furnish much-needed stability at this difficult time.
Id. (emphasis added). Given the three year period between the separation date and the trial date, we find that the trial court did not err in applying the best interests of the child analysis as opposed to applying the primary parent analysis under Pikula.
2. The trial court’s findings in custody determinations will be sustained unless they are clearly erroneous. Pikula, 374 N.W.2d at 710. Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1 (1986) lists relevant factors in determining the best interests of the child, in pertinent part, as follows:
(c) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with a parent or parents, a sibling, and any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interests;
(d) The child’s adjustment to home, school, and community;
(e) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the desirability of maintaining continuity;
(f) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial home;
(g) The mental and physical health of all individuals involved;
(h) The capacity and disposition of the parties to give the child love, affection, and guidance, and to continue educating and raising the child in the child’s culture and religion or creed, if any;
(i) The child's cultural background.
Sinsabaugh claims the trial court abused its discretion in determining it was in the best interests of the child to be placed in the custody of Heinerscheid. She contends the court ignored all positive evidence concerning her, improperly emphasized her emotional problems, placed undue emphasis on Heinerscheid’s second marriage, and failed to consider the child’s educational plans.
The trial court’s lengthy findings indicate that all applicable factors listed in Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1 were considered. In considering Sinsabaugh’s mental health, the court followed Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1(g) and accounted for the “mental health” of one of the individuals involved in the proceeding. The finding that she suffered from serious depression [480]*480and anxiety, and continued seeking therapy, was based upon evidence presented, the testimony of both parties, the testimony of Heinerscheid’s psychiatrist, and the notes of her own psychologist.
Sinsabaugh claims that both mental health experts acknowledged that she was not unfit to have custody. She testified that her condition has improved, and her psychologist found her an emotionally stable person well suited for parenting. The trial court did not find Sinsabaugh to be an unfit parent, nor do we. Sinsabaugh admitted that she suffered from serious depression and anxiety in 1984, and both Sin-sabaugh and her psychologist testified that she continued to undergo treatment twice a week. The psychiatrist obtained by Hein-erscheid met with Sinsabaugh in 1987 and reviewed the notes of her treating psychologist. He also testified as to Sinsabaugh’s condition, and stated that at the time of trial she was even more anxious. The trial court’s findings regarding Sinsabaugh’s mental health were not an abuse of discretion.
In addition, Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1 supports consideration of Heiner-scheid’s second marriage. Factor (c) lists as a relevant factor the child’s interaction and interrelationship with “any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interests.” Factor (d) lists the child’s adjustment to his or her “home” as relevant. Moreover, factor (f) focuses upon the permanence of the “proposed custodial home.” The trial court’s findings indicate that consideration of Heinerscheid’s second marriage was one of several factors used to determine custody. The second marriage was considered only to the extent it related to the factors listed in the statute. Heinerscheid’s neighbors testified that his second wife related well to the minor child and provided a positive environment. His psychiatrist, who evaluated custody, testified that the second wife stayed home with the children, provided support, and helped the child feel part of a family. Sinsabaugh even admitted that Heinerscheid’s second wife was not a negative influence.
The trial court found that the psychiatrist obtained by Heinerscheid testified that a comparison of the two educational systems was a non-issue. The record indicates that the child’s “adjustment” to the school systems in each location was satisfactory. There was significant testimony relating to the child’s progress in each school system, and education apparently was deemed a non-issue because both locations offered equally satisfactory programs. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to give the child’s educational plans strong consideration.
Finally, Sinsabaugh claims the trial court adopted Heinerscheid’s proposed findings, improperly focused only on his positive evidence, and focused only on negative evidence concerning her. The trial court is given the discretion to weigh the evidence and determine the credibility of witness testimony, and this court will not substitute its judgement. Jorschumb v. Jorschumb, 390 N.W.2d 806, 812 (Minn.Ct.App.1986). The trial court’s findings regarding the testimony of both mental health experts was an exercise of the court’s discretion in weighing the credibility of each witness. The record indicates that Heinerscheid’s psychiatrist met with the parties on a more extensive level than Sinsabaugh’s psychologist. The record further reveals that the meeting between Heinerscheid and Sinsa-baugh’s psychologist was resisted by Hein-erscheid, and that the two did not get along. The trial court reasonably could have concluded that Heinerscheid’s psychiatrist was more credible.
The finding that Heinerscheid and the child are close and that he provides the child with a predictable environment is supported by the record. Heinerscheid, his second wife, neighbors, and his psychiatrist all testified that he provided the child with a stable environment, and was a good parent. In the end, we find that the court directed specific findings regarding all pertinent factors listed in Minn.Stat. § 518.17, subd. 1, and did not abuse its discretion in determining that it was in the child’s best interests to be in Heinerscheid’s custody. We are not insensitive to the trauma that can be caused to a mother when a small child is removed from her custody, but we [481]*481are also aware of the trauma that can be caused to a child who is removed from a stable situation to which he has become accustomed.
3. An award of attorney fees in dissolution actions largely rests within the trial court's discretion, and will not be reversed unless there is a clear abuse of discretion. Borchert v. Borchert, 279 Minn. 16, 21, 154 N.W.2d 902, 906 (1967). Sinsabaugh has incurred attorney fees of approximately $30,960, while Heiner-scheid’s attorney fees total approximately $50,000. Sinsabaugh's yearly income equals $53,500, and Heinerscheid earned approximately twice that much. Both parties claimed their monthly expenses eq-ualled their monthly net income. The trial court denied the award of attorney fees, noting that each party was capable of protecting their own interest. Given the significant income of each party, we find the trial court did not abuse its broad discretion in failing to award attorney fees.
DECISION
The trial court did not err in ruling that a primary caretaker analysis under Pikula was inapplicable because three years had passed since the parties’ separation. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the best interests of the child were served by granting Heinerscheid custody. Finally, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to award Sin-sabaugh attorney fees.
We agree with the concurring opinion of Judge Foley.
AFFIRMED.