COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Petty and McCullough UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
MARK A. VANNATTA MEMORANDUM OPINION ∗ BY v. Record No. 0237-12-2 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY NOVEMBER 20, 2012 LINDA M. VANNATTA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ALBEMARLE COUNTY Jay T. Swett, Judge Designate
Leah E. Hernandez (Dygert, Wright, Hobbs & Heilberg, PLC, on briefs), for appellant.
Francis L. Buck (Buck, Toscano & Tereskerz, Ltd., on brief), for appellee.
Mark Vannatta (“husband”) appeals an order of the trial court awarding spousal support
to Linda Vannatta (“wife”). On appeal, husband assigns the following errors: (1) the trial court
erred by refusing to consider evidence provided regarding factors seven and eight of Code
§ 20-107.1(E); (2) the trial court erred by including expenses of the parties’ adult children when
determining wife’s needs; (3) the trial court erred by formulating an estimated “annual incentive”
and including it as a resource of husband; and (4) the trial court erred when it refused to include
already incurred debts as a part of husband’s monthly obligations and thus abused its discretion
when it determined that husband is financially able to pay wife spousal support.
∗ Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. In her brief, wife also assigns the following error: the trial court’s limitation of the award
of spousal support to twelve years violated both the agreement of the parties and Code
§ 20-107.1(D).
For the reasons expressed below, we disagree with husband’s and wife’s arguments.
Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I.
Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite below only those facts and
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of
this appeal. “On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to . . . the party
prevailing below, ‘and grant all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Johnson v.
Johnson, 56 Va. App. 511, 513-14, 694 S.E.2d 797, 799 (2010) (quoting Anderson v. Anderson,
29 Va. App. 673, 678, 514 S.E.2d 369, 372 (1999)). “On interpretations of the law as it applies
to [the evidence], however, we review the trial court’s ruling de novo . . . .” Lewis v. Lewis, 53
Va. App. 528, 536, 673 S.E.2d 888, 892 (2009).
II.
“The determination whether a spouse is entitled to support, and if so how much, is a
matter within the discretion of the [trial] court . . . .” Dukelow v. Dukelow, 2 Va. App. 21, 27,
341 S.E.2d 208, 211 (1986). “On appeal, a trial court’s decision on this subject will not be
reversed ‘unless there has been a clear abuse of discretion.’” Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App.
255, 262, 578 S.E.2d 833, 836 (2003) (quoting Moreno v. Moreno, 24 Va. App. 190, 194-95,
480 S.E.2d 792, 794 (1997)).
-2- A. The Code § 20-107.1 Factors
In awarding spousal support, the trial court is required to consider all the factors
enumerated in Code § 20-107.1(E)—“failure to do so is reversible error.” Bristow v. Bristow,
221 Va. 1, 3, 267 S.E.2d 89, 90 (1980). Further, the trial court is required to make written
findings of fact regarding the statutory factors. Code § 20-107.1(F) (“In contested cases in the
circuit courts, any order granting, reserving or denying a request for spousal support shall be
accompanied by written findings and conclusions of the court identifying the factors in
subsection E which support the court’s order.”).
When making a spousal support determination, “[t]he requirement that the trial court
consider all of the statutory factors necessarily implies substantive consideration of the evidence
presented as it relates to all of these factors.” Woolley v. Woolley, 3 Va. App. 337, 345, 349
S.E.2d 422, 426 (1986). However, “[w]hile a trial judge must consider all the factors, the judge
is not ‘required to quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it has given to each
of the statutory factors.’” Pilati v. Pilati, 59 Va. App. 176, 183, 717 S.E.2d 807, 810 (2011)
(quoting Duva v. Duva, 55 Va. App. 286, 300, 685 S.E.2d 842, 849 (2009)). “‘What weight, if
any, to assign to this [or any given] factor in the overall decision lies within the trial court’s
sound discretion.’” Id. (quoting Robbins v. Robbins, 48 Va. App. 466, 481, 632 S.E.2d 615, 622
(2006)).
1. Factor Seven
Husband first argues that the trial court did not properly consider evidence related to
factor seven of Code § 20-107.1(E). Specifically, husband argues that the trial court refused to
take into account the current property interests of the parties. We disagree.
-3- Under factor seven of Code § 20-107.1(E), the trial court is required to consider “[t]he
property interests of the parties, both real and personal, tangible and intangible.” At the
December 12, 2011 hearing, the trial court heard evidence concerning the property interests of
the parties and awarded $1,700 per month in spousal support to wife for an indefinite period of
time. After the hearing, husband filed a motion to reconsider because the trial court did not
properly consider the factors in Code § 20-107.1(E). The trial court then held an ore tenus
hearing in which both parties further argued for or against a spousal support award based upon
the proffered evidence. In its final order awarding $1,000 per month in spousal support to wife
for twelve years, which incorporated the trial court’s written findings on each statutory factor,
the trial court explicitly stated that it considered both the evidence and factors in Code
§ 20-107.1(E).
Husband quotes from the trial court opinion to support his argument that the trial court
did not consider the current property interests of the parties. However, husband fails to include
the last sentence of the trial court’s discussion concerning this factor: “The evidence at the
recent hearing was that neither party has accumulated much of an estate and both continue to
have loans or debts incurred over the years.” 1 Husband advances his argument by editing the
trial court’s opinion. When the opinion is not so edited, it is evident that the trial court
considered the current property interests of the parties.
Further, factor seven is one of the thirteen factors that the trial court was required to
consider. The trial court’s decision does not indicate what weight, if any, it accorded to factor
seven. Nevertheless, it is enough that the trial court considered the evidence introduced
1 To the extent that husband argues that this finding was not supported by the evidence, this argument was not included in the assignment of error. Thus, we will not consider it. See Cirrito v. Cirrito, 44 Va. App. 287, 309, 605 S.E.2d 268, 278 (2004) (noting that arguments not presented in the questions presented—now assignments of error—will not be considered).
-4- concerning the factor in making its decision. The trial court was not required to, and did not,
elaborate on the weight accorded to the factor. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err,
but instead properly considered the proffered evidence concerning factor seven of Code
2. Factor Eight
Husband next argues that the trial court did not properly consider evidence related to
factor eight of Code § 20-107.1(E). Specifically, husband argues that the trial court should have
looked at the division of the marital property and made specific findings concerning how the
division affected the parties’ current financial status. We disagree.
Under factor eight of Code § 20-107.1(E), the trial court is required to consider “[t]he
provisions made with regard to the marital property under Code § 20-107.3.” The trial court
considered, and quickly dismissed, this factor:
The parties reached a separation agreement in 2007 that presumably both concluded was fair and equitable. More than four years have passed. The court does not give much consideration to the manner in which the parties chose to divide their marital property under the agreement and does not believe this is particularly relevant in determining the issue of spousal support as of today.
The trial court considered the proffered evidence concerning factor eight. After
considering the evidence, the trial court decided to assign little weight to the factor. The
assignment of weight to any given factor lies within the sound discretion of the trial court.
Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err, but instead properly considered the proffered
evidence concerning factor eight of Code § 20-107.1(E) and assigned what weight it thought was
appropriate to the factor.
-5- 3. Factor One
a. The Children’s Expenses
Husband next argues that the trial court erred by including expenses of the parties’ adult
children when determining wife’s needs. We disagree.
Husband’s argument once again touches upon the statutory factors in Code
§ 20-107.1(E). When considering the statutory factors, “the judge is not ‘required to quantify or
elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it has given to each of the statutory factors.’”
Pilati, 59 Va. App. at 183, 717 S.E.2d at 810 (quoting Duva, 55 Va. App. at 300, 685 S.E.2d at
849). Code § 20-107.1(E)(1) requires the trial court to consider the “obligations, needs and
financial resources of the parties, including but not limited to income from all pension, profit
sharing or retirement plans, of whatever nature.”
The trial court, while discussing the obligations, needs, and financial resources of the
parties under factor one of Code § 20-107.1(E), stated, “Included in [wife’s] monthly expenses
was $365 of health insurance premiums for the parties’ three children. Other than some
incidental expenses for clothes and similar items for her children, the court finds her monthly
expenses reasonable.” The trial court did not further elaborate what weight, if any, it applied to
this factor. Further, while discussing factor six of Code § 20-107.1(E), the trial court noted,
“Once the children have reached the age where they no longer are eligible to be on [wife’s]
health insurance, this will free up more of the support award to be available to assist [wife] in
meeting her expenses.” This seems to indicate, contrary to husband’s assertion, that the trial
court did not include the health insurance premiums in its spousal support award; instead, the
trial court acknowledged that the spousal support award is not enough to cover both the health
insurance premiums and wife’s other monthly expenses. Nonetheless, the trial court’s discussion
-6- of wife’s monthly expenses, which included expenses for the adult children, does not necessarily
indicate that the trial court included the expenses in its spousal support award. The record is
devoid of any statement by the trial court indicating that it included the expenses for the adult
children in its spousal support calculation. “On appeal, the judgment of the trial court is
presumed correct.” Wymer v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 294, 296, 403 S.E.2d 702, 704
(1991). If the record does not demonstrate error, we will not reverse the judgment of the court
below. See Steinberg v. Steinberg, 11 Va. App. 323, 326, 398 S.E.2d 507, 508 (1990). The trial
court did not err by merely discussing wife’s expenses for her adult children. 2
b. The Annual Incentive
Husband next argues that the trial court erred in calculating the spousal support award
because it included his annual incentive in the calculation of his income. We disagree.
Code § 20-107.1(E)(1) requires the trial court to consider the “obligations, needs and
financial resources of the parties, including but not limited to income from all pension, profit
sharing or retirement plans, of whatever nature.” Under Code § 20-107.1, courts are authorized
“to consider not only earnings but also ‘earning capacity.’” Jacobs v. Jacobs, 219 Va. 993, 995,
254 S.E.2d 56, 58 (1979). Nevertheless, “the award must be based upon the circumstances in
existence at the time of the award. An award ‘premised upon the occurrence of an uncertain
future circumstance . . . ignores the design and defeats the purpose of the statutory scheme.’”
Payne v. Payne, 5 Va. App. 359, 363, 363 S.E.2d 428, 430 (1987) (quoting Jacobs, 219 Va. at
995-96, 254 S.E.2d at 58).
2 We recognize that children reach the age of majority at the age of eighteen. Fry v. Schwarting, 4 Va. App. 173, 180, 355 S.E.2d 342, 346 (1987). As a general rule, parents typically have no obligation to support their children after this age. See Mullin v. Mullin, 45 Va. App. 289, 301, 610 S.E.2d 331, 336 (2005).
-7- Husband argues that the annual incentive is potential income, and is therefore dependent
on uncertain future circumstances. This argument ignores the trial court’s discussion of
husband’s income:
[Husband’s] evidence of his income was problematic. [Husband’s] base salary is approximately $7,357 [per month]. [Husband] contends the court should ignore the other components of his pay including holiday pay, shift premium, annual incentive and a merit lump sum 2% payment. Except for the merit lump payment, defendant has received such extra payments over and above his base salary for a number of years. Thus, this court finds his gross annual salary for 2011 to be approximately $104,904 or $8,742 per month. This also happens to be about what [husband] has earned since 2008.
The trial court’s discussion of husband’s income indicates that it did not base its decision upon
uncertain future circumstances. The trial court based its decision upon husband’s average
income since 2008. Ironically, husband’s argument would force the trial court to base its
decision on an uncertain future circumstance, i.e., the possibility that he will not receive the
annual incentive, which he has received every year for the past four years. 3 The trial court did
not err by including husband’s annual incentive in its calculation of his income.
c. Husband’s Expenses
Husband next argues that the trial court erred when it refused to include already incurred
debts as a part of husband’s monthly obligations and determined that husband is financially able
to pay wife spousal support. We disagree.
Factor one of Code § 20-107.1(E) requires the trial court to consider the “obligations,
needs and financial resources of the parties, including but not limited to income from all pension,
profit sharing or retirement plans, of whatever nature.” The trial court must substantively
3 Should husband not receive the annual incentive as he has in the past, he would, of course, be free to petition the court for a reduction of support under Code § 20-109(B).
-8- consider all evidence presented as it relates to this factor. See Woolley, 3 Va. App. at 345, 349
S.E.2d at 426. However, in so considering, “the judge is not ‘required to quantify or elaborate
exactly what weight or consideration it has given to [the factor].’” Pilati, 59 Va. App. at 183,
717 S.E.2d at 810 (quoting Duva, 55 Va. App. at 300, 685 S.E.2d at 849).
The trial court considered husband’s monthly expenses and chose to exclude expenses
that the trial court found unreasonable. The trial court determined that some of husband’s
expenses should be excluded because they were “troublesome” and unnecessary. Specifically,
the trial court stated that husband incurred these expenses even though he knew that wife could
seek spousal support under the property settlement agreement:
Under the settlement agreement, [husband] was well aware that once his child support obligation ceased in May of 2011, [wife] had a contractual right to seek spousal support. Yet, [husband] proceeded to purchase undeveloped land, jewelry, a tractor plus take on other obligations or expenses and then argue that he is unable to afford payments of spousal support timely asserted as anticipated under the separation agreement.
It is enough that the trial court considered the evidence introduced concerning factor one
of Code § 20-107.1(E) in making its decision. The trial court is not required to, and did not,
elaborate on the weight accorded to the factor. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in considering the evidence presented regarding factor one of Code
§ 20-107.1(E) and deciding that husband was financially able to pay spousal support.
B. The Spousal Support Limitation
Wife argues that the trial court erred in limiting the award of spousal support to a defined
number of years in alleged violation of the parties’ property settlement agreement. We disagree.
“Property settlement agreements are contracts; therefore, we must apply the same rules of
interpretation applicable to contracts generally.” Tiffany v. Tiffany, 1 Va. App. 11, 15, 332
-9- S.E.2d 796, 799 (1985). When a contract is unambiguous, “its meaning and effect are questions
of law to be determined by the court. On review we are not bound by the trial court’s
construction of the contract provisions here in issue.” Id. Additionally,
We adhere to the “plain meaning” rule in Virginia: “[W]here an agreement is complete on its face, is plain and unambiguous in its terms, the court is not at liberty to search for its meaning beyond the instrument itself . . . . This is so because the writing is the repository of the final agreement of the parties.”
The court must give effect to all of the language of a contract if its parts can be read together without conflict. Where possible, meaning must be given to every clause. The contract must be read as a single document. Its meaning is to be gathered from all its associated parts assembled as the unitary expression of the agreement of the parties. However inartfully it may have been drawn, the court cannot make a new contract for the parties, but must construe its language as written.
Berry v. Klinger, 225 Va. 201, 208, 300 S.E.2d 792, 796 (1983) (quoting Globe Co. v. Bank of
Boston, 205 Va. 841, 848, 140 S.E.2d 629, 633 (1965)).
Concerning spousal support, the parties’ separation agreement states:
Wife reserves the right to petition for and receive spousal support as the Husband’s child support obligation decreases due to the children getting older; Wife’s reservation of spousal support shall terminate upon the death of either party, her marriage or cohabitation with a partner in a relationship analogous to marriage for twelve consecutive months or more.
The agreement is complete on its face. The language is plain and unambiguous. Wife
reserved the right to petition for and receive spousal support until one of the cessation events.
Wife did not reserve the right to continue to receive spousal support until one of the cessation
events. “Receive” and “petition for” are linked by the coordinating conjunction “and.” A
coordinating conjunction signifies that the words are of equal rank and should be read together.
Thus, “petition for” and “receive” must be read together. Wife reserved the right to request
- 10 - spousal support, but this language in the agreement does not give wife any rights to receive
spousal support in any particular amount or duration.
Further, “reserve,” as used in the agreement, is an operative term. “Reserve” refers to
“something kept back or held available (as for future use).” Webster’s Third New International
Dictionary 1930 (1981). Wife cannot keep back or hold available something that she does not
already have. Upon divorce, wife had the right to petition for spousal support. Wife did not
immediately exercise this right. Instead, wife entered into the settlement agreement with
husband, which expressly “kept back or held available” her right to petition for spousal support
once husband’s child support obligations decreased. Conversely, upon divorce, wife did not
have a right to receive spousal support in any particular amount or duration. In order to receive
spousal support, wife would have had to petition the trial court for a spousal support award, and
the trial court would have had to look at Code § 20-107.1 to determine whether wife was entitled
to spousal support. In essence, wife’s argument asks this Court to “put the cart before the horse.”
The horse, a successful petition for spousal support resulting in an award, must necessarily come
before the cart, the actual receipt of spousal support. Thus, wife’s reservation applies only to the
right to petition for and receive spousal support in whatever amount and for whatever duration
might be determined by a trial court, after consideration of the factors in Code § 20-107.1.
The trial court interpreted the support agreement provision to read that “[t]he agreement
reserved the right of [wife] to seek spousal support at a later date upon the cessation of
[husband’s] child support payments. Nothing in the agreement suggests that the full range of
considerations under [Code § 20-107.1] were not to be considered.” We agree with the trial
- 11 - court’s interpretation. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in limiting the spousal
support award to a defined number of years. 4
C. Attorney’s Fees
Finally, both parties seek an award of attorney’s fees incurred on appeal.
The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum to determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for requiring additional payment.
O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). After considering
the record, we decline to award attorney’s fees to either party on appeal.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Affirmed.
4 In so holding, we recognize that Code § 20-109(B) provides an adequate remedy for wife to petition the court for a modification of the spousal support award if “there has been a material change in circumstances of the parties.” Also, this right to petition for a modification survives the present twelve-year period of defined-duration support because the reservation terminates, per the express terms of the agreement, only “upon the death of either party, [or wife’s] marriage or cohabitation with a partner in a relationship analogous to marriage for twelve consecutive months or more.” Cf. Code § 20-107.1(D) (recognizing that a reservation of the right to seek support may be “[i]n addition to or in lieu of an award pursuant to subsection C” and that “[o]nce granted, the duration of such a reservation shall not be subject to modification” (emphasis added)); Blank v. Blank, 10 Va. App. 1, 4-5, 389 S.E.2d 723, 724-25 (1990) (recognizing under a prior version of Code § 20-107.1 containing no express provision concerning reserving the right to request support in the future, that the court had the authority to make a lump sum spousal support award and to reserve to the obligee the right to petition for spousal support in the future). Husband concedes on brief that the reservation itself survives on these terms.
- 12 -