NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 16 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARGARET SKIPPS, as personal No. 21-56184 representative for the estate of Alexander Reagan Ma'Alona, D.C. No. 2:19-cv-10557-ODW-AGR Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM*
ALEJANDRO N. MAYORKAS, Secretary, United States Department of Homeland Security Substituted for Chad Wolf,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 11, 2023 Pasadena, California
Before: BERZON, MILLER, and LEE, Circuit Judges. Concurrence by Judge LEE.
Plaintiff Margaret Skipps, acting as personal representative for the estate of
Alexander Reagan Ma’alona, appeals the district court’s summary judgment for
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Ma’alona’s employer, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), on a claim
of discriminatory discharge under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm
the district court.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Devereaux
v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc). A moving party is entitled
to summary judgment upon a showing that no genuine dispute of material fact exists
and that the law supports judgment in the moving party’s favor. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). At the summary judgment stage, we view the facts and reasonable inferences
drawn from the facts in the nonmovant’s favor. T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec.
Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630–32 (9th Cir. 1987).
We may analyze Title VII claims under the McDonnell Douglas burden-
shifting framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–05
(1973); see also Weil v. Citizens Telecom Servs. Co., 922 F.3d 993, 1002 (9th Cir.
2019). Under that three-step framework, Title VII claims are analyzed as follows:
First, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Weil, 922 F.3d
at 1002. The burden then shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason for its adverse employment decision. Id. Finally, the
plaintiff must then demonstrate that the employer’s professed reason is a pretext for
a true discriminatory motive. Id.
2 We assume without deciding that Skipps established a prima facie case of
discrimination. The burden thus shifted to Ma’alona’s employer to articulate a
legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for its decision to discharge Ma’alona. Here,
the employer met that burden by pointing to Ma’alona’s failure to pass his annual
proficiency assessment. Therefore, the burden shifted back to Skipps to produce
evidence that this reason is pretextual.
Skipps failed to provide sufficient evidence that the employer’s proffered
reason for discharging Ma’alona was pretextual. To create a triable issue of fact on
this issue, Skipps had to present either some direct evidence of the employer’s
discriminatory motive or “specific” and “substantial” indirect evidence that its
reason for terminating Ma’alona was pretextual. See Godwin v. Hunt Wesson, Inc.,
150 F.3d 1217, 1221–22 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Bradley v. Harcourt, Brace & Co.,
104 F.3d 267, 270 (9th Cir. 1996)). For example, evidence that comparator
employees received more favorable treatment than the employee who experienced
the adverse employment action can constitute evidence of pretext. Weil, 922 F.3d at
1004; see also Hawn v. Exec. Jet Mgmt., Inc., 615 F.3d 1151, 1158–59 (9th Cir.
2010). But it “is not enough for employees to be in similar employment positions;
rather, the [employee] and the comparator employee[s] must be ‘similarly situated .
. . in all material respects.’” Weil, 922 F.3d at 1004 (quoting Moran v. Selig, 447
F.3d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 2006)).
3 Here, Skipps’ argument that the employer’s reason for discharging Ma’alona
was pretextual rests primarily on the fact that six other employees who also failed
the annual proficiency assessment were not discharged.1 Skipps contends that
Ma’alona and those comparator employees were similar in all material respects
because they were all subject to the same recertification requirements. But a review
of the record demonstrates material differences between the comparators and
Ma’alona.
First, four of the comparators were dual-function employees, not single-
function employees like Ma’alona. The TSA’s employment policies clearly
distinguish between dual-function employees and single-function employees,
providing different remedies to each if they fail the recertification process.2 The four
dual-function employees were not discharged because they were converted to single-
function officers, a remedy unavailable to Ma’alona. Another comparator was not
1 Skipps further argues that she has established pretext because the TSA deviated from its policies in discharging Ma’alona and because the TSA’s explanation for his discharge was unworthy of credence. But Skipps’ assertions about the TSA’s purported policy deviations and inconsistent statements are either unsupported by the record or immaterial to the proffered reason for Ma’alona’s discharge, i.e., his failure to pass the annual proficiency review. 2 According to TSA policy, dual-function employees can be converted to single-function employees if they fail the annual proficiency assessment in one area but pass in the other. That reassignment option is not available to single-function employees like Ma’alona. Although the TSA had the option to retrain Ma’alona in the other function rather than discharge him, Ma’alona rejected that option in writing and does not, on appeal, maintain that he should have been retrained.
4 terminated at all; instead, that employee chose to retire. And the last comparator
eventually passed the proficiency assessment after being given an extra chance to do
so because the employee did not receive properly documented remediation before
one of his test failures.
By contrast, Ma’alona received documented remediation after his failed
attempts to pass the assessment, so he was not entitled to an additional attempt for
that reason. And although Skipps alleges that the remediation provided did not
accord with TSA policy, nowhere in her appellate briefs does she explain in what
respect the remediation provided was improper.
Because Skipps failed to provide sufficient evidence that the employer’s
proffered reason for discharging Ma’alona was pretextual, Skipps’ claim fails as a
matter of law.
AFFIRMED.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 16 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MARGARET SKIPPS, as personal No. 21-56184 representative for the estate of Alexander Reagan Ma'Alona, D.C. No. 2:19-cv-10557-ODW-AGR Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM*
ALEJANDRO N. MAYORKAS, Secretary, United States Department of Homeland Security Substituted for Chad Wolf,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 11, 2023 Pasadena, California
Before: BERZON, MILLER, and LEE, Circuit Judges. Concurrence by Judge LEE.
Plaintiff Margaret Skipps, acting as personal representative for the estate of
Alexander Reagan Ma’alona, appeals the district court’s summary judgment for
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Ma’alona’s employer, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), on a claim
of discriminatory discharge under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm
the district court.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Devereaux
v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc). A moving party is entitled
to summary judgment upon a showing that no genuine dispute of material fact exists
and that the law supports judgment in the moving party’s favor. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). At the summary judgment stage, we view the facts and reasonable inferences
drawn from the facts in the nonmovant’s favor. T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec.
Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630–32 (9th Cir. 1987).
We may analyze Title VII claims under the McDonnell Douglas burden-
shifting framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–05
(1973); see also Weil v. Citizens Telecom Servs. Co., 922 F.3d 993, 1002 (9th Cir.
2019). Under that three-step framework, Title VII claims are analyzed as follows:
First, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Weil, 922 F.3d
at 1002. The burden then shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate
nondiscriminatory reason for its adverse employment decision. Id. Finally, the
plaintiff must then demonstrate that the employer’s professed reason is a pretext for
a true discriminatory motive. Id.
2 We assume without deciding that Skipps established a prima facie case of
discrimination. The burden thus shifted to Ma’alona’s employer to articulate a
legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for its decision to discharge Ma’alona. Here,
the employer met that burden by pointing to Ma’alona’s failure to pass his annual
proficiency assessment. Therefore, the burden shifted back to Skipps to produce
evidence that this reason is pretextual.
Skipps failed to provide sufficient evidence that the employer’s proffered
reason for discharging Ma’alona was pretextual. To create a triable issue of fact on
this issue, Skipps had to present either some direct evidence of the employer’s
discriminatory motive or “specific” and “substantial” indirect evidence that its
reason for terminating Ma’alona was pretextual. See Godwin v. Hunt Wesson, Inc.,
150 F.3d 1217, 1221–22 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Bradley v. Harcourt, Brace & Co.,
104 F.3d 267, 270 (9th Cir. 1996)). For example, evidence that comparator
employees received more favorable treatment than the employee who experienced
the adverse employment action can constitute evidence of pretext. Weil, 922 F.3d at
1004; see also Hawn v. Exec. Jet Mgmt., Inc., 615 F.3d 1151, 1158–59 (9th Cir.
2010). But it “is not enough for employees to be in similar employment positions;
rather, the [employee] and the comparator employee[s] must be ‘similarly situated .
. . in all material respects.’” Weil, 922 F.3d at 1004 (quoting Moran v. Selig, 447
F.3d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 2006)).
3 Here, Skipps’ argument that the employer’s reason for discharging Ma’alona
was pretextual rests primarily on the fact that six other employees who also failed
the annual proficiency assessment were not discharged.1 Skipps contends that
Ma’alona and those comparator employees were similar in all material respects
because they were all subject to the same recertification requirements. But a review
of the record demonstrates material differences between the comparators and
Ma’alona.
First, four of the comparators were dual-function employees, not single-
function employees like Ma’alona. The TSA’s employment policies clearly
distinguish between dual-function employees and single-function employees,
providing different remedies to each if they fail the recertification process.2 The four
dual-function employees were not discharged because they were converted to single-
function officers, a remedy unavailable to Ma’alona. Another comparator was not
1 Skipps further argues that she has established pretext because the TSA deviated from its policies in discharging Ma’alona and because the TSA’s explanation for his discharge was unworthy of credence. But Skipps’ assertions about the TSA’s purported policy deviations and inconsistent statements are either unsupported by the record or immaterial to the proffered reason for Ma’alona’s discharge, i.e., his failure to pass the annual proficiency review. 2 According to TSA policy, dual-function employees can be converted to single-function employees if they fail the annual proficiency assessment in one area but pass in the other. That reassignment option is not available to single-function employees like Ma’alona. Although the TSA had the option to retrain Ma’alona in the other function rather than discharge him, Ma’alona rejected that option in writing and does not, on appeal, maintain that he should have been retrained.
4 terminated at all; instead, that employee chose to retire. And the last comparator
eventually passed the proficiency assessment after being given an extra chance to do
so because the employee did not receive properly documented remediation before
one of his test failures.
By contrast, Ma’alona received documented remediation after his failed
attempts to pass the assessment, so he was not entitled to an additional attempt for
that reason. And although Skipps alleges that the remediation provided did not
accord with TSA policy, nowhere in her appellate briefs does she explain in what
respect the remediation provided was improper.
Because Skipps failed to provide sufficient evidence that the employer’s
proffered reason for discharging Ma’alona was pretextual, Skipps’ claim fails as a
matter of law.
AFFIRMED.
5 FILED Margaret Skipps v. Alejandro Mayorkas, 21-56184 MAY 16 2023 LEE, Circuit Judge, concurring. MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I write separately to highlight the potential ambiguity in our circuit’s case law
about the prima facie elements under the McDonnell Douglas framework for
discriminatory-discharge claims.
In McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, the Supreme Court held that a plaintiff
must establish a prima facie case of race-based discrimination by showing “(i) that
he belongs to a racial minority; (ii) that he applied and was qualified for a job for
which the employer was seeking applicants; (iii) that, despite his qualifications, he
was rejected; and (iv) that, after his rejection, the position remained open and the
employer continued to seek applicants from persons of complainant’s
qualifications.” 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973) (emphasis added).
But it is “widely recognized that the [McDonnell Douglas] test is a flexible
one,” McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1123 n.17 (9th Cir. 2004) and
that it is “adaptable to different factual situations,” Sengupta v. Morrison-Knudsen
Co., 804 F.2d 1072, 1075 (9th Cir. 1986). For that reason, this court typically
modifies the second prima facie element of the McDonnell Douglas framework in
discriminatory-discharge cases. Sumner v. San Diego Urb. League, Inc., 681 F.2d
1140, 1142 n.2 (9th Cir. 1982) (quoting Douglas v. Anderson, 656 F.2d 528, 532 (9th
Cir. 1981)). Instead of requiring a plaintiff to show that he or she was “qualified”
for the job (as in a failure-to-hire case), we held in Sengupta v. Morrison Knudsen 1 Co. that a plaintiff (in a discriminatory-discharge case) must show that he or she
“was doing his job well enough to rule out the possibility that he was fired for
inadequate job performance.” 804 F.2d at 1075; see also Pejic v. Hughes
Helicopters, Inc., 840 F.2d 667, 672 (9th Cir. 1988). 1
That distinction between a failure-to-hire claim and a discriminatory-
discharge claim makes sense. Suppose a company seeks to hire a junior engineer
who has a B.S. in engineering and at least two years’ experience. In a failure-to-hire
claim, it makes sense to see if a job candidate met those qualifications. But once
someone has been hired, the employer is less concerned about the employee’s
qualifications and more focused on the employee’s performance. So an employer
might dismiss a “qualified” employee (who has a B.S. in engineering and two years’
experience) if he or she fails to perform the job adequately. We thus have
recognized—for the most part—that the second prima facie element of the
McDonnell Douglas framework slightly differs, depending on whether the claim is
based on a failure-to-hire or a firing.
1 We have used slightly different language at times to describe the second prima facie element in discriminatory-discharge cases but we have largely focused on performance of the employee. Compare Reynaga v. Roseburg Forest Prod., 847 F.3d 678, 691 (9th Cir. 2017) (describing the second element as whether employee was “performing according to [their] employer’s legitimate expectations”) with Weil v. Citizens Telecom Servs. Co., 922 F.3d 993, 1003 (9th Cir. 2019) (“performing [their] job satisfactorily”) and Hawn v. Exec. Jet Mgmt., Inc., 615 F.3d 1151, 1156 (9th Cir. 2010) (“qualified for their positions and performing their jobs satisfactorily”) (emphasis added). 2 But in some cases our circuit has used the “qualified” language for the second
prima facie element even in discriminatory discharge cases. For example, the court
in Aragon v. Republic Silver State Disposal Inc., said that the employee only needs
to show that he was qualified for the job because the prima facie showing under the
McDonnell Douglas framework requires only a “minimal inference” of
discrimination. 292 F.3d 654, 658–59 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that the prima facie
requirement is different from the “specific, substantial showing” of pretext that a
plaintiff must make under the third stage of the McDonnell Douglas framework).
See also Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co. LLC., 413 F.3d 1090, 1094 (9th Cir. 2005)
(same).
Notably, none of our opinions appear to expressly recognize this split in
authority. We need not resolve this intra-circuit split here because the Title VII claim
fails, regardless of which prima facie standard applies, because Skipps failed to
provide evidence showing that the employer’s proffered reason for the discharge was
pretextual. In a future case, we should clarify the standard for assessing the second
prima facie element for a discriminatory-discharge claim under the McDonnell
Douglas framework.