Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-14937 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 2:16-cv-00394-WKW-SRW, 2:06-cr-00021-WKW-SRW-1
MARCUS RASHAWN SMITH,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama ________________________
(November 1, 2019)
Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 2 of 6
Marcus Rashawn Smith appeals the denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to
vacate his convictions and sentences under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The district court
granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on the issue of whether his § 924(c)
convictions were unconstitutional in light of Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct.
2551 (2015), Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018), and Ovalles v. United
States, 905 F.3d 1231 (11th Cir. 2018) (en banc), abrogated by United States v.
Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019). On appeal, Smith argues his convictions for bank
robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d) do not qualify as crimes of violence
under either the elements or residual clauses of § 924(c). After review, 1 we affirm.
As brief background, a federal grand jury indicted Smith in 2006 on two
counts of bank robbery “by force and violence and by intimidation,” in violation of
§ 2113(a) and (d) (Counts One and Four), two counts of using, carrying, and
brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, namely, the
bank robberies alleged in Counts One and Four, in violation of § 924(c)(1) (Counts
Two and Five), and two counts of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Counts Three and Six).
1 In a § 2255 proceeding, we review legal issues de novo and factual findings for clear error. Lynn v. United States, 365 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). The scope of our review of an unsuccessful § 2255 motion is limited to the issues enumerated in the COA. McKay v. United States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1195 (11th Cir. 2011). 2 Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 3 of 6
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Smith agreed to plead guilty to all counts in
the indictment. According to the factual proffer, on two separate occasions, Smith
“knowingly and willfully [took] by force and violence and by intimidation from
the person or presence of person(s), money, belonging to and in the care, custody,
control, management, and possession of Banc Corp South Bank” and “did
knowingly use and carry and brandished a firearm during and in relation to a bank
robbery, a crime of violence which is punishable by a term of imprisonment of
more than one (1) years.”
Section 924(c) provides for a mandatory consecutive sentence for any
defendant who uses a firearm during a crime of violence or a drug-trafficking
crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). Under § 924(c), “crime of violence” means an
offense that is a felony and:
(A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or
(B) that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.
Id. § 924(c)(3)(A), (B). Subsection (A) is commonly referred to as the elements
clause, while subsection (B) is commonly called the residual clause. In re Sams,
830 F.3d 1234, 1236–37 (11th Cir. 2015).
In Johnson, the Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutionally vague 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), the Armed Career Criminal Act’s (ACCA) residual 3 Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 4 of 6
clause, which had defined a violent felony, in part, as any crime punishable by a
term of imprisonment exceeding one year that “otherwise involves conduct that
presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” 135 S. Ct. at 2555–
58, 2563. Thereafter, the Supreme Court held in Welch that Johnson announced a
new substantive rule that applies retroactively to cases on collateral review. Welch
v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1264–65 (2016).
Later, in Dimaya, the Supreme Court struck down a similar residual clause
in 18 U.S.C. § 16(b), which had been incorporated into the Immigration and
Nationality Act and had defined a “crime of violence” as “any other offense that is
a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force
against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing
the offense.” 138 S. Ct. at 1211 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 16(b)). After Dimaya, we
held en banc in Ovalles that § 924(c)(3)(B)’s “residual clause” was not
unconstitutionally vague because interpretation of that provision required a
conduct-based approach instead of a categorical approach. Ovalles, 905 F.3d at
1253.
However, on June 24, 2019, the Supreme Court in Davis held that the
residual clause in § 924(c)(3)(B) is unconstitutionally vague. 139 S. Ct. at 2324–
25, 2336. The Supreme Court emphasized that there was no “material difference”
between the language or scope of § 924(c)(3)(B) and the residual clauses
4 Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 5 of 6
invalidated in Johnson and Dimaya. Id. at 2325–26. In In re Hammoud, we
recently held that Davis, like Johnson, announced a new rule of constitutional law
that applies retroactively on collateral review. In re Hammoud, 931 F.3d 1032,
1037–39 (11th Cir. 2019).
Here, we note, as an initial matter, that the district court’s COA, though it
explicitly references only Johnson, Dimaya, and Ovalles, is sufficient to
encompass Davis’s application to the constitutionality of Smith’s § 924(c)
convictions. As to whether Smith has any viable claim based on Davis, we
conclude that the district court properly denied Smith’s § 2255 motion because,
notwithstanding Davis’s invalidation of § 924(c)(3)(B)’s residual clause, under our
binding precedent, Smith’s bank robbery convictions qualify as crimes of violence
under § 924(c)(3)(A)’s elements clause.2
In In re Sams, we denied an application for leave to file a second or
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Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-14937 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 2:16-cv-00394-WKW-SRW, 2:06-cr-00021-WKW-SRW-1
MARCUS RASHAWN SMITH,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama ________________________
(November 1, 2019)
Before MARCUS, ROSENBAUM and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 2 of 6
Marcus Rashawn Smith appeals the denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to
vacate his convictions and sentences under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The district court
granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on the issue of whether his § 924(c)
convictions were unconstitutional in light of Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct.
2551 (2015), Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018), and Ovalles v. United
States, 905 F.3d 1231 (11th Cir. 2018) (en banc), abrogated by United States v.
Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019). On appeal, Smith argues his convictions for bank
robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d) do not qualify as crimes of violence
under either the elements or residual clauses of § 924(c). After review, 1 we affirm.
As brief background, a federal grand jury indicted Smith in 2006 on two
counts of bank robbery “by force and violence and by intimidation,” in violation of
§ 2113(a) and (d) (Counts One and Four), two counts of using, carrying, and
brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence, namely, the
bank robberies alleged in Counts One and Four, in violation of § 924(c)(1) (Counts
Two and Five), and two counts of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Counts Three and Six).
1 In a § 2255 proceeding, we review legal issues de novo and factual findings for clear error. Lynn v. United States, 365 F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004). The scope of our review of an unsuccessful § 2255 motion is limited to the issues enumerated in the COA. McKay v. United States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1195 (11th Cir. 2011). 2 Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 3 of 6
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Smith agreed to plead guilty to all counts in
the indictment. According to the factual proffer, on two separate occasions, Smith
“knowingly and willfully [took] by force and violence and by intimidation from
the person or presence of person(s), money, belonging to and in the care, custody,
control, management, and possession of Banc Corp South Bank” and “did
knowingly use and carry and brandished a firearm during and in relation to a bank
robbery, a crime of violence which is punishable by a term of imprisonment of
more than one (1) years.”
Section 924(c) provides for a mandatory consecutive sentence for any
defendant who uses a firearm during a crime of violence or a drug-trafficking
crime. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). Under § 924(c), “crime of violence” means an
offense that is a felony and:
(A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another, or
(B) that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.
Id. § 924(c)(3)(A), (B). Subsection (A) is commonly referred to as the elements
clause, while subsection (B) is commonly called the residual clause. In re Sams,
830 F.3d 1234, 1236–37 (11th Cir. 2015).
In Johnson, the Supreme Court struck down as unconstitutionally vague 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), the Armed Career Criminal Act’s (ACCA) residual 3 Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 4 of 6
clause, which had defined a violent felony, in part, as any crime punishable by a
term of imprisonment exceeding one year that “otherwise involves conduct that
presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” 135 S. Ct. at 2555–
58, 2563. Thereafter, the Supreme Court held in Welch that Johnson announced a
new substantive rule that applies retroactively to cases on collateral review. Welch
v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1264–65 (2016).
Later, in Dimaya, the Supreme Court struck down a similar residual clause
in 18 U.S.C. § 16(b), which had been incorporated into the Immigration and
Nationality Act and had defined a “crime of violence” as “any other offense that is
a felony and that, by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force
against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing
the offense.” 138 S. Ct. at 1211 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 16(b)). After Dimaya, we
held en banc in Ovalles that § 924(c)(3)(B)’s “residual clause” was not
unconstitutionally vague because interpretation of that provision required a
conduct-based approach instead of a categorical approach. Ovalles, 905 F.3d at
1253.
However, on June 24, 2019, the Supreme Court in Davis held that the
residual clause in § 924(c)(3)(B) is unconstitutionally vague. 139 S. Ct. at 2324–
25, 2336. The Supreme Court emphasized that there was no “material difference”
between the language or scope of § 924(c)(3)(B) and the residual clauses
4 Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 5 of 6
invalidated in Johnson and Dimaya. Id. at 2325–26. In In re Hammoud, we
recently held that Davis, like Johnson, announced a new rule of constitutional law
that applies retroactively on collateral review. In re Hammoud, 931 F.3d 1032,
1037–39 (11th Cir. 2019).
Here, we note, as an initial matter, that the district court’s COA, though it
explicitly references only Johnson, Dimaya, and Ovalles, is sufficient to
encompass Davis’s application to the constitutionality of Smith’s § 924(c)
convictions. As to whether Smith has any viable claim based on Davis, we
conclude that the district court properly denied Smith’s § 2255 motion because,
notwithstanding Davis’s invalidation of § 924(c)(3)(B)’s residual clause, under our
binding precedent, Smith’s bank robbery convictions qualify as crimes of violence
under § 924(c)(3)(A)’s elements clause.2
In In re Sams, we denied an application for leave to file a second or
successive § 2255 motion to challenge a § 924(c) conviction after Johnson, holding
that a standard bank robbery conviction under § 2113(a) by force and violence or
by intimidation categorically qualified as a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)(A).
In re Sams, 830 F.3d at 1239. “[L]aw established in published three-judge orders
2 In addition to arguing that Smith’s challenge to his § 924(c) convictions fails on the merits, the government contends that Smith’s § 2255 motion was time-barred and procedurally defaulted. Because we readily conclude that Smith’s claim fails on the merits, we need not address the government’s procedural arguments. 5 Case: 18-14937 Date Filed: 11/01/2019 Page: 6 of 6
issued pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) in the context of applications for leave to
file second or successive § 2255 motions is binding precedent on all panels of this
Court, including those reviewing appeals and collateral attacks.” United States v.
St. Hubert, 909 F.3d 335, 346 (11th Cir. 2018), abrogated in part on other grounds
by Davis, 139 S. Ct. at 2324, 2336.
Thus, our prior precedent, which we are bound to follow, precludes Smith’s
claim that his bank robbery convictions do not qualify as “crime[s] of violence”
under § 924(c). See Scott v. United States, 890 F.3d 1239, 1257 (11th Cir. 2018)
(“The prior-panel-precedent rule requires subsequent panels of the court to follow
the precedent of the first panel to address the relevant issue, unless and until the
first panel’s holding is overruled by the Court sitting en banc or by the Supreme
Court.” (quotation marks omitted)). Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s
denial of Smith’s § 2255 motion.
AFFIRMED.